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ÇUKUR ÇEŞME HAMAMI Skip to content İstanbul’da Lâleli semtinde Fâtih devrine ait ortadan kaldırılmış tarihî hamam.
Lâleli Hamamı olarak da adlandırılan Çukur Çeşme Hamamı Camcı Ali mahallesinde, Zeynep Kâmil ve Ahmed Şuayb sokaklarının Fethi Bey caddesine açıldıkları yerde bulunuyordu. İstanbul’un en başta gelen büyük çifte hamamlarından biri olan Çukur Çeşme Hamamı’nın kimin tarafından ve hangi tarihte yaptırıldığı önceleri bilinmemekle beraber bir vakıf eseri olduğu kabul ediliyordu. Hemen yakınında Sultan III. Mustafa’nın 1760-1764 yılları arasında yaptırdığı Lâleli Camii manzumesinin bulunması, bu eserin de külliyenin bir unsuru olarak inşa edilmiş olabileceğini hatıra getiriyordu. Ancak III. Mustafa 1182 Rebîülevvelinde (Temmuz 1768), İstanbul’da su ve odun sıkıntısı çekilmemesi için yeni hamam yapımını yasaklayan bir ferman çıkardığına göre bu külliyenin bir de hamamı olduğuna ihtimal vermek zordu.
Şinasi Akbatu tarafından yapılan ve şimdiye kadar yayımlanmamış teşhise göre Çukur Çeşme Hamamı, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed vakfiyelerinde adı geçen Kazasker Hamamı’dır. Fâtih İmareti’nin gelirlerini gösteren 894-895 (1489-1490) ve 895-896 (1490-1491) yıllarına ait Muhasebe Defteri ’nde, “Muhâsebe-i câmi-i cedîd-i Sultân Mehmed tâbe serâhu der Konstantiniyye maa medâris ve imâret ve dârüşşifâ” başlığı altında geliri bir yıl 39.583, diğer yıl 37.417 akçe olarak gösterilen, “Hammâm-ı Mevlânâ Ali Çelebi, Veled-i Fenârî, Kadıasker-i Köhne” kaydı ile zikredilen ve sadece Kazasker (Kadıasker) Hamamı olarak anılan yapının gerçek ve tam adı ortaya konulmaktadır. İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı’nda Muallim Cevdet yazmaları arasında (nr. 91, vr. 16) bulunan bu defterdeki kayıt, Kazasker Hamamı’nın Tahtakale Hamamı’ndan sonra geliri en yüksek ikinci tesis olduğunu gösterdikten başka bu yapının eski Kazasker Fenârîzâde Ali Çelebi’nin adıyla anıldığını belli eder. Fenârîzâde Ali Çelebi Cağaloğlu’nda bir mescid kurmuş, ayrıca Vatan caddesi kenarında halen cami olarak hizmet veren eski Lips Manastırı Kilisesi’ni de zâviye-mescide çevirmişti. Bursa’da da hayratı olan Fenârîler’e temlik edilen bir köy İstanbul-İzmit yolu üzerinde olup bugün Molla Fenârî adıyla bilinmektedir. Fakat gerek Kazasker Hamamı gerekse Hacı Üveys mahallesinde Sinan Paşa Hamamı’nın, Fâtih evkafından oldukları halde başkalarının adlarıyla anılmaları çözümlenememiş bir meseledir. Bu semtteki hamamın gerçekte Kazasker Hamamı adıyla tanındığı eski su yolları şebekesi tahsis listesinden de bellidir.
Şinasi Akbatu’nun notlarına göre, 22 Rebîülevvel 1076 (2 Ekim 1665) tarihli bir ilâmda bulunan (İstanbul Evkaf Müfettişliği Mahkemesi, Defter , nr. 57, s. 136) “Mahmiyye-i İstanbul’da merhum ve mağfûrun leh Ebü’l-feth Sultan Mehmed Han Câmi-i şerifi ve medâris-i münîfesi ve imâret-i âmiresi vakfından Kazasker Hamamı denmekle mâruf çifte hamam”ın tamiri gerektiği ve “…iki kebîr kubbenin tûlen ve arzen be-hisâb-ı terbî‘ 200 zirâ sıvası…” kaydından, Kazasker-Çukur Çeşme Hamamı’nın iki büyük soyunma yeri (camekân) kubbesine sahip bir çifte hamam olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bir başka arşiv belgesinde ise 1129 yılı Safer ayında (Ocak 1717), “Çukurçeşme civarında Ebü’l-feth Sultan Mehmed Han evkafından Kazasker Hamamı” kaydı bulunduğuna göre Çukur Çeşme Hamamı’nın adı, kurucusu ve yapıldığı tarih hususunda hiçbir şüphe kalmamaktadır (BA , Umumi Şikâyet Defteri , nr. 70, s. 406). Nihayet 3 Zilkade 1267 (30 Ağustos 1851) tarihli, “Çukurçeşme’de kâin Kazasker Hamamı denmekle mâruf camekânları dahi kâgir ve çifte olarak bir kebîr hamam” şeklindeki bir gazete ilânından da (Cerîde-i Havâdis , sy. 549, 3 Zilkade 1267) Çukur Çeşme Hamamı’nın Fâtih döneminin Kazasker Hamamı ile aynı olduğu açıkça belli olmaktadır.
İçinde 1894 yılında bir cinayet işlendiğine göre (bk. İst.A , VIII, 4170) bu tarihte işler durumda olan Çukur Çeşme Hamamı, aynı yıl meydana gelen zelzelede büyük ölçüde zarar görmüş ve bir gazete haberinde hamamın bazı duvarları ile kubbelerinden bir kısmının yıkıldığı bildirilmiştir (Sabah , 29-30 Haziran ve 1-3 Temmuz 1310). Bu zelzelede yıkıldığı tahmin edilen kadınlar kısmı soyunma yeri kubbesi daha sonra ahşap olarak kapatılmış olmalıdır. 10 Temmuz 1327 (23 Temmuz 1911) günü şehrin büyük bir kısmını mahveden Uzunçarşı-Mercan-Aksaray yangınında tekrar harap olan hamam bir daha tamir edilmemiş, uzun süre harabe halinde bırakılıp sağlam kısımları depo olarak kullanılmıştır.
Şehremaneti tarafından Şehremini Cemil (Topuzlu) Paşa’nın isteğiyle, yanan yerler için çizilen şehir planında eski eserleri hiç dikkate almayan düzenlemede bu eski eser de feda edilmiştir. Esasen Türk devri eserlerini şehrin “Avrupaî” bir görünüm almasında en büyük engel olarak gören Cemil Paşa’nın bu hamamı kurtarması düşünülemezdi. Halbuki 1916-1917 yılları arasında İstanbul hamamlarını inceleyen H. Glück burayı gördüğünde binanın kâgir kitlesi fazla zarar görmemişti. Glück, sadece kadınlar kısmının soyunma yerinin kubbesi çöktüğünden üstünün açık olduğunu belirtir. Şehremanetinin 1918’de bastırdığı şehir planında ise yangın sahası tamamen boş gösterilerek Çukur Çeşme Hamamı’na işaret bile edilmemiştir. Glück’ün burayı incelediği tarihte erkekler kısmının soyunma yeri gaz deposu olarak kullanılıyor ve kubbesinin kurşun örtüsü bile kısmen duruyordu. Çukur Çeşme Hamamı’nın yıkılmasından endişe duyan bazı tarih ve sanat severler bu husustaki görüşlerini açıkça bildirmişlerdi (İkdam , 24 Ağustos 1923). Fakat yıkım önlenememiş ve Fâtih döneminin İstanbul’daki en büyük çifte hamamlardan biri 1923-1936 yılları arasında parça parça yıktırılarak ortadan kaldırılmıştır. 1935’te yapının neresine ait olduğu anlaşılamayan bazı duvar kalıntıları görülebiliyorsa da bugün artık bunlardan da bir iz yoktur.
Çukur Çeşme Hamamı bir çifte hamamdır. Bunlar yan yana bitişik olup kadınlar kısmının girişi 5 m. daha geride bulunuyordu. Erkekler kısmı, çapı 13 metreyi bulan büyük bir kubbe ile örtülü bir soyunma yerine sahipti. Ilıklık kısmı, ortada kubbeli bir bölümü olan bir dehliz halindeydi. Solda helâlar ve ne olduğu anlaşılamayan çok dar ve küçük bir hücre vardı. Halvet kısmı çok değişik bir düzenleme gösteren yapıda göbek taşı etrafında dört eyvanlı tipte bir mekân düşünülmüş, fakat giriş tarafına eyvan yapılmadığından üç eyvanlı olarak kalmış, dolayısıyla yalnız iki halvet hücresi kubbeli inşa edilmiştir. Dört hücre bulunduğu hissini vermek için de mevcut hücrelerin köşelerdeki girişlerinin simetriği olarak hücresiz taraftaki iki duvar çıkıntısına birer niş yapılmıştır. Eyvanların üzerleri küçük birer kubbe ile örtülmüştür. Böylece burada eski Türk yapı geleneğini devam ettiren dört eyvanlı şema, iki unsuru eksilmiş olarak uygulanmak suretiyle değişik bir çeşitleme ortaya konulmuştur.
Erkekler kısmının sağına bitişik olan kadınlar kısmı daha küçüktü. Soyunma yeri, her bir kenarı 11,60 m. ölçüsünde bir kare biçimindedir. Glück, burada başka hamamlarda rastlanmayan bir özellik tesbit etmiştir ki bu da duvara oyulmuş bir niş içindeki bir kuyu ağzıdır. Genellikle her Türk hamamında bulunması gerekli ılıklık kısmı burada yoktur. Bunun yerini küçük bir kubbe ile örtülü çok küçük bir bölüm almıştır. Halvet ise bitişiktekinden tamamen değişiktir. Burada “T” biçiminde bir mekân yapılmış, bunun kollarının teşkil ettiği girintilerin üzerleri mimari ve teknik bakımdan çok değişik görünen küçük çifte kubbelerle örtülmüştür. Bu çifte kubbecikler kemerler ve birer konsolla yan duvarlara bağlanmıştır. Bunun benzeri bir örtü sistemi, Zeyrek’te Mimar Sinan yapısı Çinili Hamam’da (Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa Hamamı) görülür. Ortadaki bir nişin iki yanındaki kapılar, yan yana olan bir çift halvet hücresine geçişi sağlar. Bu odalar da stalaktitli pandantifli kubbelerle örtülmüştür. Her iki bölümün arkalarında ise üzerleri tonozlu su haznesiyle külhan bulunuyordu.
Yıkılmadan önce çekilen fotoğrafları, Çukur Çeşme Hamamı’nın itinalı bir işçilik ve muntazam bir kesme taş tekniğiyle kaplandığını gösteriyordu. Taş işçiliği bilhassa her iki soyunma yerinin dış mimarisinde üstün bir kalitedeydi. Erkekler kısmının yan cephesindeki pencereler, sivri boşaltma (tahfif) kemerli mermer çerçevelere sahipti.
Hamam mimarisi içinde birtakım özelliklere sahip iyi bir örnek olan bu değerli eserin yok edilmesi İstanbul bakımından bir kayıptır. Fâtih devri eseri ve Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in kendi evkafı olarak yaptırdığı bir yapı olduğu meydana çıktığında ise artık iş işten geçmişti. Böyle bir eserin yıkılıp yok olmasına yardımcı olanlar, tarih ve sanat karşısında ağır birer suçlu olarak anılacaklardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , Umumi Şikâyet Defteri , nr. 70, s. 406.
İstanbul Evkaf Müfettişliği Mahkemesi, Defter , nr. 57, s. 136.
H. Glück, Probleme des Wölbungsbaues I: Die Bäder Konstantinopels , Wien 1921, s. 96-99, rs. 17, 54-56.
Tahsin Öz, Zwei Stiftungsurkunden des Sultans Mehmed II. Fatih , İstanbul 1935, vr. 23, str. 4, vr. 24, str. 2-6.
Fatih Mehmet II. Vakfiyeleri (nşr. Vakıflar Umum Müdürlüğü), Ankara 1938, s. 210, vr. 77, s. 213, vr. 94.
K. Ahmet Aru, Türk Hamamları Etüdü , İstanbul 1949, s. 114-115.
Ayverdi, Osmanlı Mi‘mârîsi III-IV , s. 601 (hatalı teşhis etmiştir).
Cerîde-i Havâdis , sy. 549, 3 Zilkade 1267.
Ömer Lutfi Barkan, “Fatih Câmi ve İmareti Tesîslerinin 1489-1490 Yıllarına Âit Muhasebe Bilânçoları”, İFM , XXIII/1-2 (1962-63), s. 307.
Semavi Eyice, “İstanbul’un Ortadan Kalkan Bazı Tarihî Eserleri”, TD , sy. 27 (1973), s. 156-167, rs. 18-23.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Çukur Çeşme Hamamı”, İst.A , VIII, 4169-4170.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 383-384 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.