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GÜL CAMİİ Skip to content İstanbul Küçükmustafapaşa’da XV. yüzyıl sonunda kiliseden çevrilen cami.
İstanbul’un kuzey kısmında Haliç kıyısında Aykapı (Ayakapısı) semtinde bulunmaktadır. Büyük ölçülerde bir yapı olan Gül Camii’nin Bizans dönemindeki adı ve yapım tarihi hakkında kesin bilgi yoktur. Genellikle buranın Deksikrates’teki Aya (Hagia) Theodosia Kilisesi olduğu yolunda yerleşmiş bir görüş vardır. İstanbul’un Bizans dönemindeki tarihî topografyasına dair pek çok yayını olan J. Pargoire, bu kilisenin Aya Euphemia adına yapıldığını, ancak Latin işgalinden (1204-1261) sonra Bizans İmparatorluğu ihya edildiğinde XIII. yüzyıl sonlarında adının Theodosia’ya dönüştürüldüğünü kaydeder. Kaynaklardan edinilen bilgiye göre Khalkedon’un (Kadıköy) koruyucu azizesi Euphemia’ya sunulmuş olan kilise Petrion adındaki mahallede bulunuyordu ve yanında bir de kadınlar manastırı vardı. Kilisenin IX. yüzyılda İmparator I. Basileios döneminde (867-886) yapıldığı veya daha eski bir yapının yenilenmesi ve ihyası suretiyle kurulduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bu kilisede (belki de manastırda) Basileios’un ailesinden bazı kişilerin mezarları bulunuyordu.
İkonoklasma (tasvir kıranlar) akımı döneminde (726-842), Büyüksaray’ın Ayasofya önündeki Khalke Kapısı denilen girişi üstündeki Îsâ ikonasının indirilişini engellemeye çalışırken öldürülen Theodosia adlı kadın sonraları azize olarak ilân edildiğinde cesedi veya kutsal kalıntıları bu kiliseye konulmuştu. Halk bu rölikleri ziyaret ederek onlardan şifa umardı. Şehrin IV. Haçlı Seferi şövalyeleri tarafından işgalinden sonra kilise büyük ölçüde onarılmıştı. Bu arada, zaten Euphemia ile ilgili kutsal bir hâtıraya sahip olmadığından Theodosia’nın ön plana geçerek adının kiliseye verilmiş olabileceği iddia edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu çevrede bulunduğu bilinen Khristou Evergetou Manastırı’nın kilisenin komşusu olduğu da son yıllarda ileri sürülmüştür.
Aya Theodosia’nın kutsal kalıntılarının bir dilsizin dilini açtığı yolundaki haber 1306’da buranın tanınmasına yol açmıştır. Nitekim XIV ve XV. yüzyıllarda Bizans’tan geçen Rus hacıları manastırı ve rölikleri ziyaret ettiklerini bildirirler. Bunlar arasında, 1350’de İstanbul’a uğrayan Novgorodlu Stepan kıyıda olan Theodosia Manastırı’na gittiklerini, buraya her çarşamba ve her cuma günü pek çok ziyaretçinin geldiğini, kalabalık hasta gruplarının yataklarıyla buraya taşındıklarını belirtir. Daha sonra 1424’te İstanbul’dan geçen adı bilinmeyen bir hacı da Theodosia’nın naaşı veya röliklerinin açık bir sandukçede durduğunu, bunun pek çok derde derman olduğunu yazmıştır.
Bir rivayete göre 1453’te azizenin yortu günü olan 29 Mayıs’ta kilise güllerle donatılmıştı; o gün şehre giren Türkler binayı camiye çevirdiklerinde bundan dolayı adına Gül Camii demişlerdir. Fakat o günlerde Bizanslılar’ın gül toplayıp bir kiliseyi süslemekten daha önemli işleri olacağından böyle bir rivayetin doğruluğu çok şüphelidir. Caminin içinde Gülbaba denilen bir yatırın kabrinin bulunduğuna inanıldığından binaya bu adın verildiği de söylenir. Bu konuda başka söylentiler de vardır.
Fetihten sonra kilisenin altındaki bodrum, Haliç’teki gemilerin malzemelerinin depolandığı bir ambar olarak kullanılmıştır. Aya Theodosia Kilisesi’nin II. Selim döneminde (1566-1574) Hasan Paşa tarafından camiye dönüştürüldüğü genellikle ileri sürülür. Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ in matbu nüshasında ise bu işin III. Selim zamanında (1789-1807) gerçekleştirildiği yazılmıştır ki bu bir baskı hatasıdır. İhsan Erzi tarafından işaret edildiğine göre, İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı Muallim Cevdet yazmaları arasındaki bir icmal defterinde (nr. 93), 5 Cemâziyelâhir 895’te (26 Nisan 1490) camiye dönüştürülme çalışmalarına başlanarak bu işin altı ayda bitirildiği kaydedilmektedir. 953 (1546) tarihli İstanbul Vakıfları Tahrir Defteri ’nde de burası “Câmi-i Gül” olarak kaydedildiğine göre bu eski kilise II. Selim döneminden çok önce camiye çevrilmiştir.
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde bir elçilik heyetiyle İstanbul’a gelen ve 1559’da Galata surlarından şehrin, aslı şimdi Hollanda’da Leiden’de bulunan büyük bir resmini çizen Flensburglu Alman Melchior Lorichs (Lorck), Gül Camii yerinde üstü ahşap çatılı, minareli bir cami işaretlemiştir. Türkler’e ne durumda kaldığı bilinmeyen bu eski Bizans yapısı, büyük ihtimalle 1509 zelzelesinde kubbesi ve bütün üst yapısını kaybetmiştir. Bu felâketin arkasından binanın üstü bir ahşap çatı ile örtülmüş, bir süre öylece kullanılmış ve Alman ressam da onu bu haliyle görmüştür. Belki II. Selim döneminde ve Mimar Sinan’ın Hassa başmimarı olduğu yıllarda bu ahşap çatı kaldırıldığı veya bir yangın sonunda çöktüğü için bugün görülen klasik Türk üslûbundaki yan cephelerle ana kemerler ve kubbe yapılmıştır.
W. Müller-Wiener, Gül Camii’nin IV. Murad zamanında tamir edildiğini bildirirse de bu hususta kaynak göstermediğinden bu bilginin doğruluk derecesini kontrol etmek mümkün değildir. Ancak Osmanlı dönemi boyunca Haliç kıyılarından başlayarak güneye doğru yayılan yangınlardan zarar gördüğü tahmin edilebilir. Bu arada 1633 yılında Cibalikapısı dışından başlayarak üç gün süren büyük yangın Gül Camii’nde de tahribat yapmış olmalıdır. Cami II. Mahmud döneminde önemli bir tamir görmüştür. Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ in metnini tamamlayan Ali Satı Efendi camideki Hünkâr mahfilinin bu padişah tarafından yaptırıldığını bildirir.
Gül Camii yakın tarihlerde bir tamir görmüş ve dış duvarları evvelce sıvalı ve badanalı iken raspa edilerek duvar örgüleri açığa çıkarılmıştır. Bu eski kilise, tuğla tonozlu ve üstündeki yapının ölçülerini aynen tekrarlayan bir bodrum üzerinde inşa edilmiştir. Esas bina “kapalı haç planlı” tiptedir. Narteks kısmı mevcut olmayıp sadece kuzey yan duvarı kalmıştır. Bunun yerine ahşap çatılı bir son cemaat yeri yapılmıştır. Ana mekân, dört kolu beşik tonozlarla örtülü bir haç biçimindedir. Bu kollardan kuzey, güney ve batıda olanların içlerine ikişer pâye üzerine oturan galeriler yerleştirilmiştir. Dört masif pâye bu haç şeklini meydana getirir ve dört ana kemeri taşır. Kemerlerin sivri oluşu, bunların Türk devrinde eskilerinin yerinde ya tamamen veya kısmen yapıldığını belli eder. Binanın doğusunda, ortadaki daha geniş olmak üzere dışarıya taşkın üç apsisi vardır. Bunlardan bilhassa iki yanlarda olanlarında çok sayıda nişler ve bunların içlerinde tuğla bezemelerinin bulunuşu, binanın XIII. yüzyılın sonları veya XIV. yüzyılın başında gördüğü büyük tamir sırasında bu bölümlerin yeniden yapıldığına işaret eder.
Türk döneminde bu kilisenin dış mimarisinde önemli değişiklikler yapılmıştır. İki yan cephe çok pencereli olarak inşa edilmiş, bunların mahya hattı bazı Osmanlı eseri camilerde olduğu gibi kademeli olarak taçlandırılmıştır. Son derece basık, sekizgen kasnaklı sağır kubbeleri de Türk yapısıdır. Böylece eski kilisenin, Türk mimarisinin klasik döneminde gerek yan cepheleri gerek taşıyıcı büyük kemerleri ve ana kubbesinin yenilendiği açıkça belli olmaktadır.
Yüksek bir bodrum üzerine oturduğu gibi kendi başına esasen orantıları çok yüksek olan bu kilise, yüksek kasnaklı olması gereken kubbesiyle herhalde aslında daha da heybetli bir görünüm arzediyordu. Caminin minaresi, şerefe çıkmasının barok profilli biçimiyle 1766 zelzelesinden sonra inşa edilen minarelerin bir benzeridir.
Mihrabın sağ tarafındaki pâyenin içinde bir yatır mezarı vardır. Üzerindeki yazı bunun “Hazret-i Îsâ’nın sahâbesinden havârinin kabri” (merkad-i havâriyyûn-ı ashâb-ı Îsâ aleyhisselâm) olduğunu bildirir. Halk arasındaki bir efsaneye göre de burada Gül Baba adında bir evliya yatmaktadır. İhsan Erzi Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ in yazma bir nüshasında şu kayda rastlamıştır: “Rivayet olunur ki, Hz. Îsâ’nın on iki havârisinden beşi Arabistan mahallinde ve yedisi dahi, ikisi bu caminin mihrap tarafında olan ayakları derununda, birisi sağ cânibinde olan ayakta, beş altı kadîme Fârisî ile ziyaret olunur” (Camilerimiz Ansiklopedisi , II, 21). XIX. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan bir halk rivayetinde son Bizans imparatoru XI. Konstantinos’un buraya gömüldüğü ileri sürülürse de bunun da sağlam bir esasa dayanmadığı bellidir. Camiye çevrilmiş başka hiçbir Bizans kilisesi için anlatılmayan bu rivayetlerin, burada evvelce varlığı bildirilen imparator sülâlesi mezarlarından kaynaklandığı bir ihtimal olarak düşünülebilir.
Gül Camii’nin iç duvarlarında Bizans dönemine ait hiçbir süsleme yoktur. Bütün iç yüzeyleri kaplayan sıva tabakası üstünde XIX. yüzyıldan kaldığı anlaşılan kalem işi nakışlar yer alır. Bunların arasında çok sayıda “mühr-i Süleyman” görülür. Ayrıca sağdaki küçük apsisin içine de bir kûfî yazı işlenmiştir. Yangınlardan sonra yenilenmiş olması muhtemel mihrapla ahşap minberin belirli bir sanat değeri yoktur. Caminin batı tarafında, II. Mahmud’un kızı Âdile Sultan tarafından 1285’te (1868-69) vakfedilen bir sıbyan mektebi inşa edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İstanbul Vakıfları Tahrir Defteri 953 (1546) , s. 3 (not 3), 269.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 186; a.e.: Camilerimiz Ansiklopedisi: Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ (haz. İhsan Erzi), İstanbul 1987, II, 21-23.
[Konstantios], Constantiniade ou description de Constantinople ancienne et moderne (trc. M. R.), İstanbul 1846, s. 117-120.
A. G. Paspatis, Byzantinai Meletai , İstanbul 1877, s. 320-322.
A. Mordtmann, Esquisse topographique de Constantinople , Lille 1892, s. 42.
E. Oberhummer, Konstantinopel unter Suleiman , München 1902.
C. Gurlitt, Die Baukunst Konstantinopels , Berlin 1907-1912, s. 41, Iv. 11a.
A. van Millingen, Byzantine Churches of Constantinople , London 1912, s. 164-178.
J. Ebersolt – A. Thiers, Les églises de Constantinople , Paris 1913, s. 113-127.
F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans , Oxford 1929, II, 40.
A. M. Schneider, Byzanz: Vorarbeiten zur Topographie und Archäologie der Stadt , Berlin 1935, s. 78.
M. Halit Bayrı, İstanbul Folkloru , İstanbul 1947, s. 142.
R. Janin, Eglises et monastères , Paris 1969, s. 127-129, 143-145, 508-510.
a.mlf., “Les églises Sainte-Euphémie à Constantinople”, Echos d’orient , XXXI, Paris 1932, s. 279-281.
H. Schäfer, Die Gül Camii in Istanbul: Ein Beitrag zur mittelbyzantinischen Kirchenarchitektur Konstantinopels , Tübingen 1973.
W. Müller-Wiener, Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls , Tübingen 1977, s. 340-343.
Th. F. Mathews, The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul , Pennsylvania 1976, s. 128-139.
Semavi Eyice, Son Devir Bizans Mimârisi , İstanbul 1980, s. 84-85, rs. 209-215.
a.mlf., “Les églises byzantines d’Istanbul, du IXe au XVe siècles”, Corsi di cultura bizantini et ravennati , XII, Ravenna 1965, s. 259-262.
Fâtih Câmileri ve Diğer Târihî Eserler (haz. Fatih Müftülüğü), İstanbul 1991, s. 102-103.
J. Pargoire, “Constantinople, L’église Sainte-Théodosie”, Echos d’orient , IX, Paris 1906, s. 162-165.
N. Brunov, “Die Gül-Djámi von Konstantinopel”, BZ , XXX (1930), s. 554-560.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 223-225 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.