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EMPİRE Skip to content EMPİRE Türk sanatına XIX. yüzyılda girmiş olan bir Batı Avrupa sanat üslûbu.
Müellif: Semavi Eyice
Empire (Fr. empire “imparatorluk”, okunuşu ampir ) üslûbunun adı Fransa’da Napolyon’un kurduğu imparatorluktan gelmektedir. Ancak Fransa’da ve diğer Batı Avrupa ülkelerinde bu üslûp Napolyon döneminden daha önce ortaya çıkmış, fakat onun hâkimiyeti yıllarında yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu üslûbun başka ülkelerdeki uzantıları değişik adlar almıştır. İngiltere’de Kraliçe Victoria’dan dolayı “victorian”, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde ise George Washington’dan dolayı “georgian” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Empire üslûbunun esası Antikçağ sanatından alınan biçim ve motiflere dayandığından buna Batı sanatında “neo-klasik üslûp” da denilir.
Batı’da XVIII. yüzyıl ortalarında eskiye, antik sanata doğru bir yöneliş başlamıştı. Eski Yunan ve Roma medeniyetlerinin yapıları ilgi uyandırıyor ve bu sanattan alınan mimari unsurlar barok üslûbunun aşırı kıvrak, hareketli ve ağır çizgilerinin yerini alıyordu. Bu neo-klasik üslûp daha sert ve daha düzenli bir ifadeye sahip görünüyordu. Bu üslûbun XVIII. yüzyıl mimarisinde en ünlü ilk temsilcilerinden biri, Flaman kökenli olmakla beraber İtalya’da yerleşen bir soydan gelen L. Vanvitelli’dir. Napoli yakınında dev ölçülerdeki Caserta Sarayı’nı yapan bu usta, Avrupa’da neo-klasik üslûbun başta gelen sanatçılarındandır.
Fransa’da Napolyon döneminde en parlak çağını yaşayan neo-klasik üslûp, Paris’te bir antik mâbed görünümündeki Madeleine’i, Borsa’yı, meşhur Etoile Meydanı’ndaki zafer takını meydana getirerek 1830’lara kadar devam etmiştir. Lyon’da 1836-1842 yılları arasında yapılan Adalet Sarayı da bu üslûbun uygulandığı bir binadır. Pek çok kilisede bu akımın örnekleriyle karşılaşılır. İspanya’da da kendini gösteren bu üslûp Fransızlar’ın tesiriyle Rusya’da çok sevilmiş ve dor nizamında cepheli yapılarıyla Petrograd’da uygulanmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde cepheleri üçgen alınlık ve sütunlarla süslü büyük binalar yine Fransız tesiri altında inşa edilmiştir. Richmond ve bilhassa Washington Capitolium’ları bu üslûbun başlıca örnekleridir. Neo-klasik üslûp Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin ünlü Beyaz Saray’ında uygulandığı gibi bütün ülkede o derecede yaygınlaşmıştır ki varlıklı ailelerin evleri, geniş parklar içindeki villaları bile bu mimaride yapılmıştır. İngiltere’de Saint Pancras Kilisesi, Hyde Park Galerisi, Euston Garı, British Museum vb. de uygulanan empire üslûbu, Almanya’da da Berlin’de Schinkel’in Neue Wache ve müze yapılarında kendini belli eder. Aynı sanat akımı Berlin’in önemli yapılarından Reichstag’da da belirlidir. Bu üslûp kuzeyde İskandinav ülkelerine de atlayarak Stockholm’de Riddarhus, krallık sarayı, Uppsala’da Botanikum’da, Danimarka’da Amalienborg Sarayı, Vor Frue Kirke Kilisesi’nde, Norveç’te Oslo Borsası’nda, Finlandiya’da Helsinki’de üniversite kütüphanesiyle katedralde uygulanmıştır. XVIII. yüzyıl sonları ile XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında bütün Avrupa’ya yayılan empire üslûbu sömürgelerde de kendisini göstermiştir. Hindistan’da Kalküta’daki Saint John Kilisesi bu hususta bir örnek olarak gösterilebilir.
XVIII. yüzyıl başlarında Türk sanatına sızmaya başlayan Batı Avrupa tesirleri önce bezemelerde kendisini göstermiş, daha sonra mimaride hâkim olmaya başlamıştır. Barok sanatın Osmanlı ülkesine biraz geç girmesi gibi empire de Türk sanatına XIX. yüzyılın birinci yansının sonlarına doğru yerleşmiştir. Böylece Türk sanatı da Avrupa ve Amerika’da yaygın olan bu cereyana kendini kaptırmıştır. Genellikle Avrupa ülkelerinde bilhassa İtalya’da öğrenim gören Ermeni asıllı Balyan ailesinden mimarlar bu sanat akımının İstanbul’daki uygulayıcıları olmuştur. Onlar dışında Osmanlı Devleti’nde bazan kısa, bazan uzun süre kalarak yapılar meydana getiren yabancı ustalar da bu üslûbun örnekleriyle bilhassa İstanbul’da eser vermişlerdir.
Neo-klasik üslûbun başlıca özellikleri, İlkçağ’ın antik mimarisinden alınan mimari motiflerin kullanılmasıdır. Fakat Türk mimarisinde, bilhassa dinî yapı sanatında Türk sanatının eski geleneklerine bağlı kalan cami tipinden vazgeçilmemiş, ancak ayrıntılarda bu üslûbun gerektirdiği unsurlara yer verilmiştir. Nitekim Paris’te Madeleine’de olduğu gibi bir cami hiçbir şekilde bir İlkçağ mâbedi biçiminde inşa edilmemiştir. Bundan dolayı Türk sanatı tarihi içinde bir de Türk empire üslûbu doğmuştur. Ancak buna Türk neo-klasiği denilemez. Çünkü ilhamını Osmanlı dönemi Türk sanatının klasik döneminden (XVI-XVII. yüzyıllar) alan ve XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında ortaya çıkan bir Türk neo-klasiği vardır.
Türk empire üslûbu, Osmanlı Devleti’nde çeşitli sahalarda yenilikler yapılmasının gerekli görüldüğü zamanda, III. Selim (1789-1807), II. Mahmud (1808-1839) ve Abdülmecid (1839-1861) dönemlerinde benimsenmiş ve âdeta devletin resmî üslûbu haline gelmiştir. Bu mimari akımın XIX. yüzyıl başlarından başlayarak II. Mahmud yıllarında geliştiği söylenebilir. III. Selim’in yanında imtiyazlı bir yeri olan ressam ve mimar A. I. Melling, sultanın kız kardeşi Hatice Sultan ile yakın bir dostluk kurmuş, gerek bu hanım sultan için gerekse kız kardeşi Beyhan Sultan için Boğaziçi’nde empire üslûbunda sahilsaraylar inşa etmiştir. Bunlar günümüze kadar gelmemekle beraber Melling’in İstanbul’a dair yayımladığı gravürler albümünden bunların dış mimarilerini tanımak mümkündür. Başlangıçta saray mimarisiyle bunların iç süslemelerinde uygulanan bu üslûp, az sonra sadece iç ve dış tesirler bakımından dinî mimariye de geçmiştir.
Empire üslûbunda inşa edilen en büyük padişah sarayı II. Mahmud’un Boğaziçi’nde 1830’a doğru yaptırdığı binadır. Thomas Allom’un çizdiği bir gravür sayesinde bilinen, ancak bugün tam yeri bile tesbit edilemeyen bu saray empire üslûbunun çok güzel, fakat kısmen ahşaptan yapıldığı için uzun ömürlü olamamış bir örneğidir. Bu sarayın dünyada neo-klasik mimarinin örnekleri arasında yer alabilecek özellikte bir bina olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Orta bölümündeki üçgen alınlıklı çıkması antik başlıklı altı sütun tarafından taşınıyor, iki yanlardaki kanatlar ise diziler halindeki pencereleri ve alt katlarında sıralanan sütunları ile mimariyi tamamlıyordu. Allom’un gravürlerinin bulunduğu kitabın metnini yazan R. Walsh burası hakkında şunları söyler: “Onun (Sultan Mahmud) inşa ettirdiği yapıların, kendinden önceki sultanlarınkiler ile artık hiçbir benzerliği yoktur. Devlet fabrikaları ve dökümhaneleri Sheffield, Manchester, Paris ve Viyana’dakilerin aynıdır. Sarayları ise eski Yunan sanatı modeline göre yapılmıştır. İşte Boğaziçi’ndeki yeni sarayı da böyledir. Saray ortadaki bir ana bölüm ile bunun iki yanında uzanan birer kanattan meydana gelmiştir. Cephede mermerden dor nizamında bir sütun dizisi bulunmaktadır… İntizamlı sıralar halindeki pencereler silme ve arşitravlar ile süslenmiştir… Orta kısmın ise eşsiz güzellikte bir alınlığın taçlandırdığı korint nizamında altı sütundan meydana gelmiş muhteşem bir girişi vardır.”
II. Mahmud, III. Ahmed zamanında (1703-1730) Kâğıthane deresi kıyısında yapılan Sâdâbâd Sarayı’nı da zevkine uygun bulmayarak “yeni resim üzerine” değişik bir biçimde inşa ettirmişti. Sultan Abdülaziz zamanında tekrar yıkılarak yerine daha Avrupaî bir yenisi yaptırılan bu saray (bk. ÇAĞLAYAN KASRI ), dere yatağı içine dikilen sütunlara oturan çıkmaları ile değişik bir görünüme sahipti. Empire üslûbu Sarây-ı Hümâyun’un (Topkapı Sarayı) büyük kompleksi içindeki bazı bölümlerde de uygulanmıştır. Esası XVI. yüzyıla ait olan hünkâr sofasının büyük kubbeli mekânında iç süsleme bu dönemde moda olan üslûpta yenilendiği gibi, XVIII. yüzyıl ortalarında yapılmış olmakla beraber “III. Selim odası” olarak tanınan odada empire tarzı dekorasyonun izleri görülüyordu. Sarayın harem bölümünde, antik başlıklı pâyelerle ayrılmış duvar yüzeylerinde tamamen Batı üslûbunda manzara resimleri yer almıştı. Yapının dördüncü avlusunda Marmara’ya hâkim bir yerde Abdülmecid’in yaptırdığı Mecidiye Köşkü, gerek dış mimarisi gerekse iç düzeni ve süslemesi bakımından Batı’nın empire üslûplu saray pavyonlarının bir benzeridir. Burada mefruşat da aynı esaslara göre seçilmiştir. Bugün Topkapı Sarayı olarak adlandırılan Sarây-ı Hümâyun’un sınırları içinde empire üslûbunun en kuvvetli temsilcisi, kulesinin kare kitlesi üstündeki ahşap kaplamalı köşkün yerine 1860’lı yıllarda yapılan kâgir bölümdür. Tepesinde kurşun kaplı bir külâh bulunan bu bölümün kemerli büyük pencerelerinin aralarına korint nizamında başlıklı sütunlar konulmuş, bunların da yay biçiminde alınlıkları taşıması sağlanmıştır.
Empire üslûbu Batı’da yavaş yavaş eski hızını kaybederken İstanbul Boğaziçi’nde bu üslûpta sahilsaraylar ve ileri gelenler tarafından gösterişli yalıların yapımı devam ediyordu. Bu köşk, konak ve yalıların en büyük özelliklerinden biri, duvar ve tavanlarında kalem işi veya boyama nakışlar arasında manzara resimlerine geniş ölçüde yer verilmesidir. Bunlar yerli azınlıklardan ustalar ve Batı ülkelerinden gelmiş çok sayıdaki ressamlar tarafından yapılıyordu. Kandilli’de Kıbrıslı Mustafa Paşa Yalısı bunların en büyüklerinden biridir. Kandilli Kız Lisesi iken yanan Âdile Sultan Sarayı, Mısır Hidivi İsmâil Paşa’nın yaptırdığı Beykoz Kasrı, 1956’da yıktırılan Akıntıburnu Sahilsarayı, mimarileri çok değiştirilen ve iç süslemeleri yok olan, Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi’nin yerleştiği Fındıklı sahilsarayları ile XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarından bazı tamir ve eklemelerle bugüne kadar gelen ve plan esasları eski geleneklere bağlı olan Sâdullah Paşa Yalısı’nda ise empire üslûbu, klasik iki pâye ile sınırlanan nişler içinde manzara resimleriyle süslenmek suretiyle kendini gösterir. Bunlar bu üslûbun uygulandığı pek çok yapıdan birkaçıdır. Şehir içindeki konaklardan günümüzde (1994) Eski Eserler İstanbul Koruma Kurulu Merkezi olarak kutlanılan Süleymaniye semtinde Kayserili Ahmed Paşa Konağı bu üslûbun mütevazi ölçüde uygulandığı bir örnektir.
Daha eski bir sarayın yerinde Abdülmecid tarafından yaptırılan Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda da empire üslûbun hâkim olduğu görülür. Buradaki iç süsleme, Paris’te opera binasının dekorasyonunu gerçekleştiren Fransız Séchan tarafından yapılmış ve mekânların bir Avrupa sarayına benzemesine özen gösterilmiştir. Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nın cadde üzerinde bir alay köşkü olarak geçit törenlerini seyre mahsus Pembeköşk denilen pavyonu korint nizamında sütunlara oturmaktadır. Empire üslûbunun hâkimiyeti o dereceye varmıştır ki sarayın büyük bacası da dev ölçüde bir korint sütunu ve başlığı biçiminde şekillendirilmiştir.
II. Mahmud döneminin empire üslûbunu aksettiren İstanbul’daki en belirli eser, mimar Balyanlar tarafından yapılan, Divanyolu caddesinin kenarındaki Sultan Mahmud Türbesi, etrafını çeviren hazîre duvarı ve bunun ortasındaki sebilidir. Bu sebil dor nizamında antik bir yuvarlak mâbed (monopteros) biçimindedir. Eski Türk mezar yapılarına benzeyen hiçbir unsura sahip olmayan türbe ise bilhassa mekânın bezeme ve tefrişi bakımlarından âdeta bir saray salonu görünümündedir.
Empire üslûbu başlangıçta dinî binalarda pek kullanılmamıştır. Nitekim III. Selim’in 1805’te inşa ettirdiği Selimiye ve II. Mahmud’un 1822-1826 yılları arasında Tophane’de yaptırdığı Nusretiye camilerinde barokla karışık biçimde uygulandığı dikkati çeker. Empire bu yapılarda pek kuvvetli olmasa da kendisini belli eder. Fakat XIX. yüzyıl ortalarında dinî mimaride empire üslûbunun hâkimiyeti başlar. İstanbul içinde Hırka-i Şerif (1851), Dolmabahçe (1853), Ortaköy (1854), Kâğıthane’de Çağlayan (1863-1864) camilerinde bu üslûp açıkça görülmektedir. Çırağan Sarayı karşısında Küçük Mecidiye ile (1848-1849) Kâğıthane camilerinde, Batı’da empire üslûbuna karşı başlamış olan neo-gotiğin de tesirleri vardır ve bunlar minare şerefelerinde farkedilir. Dolmabahçe ve Ortaköy camileri ise dış mimarilerinde bu üslûbun unsurlarına geniş ölçüde sahiptirler. Ayrıca ilk üçünün aşırı derecede ince gövdeli minarelerinin şerefe çıkmaları birer korint sütun başlığı biçimindedir. Aslında Ortaköy Camii’nde bu minarelerin bütünüyle korint nizamına uyması için gövdeleri de yivli olarak yapılmıştır. Fakat 1894 zelzelesinde minareleri yıkılınca gövde yüzleri düz biçimde tamir edilmiştir. Empire üslûbuna tam uygunluk göstermeyen, fakat İlkçağ mimarilerinden alınan unsurlarla bezenmiş dinî bir yapı da Teşvikiye Camii’dir. Burada Türk sanat geleneğinden hiçbir unsurun bulunmayışına karşılık antik sanatın alınlık, akroter gibi elemanlarına yer verilmiştir. Bu eserler genellikle gösterişli ihtişamlarına rağmen kötü kaliteli malzeme ve teknik bakımından başarısız yapılmışlardır. Nitekim Ortaköy Camii çok tehlikeli durumlara girmiştir. Ayrıca bu eserlerde aşırı yüklü süsler, renkli ve yaldızlı bezemelerle teknik zayıflıklar gizlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Empire üslûbunun çeşitli örneklerini bu devrin saraylarında, konak ve yalılarında görmek mümkün olduğu gibi devletin resmî binalarının hemen hepsi bu üslûpta yapıldığından en küçüğünden en büyüğüne kadar resmî devlet yapılarında empire üslûbunun az veya çok değişik unsurlarına rastlanmaktadır. Nitekim Galatasaray Lisesi’nin (Mekteb-i Sultânî) bahçe kapısı ile esas binasının cephesi bu karaktere sahiptir. Büyük kışlalarda da aynı üslûbun izleri görülür (Halıcıoğlu’nda Humbarahâne, Üsküdar’da Selimiye, Kasımpaşa’da Kalyoncular, Dâvud Paşa ve Rami kışlaları). Fakat bu üslûbun en kuvvetli biçimde kendini belli ettiği askerî yapılardan biri Tophane müşirliği makamı olan heybetli yapı idi. 1955’te mantıksız bir şehircilik uygulaması ile yıktırılan bu büyük yapı sütunlu giriş verandası, kemerli alt katı ile bu üslûbun temsilcisi idi. Diğer bir bina ise Smith adında bir İngiliz mimarın eseri olan ve şimdi İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi olarak kullanılan Taşkışla’dır. Burada empire üslûbu, cephelerdeki pencere düzenlemelerinde görüldüğü gibi iyon nizamında sütunlu ana girişte de kendini gösterir.
Empire üslûbu devlet yapılarında o derecede hâkim olmuştur ki bu üslûp Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar tarafından 1839’da ilân edilen Tanzimat’a bağlanarak “Tanzimat üslûbu” diye adlandırılmıştır. Hatta resmî yapılarda kullanılan empire üslûbu yalnız İstanbul’a inhisar etmemiş, Osmanlı Devleti’nin çeşitli köşelerinde de örnekler vermiştir. En küçük ve mütevazi yapılarda bile iki sütuna dayanan üçgen alınlıklar cephelerde yer almıştır. Buna örnek olarak İstanbul Fatih’te bulunan ve günümüzde hâlâ kullanılan Çarşamba Karakolu gösterilebilir. Bir vakitler sayıları pek çok olan bu karakollardan bugün ancak bir iki tane kalmıştır. Bunların en gösterişlisi Mimar Sarkis Balyan’ın yaptığı Maçka Karakolu’dur. Burada üç katlı cephe mimarisi, giriş antik taklidi çok uzun dört sütunla gösterişli bir ifade alması suretiyle zenginleştirilmiştir. Bu üslûbu temsil eden başka bir karakol binası da Üsküdar’da Bağlarbaşı’nda 1258’de (1842) yapılan Çinili Karakol’dur.
Milano’da öğrencilerini empire üslûbunda yetiştiren Brera Akademisi’nde okuyan genç mimarlar, bu sanat akımının çok beğenildiği Rusya’da hayatlarını kazanmak üzere oraya gitmişler, bunlardan Güney İsviçreli G. Fossati bir süre Rusya’da çalıştıktan sonra İstanbul’da yanmış olan Rusya elçiliğinin yerine yenisini yapmakla görevlendirilerek Osmanlı Devleti’nin başşehrine gelmişti. Burada empire üslûbunda bir elçilik binasından başka muhteşem bir dârülfünun binası da inşa etmiştir. Çeşitli işlerde kullanıldıktan sonra 1933’te İstanbul Adliyesi iken yanan ve kâgir duvarları da ortadan kaldırılarak yok edilen bu bina sütunlu ve alınlıklı iki cephedeki girişleri, üst katlara hareketli bir görünüm sağlayan cephe sütunları ile empire mimarisinin güzel ve âbidevî bir örneği idi. Aynı üslûp ikinci dârülfünun olarak yapılmış, Divanyolu caddesi üzerindeki şimdi Basın Müzesi olan binada da kullanılmıştır. Ayasofya’yı 1846-1849 yılları arasında restore ederken eklediği Kasr-ı Hümâyun da iç süslemesi bakımından Fossati’nin sanat eğilimini gösterir. Bâbıâli’deki İran Elçiliği binası, Fossati’nin İstanbul’da sürdürdüğü sanat faaliyetinin bir temsilcisidir. Aynı üslûp, Fransız mimar Bourgeois’nın seraskerlik olarak yaptığı İstanbul Üniversitesi merkez binasında da görülür. Empire üslûbunun belirli izlerine sahip devlet yapılarından biri de Kasımpaşa’da eski Bahriye Nezâreti olan ve Divanhâne olarak adlandırılan, günümüzde Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanlığı olarak kullanılan binadır. Empire üslûbundaki resmî binaların sonuncusu. 1891’de Fransız mimar A. Valaury’nin yapımına başladığı Âsâr-ı Atîka (Arkeoloji) Müzesi’dir. Ancak bu yapı, içine konulacak antik eserlerle uyum sağlaması için tam İlkçağ karakterinde inşa edilmiştir.
Bazı çeşme ve sebillerde de empire üslûbunun kullanıldığı görülür. Bu hususta en gösterişli örnek, yukarıda adı geçen II. Mahmud Türbesi yanındaki sebildir. Şehrin ana caddesi kenarında Sultanahmet’te 1819-1820’de Cevrî Kalfa hâtırasına yapılan sıbyan mektebiyle altındaki sebil ve çeşmeler, bu yeni üslûpla birlikte Türk sanatına yeni bir bina düzenlemesi anlayışının da girdiğini belli eder. Yenibahçe’de Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan (1845), Topkapı’da Hüseyin Bey (1851), Eyüp’te Pertevniyal Kadın (1856) çeşmeleri antik sanattan ilham alınarak yapılan eserlerdendir. Kadıköy’de Acıbadem yolu üstünde 1844’te inşa edilen Baba-Oğul Çeşmesi’nde antik sanatın en başta gelen unsurlarından olan akroterlerin, 1862 tarihli Çengelköy Çeşmesi’nde alınlığın mimari motif olarak kullanıldığı görülür. Maçka’da dört cepheli. 1840 tarihli Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Çeşmesi, empire üslûbunun çeşme mimarisinde uygulanışının en güzel örneğidir. Burada her cephede bir çift pilastır, kitâbe ile altındaki ayna taşını çerçeveler. Kocamustafapaşa’da Emine Hanım, Üsküdar’da Nuhkuyusu’nda Şeyhülislâm Sebili (1858) empire üslûbunun özelliklerine sahiptirler. Bu sonuncu eser bir bakıma Sultan Mahmud Sebili’nin çok basite indirilmiş bir benzeri sayılabilir.
Empire üslûbu, Levanten denilen ve Türkler’in “tatlı su Frengi” olarak adlandırdığı değişik milletlerden İstanbul’a yerleşmiş insanlarla azınlıkların yaptıkları binalarda da uzun süre uygulanmıştır. Bilhassa Galata ve Beyoğlu’nda bunların pek çok örneğine rastlanır. Bu binaların en gösterişlilerinden biri, İstiklâl caddesi üzerinde bulunan eski Cercle d’Orient (Serkl Doryan) binasıdır. Başka bir örnek ise son yıllarda büyük değişikliğe uğrayan Tepebaşı’nda evvelce Bristol Oteli olan yapıdır.
İstanbul dışında da empire üslûbunun örnekleri vardır. Tekirdağ’da 1960’ta bütün özellikleri yok edilen Orta Cami, İzmir’de Hisar, Hacı Mahmud (1779), Kemeraltı (1813 [?]), Şadırvanaltı camileri, Konya’da 1874’te yapılan Aziziye Camii empire üslûbunun izlerine sahip eserlerdir. Bu sonuncunun bilhassa iç mimarisinde bu üslûbun kuvvetli hâkimiyeti görülür.
Türk sanatında XIX. yüzyıl içinde hâkim olan empire üslûbu yüzyılın sonlarında karma (eklektik) bir üslûba yerini bırakmış ve bunlara bir tepki olarak doğan XX. yüzyıl başlarında Türk neo-klasiği üslûbu çıktığında tamamen unutulmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Batı’da Empire. P. Marmottan, Le Style empire, architecture et décoration d’intérieurs, Paris 1927. P. Lavedan, Histoire de l’art: II. Moyen Age et temps modernes, Paris 1950, s. 461-464. R. Hamann, Geschichte der Kunst, München-Zürich 1958. B. Fletcher, A History of Architecture, London 1975, s. 1032 vd. Lambert-Stahl, Architektur von 1750-1850, Berlin, ts.Türkiye’de Empire (kısaltılmış bibliyografya). A. I. Melling, Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et des rives du Bosphore, Paris 1819 → (nşr. Şevket Rado), İstanbul 1969. Th. Allom – R. Walsh, Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor, London 1838. G. Fossati, Aya Sofia, London 1852. İzzet Kumbaracılar, İstanbul Sebilleri, İstanbul 1938. T. Lacchia, I Fossati, architetti del Sultano di Turchia, Roma 1943. Tanışık, İstanbul Çeşmeleri , I-II. Celâl Esad Arseven, Türk Sanatı Tarihi, İstanbul, ts. (Maarif Basımevi), s. 418 vd. G. Goodwin, A History of Ottoman Architecture, London 1971. Perihan Balcı, Eski İstanbul Evleri ve Boğaziçi Yalıları, İstanbul 1975. Ayda Arel, Onsekizinci Yüzyıl İstanbul Mimarisinde Batılılaşma Süreci, İstanbul 1975. Rüçhan Arık, Batılılaşma Dönemi Anadolu Tasvir Sanatı, Ankara 1976. Günsel Renda, Batılılaşma Döneminde Türk Resim Sanatı, Ankara 1977. Pars Tuğlacı, Balyan’lar, İstanbul 1981. Oktay Aslanapa, Osmanlı Devri Türk Sanatı, İstanbul 1986, s. 425 vd. P. Bonatz, “Eine Glückliche Architekten-Fakultät”, Der Baumeister, sy. 8 (1950), s. 481-488. S. Lloyd, “Old Waterside Houses on the Bosphorus: Savfet Paşa Yalısı at Kanlıca”, Anatolian Studies, VII (1957), s. 163-170. K. Tuchelt, “Das Yalı des Kıbrıslı Mustafa Paşa in Küçüksu (Kandilli)”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, XII (1962), s. 129-158. a.mlf., “Uferpalaeste Osmanischer Zeit an Bosporus”, Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch, XII/2, Stuttgart 1962. Emel Esin, “Sadullah Paşa Yalısı”, TTOK Belleteni , sy. 33 (1972), s. 11-25. Semavi Eyice, “XVIII. Yüzyılda Türk Sanatı ve Türk Mimarisinde Avrupa Neo-Klasik Üslubu”, STY , IX-X (1981), s. 163-189.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 159-163 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.