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HÂFIZ AHMED PAŞA CAMİİ ve KÜLLİYESİ Skip to content İstanbul’da XVI. yüzyıl sonunda yapılmış külliye.
Fatih’te, semte adını veren caminin batısında eski Karaman mahallesinde bulunmaktadır. Cami, medrese, dârülkurrâ, sebil, çeşme ve türbeden ibaret olan külliye, 1930’dan sonra belediyenin yaptığı düzenlemede Şeyh Resmî mahallesine dahil edilen Hâfızpaşa, Başhoca, Başmüezzin sokakları ile sınırlanan yapı adası içinde, Malta çarşısının devamı olan Fatih caddesi üzerinde kalmıştır.
Vaktiyle caminin cümle kapısı üzerinde yer alan harap haldeki kitâbe son tamiratta yapının içinde kapı kemerinin üzerine alınmıştır. Ayvansarayî’nin Mecmûa-i Tevârih ’inde altı ve yedinci satırları yanlış okunan kitâbe Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ de doğru tesbit edilmiştir. Kitâbede, külliyenin 1004 (1595-96) yılında Vezir Hâfız Ahmed Paşa (ö. 1613) tarafından yaptırıldığı açık şekilde ifade edilmekte olup ayrıca külliyeyi oluşturan yapılar tek tek belirtilmiştir. Ahmed Paşa Mısır, Yemen, Bosna ve Budin beylerbeyiliklerinde bulunan, kubbe veziri ve sadâret kaymakamı Hadım Ahmed Paşa’dır. Bazı araştırmacılar ise külliyenin kurucusunun, IV. Murad döneminde 1632’de öldürülen Sadrazam Filibeli Hâfız Ahmed Paşa olduğunu sanmışlardır. Bu durum, caminin kurucusu hakkında Evliya Çelebi tarafından nakledilen bir rivayetten kaynaklanmış olabilir. Buna göre külliyenin inşası sırasında Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın rüyasına giren Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, onu kendi külliyesinin hemen yanında bir cami yaptırmak suretiyle cemaatini aldığından dolayı şiddetle azarlamış ve gazaba gelerek boynunu vurdurmuştur. Ahmed Paşa bir süre sonra eceliyle öldüğünde kabre konulurken mezarın kenarından düşen bir yanı keskin kaya parçası cenazenin tam boynuna isabet etmiş, böylece rüya gerçekleşmiştir.
Kitâbede caminin 1004 (1595-96) yılında yaptırıldığı açıkça belirtildiği gibi, Ahmed Refik Altınay tarafından yayımlanan 13 Muharrem 1018 (18 Nisan 1609) tarihli bir hükümde de Karaman mahallesinde Hacı Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın bina ettiği cami ve medreseye gerekli olan suyun verilmesi ilgililere emredilmiştir. Bundan başka çeşitli vakıf kütüphanelerinden alınarak Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde toplanan el yazması kitaplar arasında Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Camii dolaplarından taşınan kitaplarda 1012 (1603-1604) tarihli vakıf mührüne rastlanmıştır. Böylece Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Camii ile külliyesinin yapımı ve tamamlanması 1609 yılına kadar sürmüş olmalıdır. Mimarının, bu yıllarda Hassa başmimarı olan Dâvud Ağa olabileceği ise sadece bir tahminden ibarettir.
Cami ve külliyenin bu bölgeyi harap eden yangınlarda ne ölçüde zarar gördüğü bilinmemekte, ancak 1763 zelzelesinde en azından minaresinin yıkıldığı barok üslûpta yenilenen şerefesinin biçiminden anlaşılmaktadır. Külliye için en büyük felâket ise 1918 yılındaki Cibali-Fatih yangını olmuştur. Bu sırada etrafı saran alevlerin yalayıp geçtiği külliye fazla zarar görmemekle beraber gerekli tamirat yapılamamış ve yapılar kendi haline terkedilmiştir. Bu devirde çeşitli kısımlar tahrip ve yok edilirken bir yandan da arazisine tecavüzler olmuştur. Bunları kolaylaştıran önemli bir sebep de yangın alanlarının yeniden planlanmasında cami ve külliyenin varlığının hiç hesaba katılmayışıdır. Nitekim külliyenin esas girişi ve buradaki cephesi, medresenin bir kısmı ile caminin bir köşesi, yeniden çizilen Fatih caddesinin üstünde bir çıkıntı şeklinde bırakılmak suretiyle âdeta ortadan kalkmaya mahkûm edilmiştir. Bu tahribat gerçekleşmemekle beraber yapı bu işlek cadde üzerinde yola taşan bir çıkıntı halinde günümüze ulaşmıştır.
Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Külliyesi, vakıf eserlerin yok edilmesi yolundaki davranışlardan biriyle 1960’lı yılların başlarında karşılaşmıştır. İstanbul’da bir öğrenci yurdu inşa etmek isteyen Sakarya Yüksek Tahsil Gençliği Yurt Yapma Derneği, belediye tarafından “arsa” olarak ifraz edilen medreseyi satın alıp yapıma geçmek üzere girişimde bulunmuştu. Bu sırada külliye yirmi iki yıldan beri bir yıkıcının malzeme deposu olarak kullanılıyordu. Yapılan başvuru üzerine Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü konuyu Rölöve Bürosu’na havale etti. Burada Zarif Orgun, 22 Mayıs 1963 tarihli raporunda külliyenin tarihçesiyle birlikte mevcut parsellerin durumunu da belirterek bu arsaya inşaat yapılamayacağı gibi iki yanından külliye duvarlarına yapıştırılmış binaların da kaldırılması gerektiğini açıkladı. Konu Gayri Menkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu’na intikal ettiğinde dernek verdiği dilekçesinde, “arsa civarında Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Camii duvarları kalıntısı olduğundan” kurulun muvafakatinin gerektiğini bildiriyor ve bu hayırlı teşebbüsün bir an önce sonuçlandırılmasını istiyordu. Ancak Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu toplantısında Semavi Eyice bu teklife karşı çıkarak külliyenin “birkaç duvar kalıntısı” halinde olmayıp bütünüyle ayakta durduğunu söyledi ve teklifin kabul edilemeyeceğini belirtti. Bunun üzerine kurulun bazı üyeleri durumu yerinde inceledikten sonra Gayri Menkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu, 4 Ağustos 1963 tarihli kararı ile Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Külliyesi’nin cami, medrese, türbe ve sebiliyle restore ve ihyasının gerekli olduğunu Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’ne bildirdi.
Bu karardan sonra Vakıflar İdaresi medreseyi bir dereceye kadar tamir ettirdi. Caminin ihyasına da 1976’da başlanmış, ancak onarım bitirilmeden bırakılmıştır. 1990’da Selâm Vakfı tarafından aslına fazla uygun olmayan bir tarzda tamir ettirilen cami 1991’de yeniden ibadete açılmıştır.
Bütün bölümleriyle kesme taştan yapılmış olan Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Camii ve Külliyesi, avlusu medrese odaları ile çevrili camilerin çok değişik bir örneğidir. Avlunun güneydoğu tarafında yer alan cami dikdörtgen bir plana sahiptir. Kıble duvarı çıkıntı halinde olup bunun kuzeyine türbe, onun da yan köşesine sebil eklenmiştir. Dışarıdan avluya geçişi sağlayan ve tonozlu bir dehlizi olan kapının yanında aslında dârülkurrâ olduğu ileri sürülen iki katlı bir bina bulunur.
Cami, ortada büyük kubbeli bir ana mekânla iki yanındaki daha küçük ölçülerde yine kare mekânlardan oluşmuştur. Bunlardan her üçü aslında kubbeli iken bilinmeyen bir tarihte, belki de 1763 zelzelesinde yıkıldıklarından üstlerinin 1918 yangınında yok olan ahşap bir çatı ile örtüldüğü anlaşılmıştır. Cami bu şekliyle, erken Osmanlı devrinde çok yaygın olmakla beraber XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren artık uygulanmayan tabhâneli (zâviyeli) camiler tipinin son temsilcisi gibi görünmektedir. Fakat XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında ana mekânının iki yanında tabhâne odaları bulunan camiler artık yapılmadığına göre böyle bir ihtimal inandırıcı değildir. Bu duruma göre cami aslında ortada bir büyük kubbeli, yanlarda ise daha küçük kubbeli mekânlardan meydana gelen bir tipte olup Edirne’deki Üç Şerefeli Cami’nin ufak çapta yapılmış bir çeşitlemesi olmalıydı. Ancak caminin ihyasında bu hususta ciddi bir araştırma yapılmadan restorasyon gerçekleştirildiği için gerçeği tesbit zorlaşmıştır.
Minare orta mekânın sağında bulunmaktadır. Eski bir fotoğrafında görüldüğü gibi şerefe çıkmasının barok profilli oluşu ve şerefe korkuluğunda kabartma girlantların bulunuşu, minarenin 1763 zelzelesinden sonra yeniden yapıldığını gösterir. Bu barok üslûptaki şerefeli minare son restorasyonda bütünüyle yenilenmiş ve mukarnaslı çıkmalı şerefesi olan taştan yeni bir minare yapılmıştır. Cami bölümünün avluya komşu tarafında bir son cemaat yeri yoktur. Son cemaat yeri aslında da yok muydu veya Vakıflar İdaresi’nin çizdirdiği bir planda işaretlendiği gibi, dârülkurrânın alt katı son cemaat yeri görevini mi görüyordu; bunu kesin olarak tesbit imkânı yoktur. Caminin giriş cephesi orijinal duvarı yıkıldığından bugün görülen kapısı ve üç bölümlü, kubbeli son cemaat yeri bütünüyle yenidir. Mihrapla minber klasik benzeri olarak yapılmakla beraber yenidir. Mihrap mukarnaslı bir yaşmağa sahiptir ve mermerdendir. Minber ise büyük emek harcanarak yine mermerden XVI. yüzyıl şebekeli minberlerinin aynen benzeri olarak yapılmıştır.
Dârülkurrâ olan yapı, cami kitlesine bitişik olup avlu girişinin üstünden itibaren Fatih caddesi boyunca sebile doğru uzanır. İki sıra pencere ile aydınlanan ve kapı dehlizinin yanındaki bir merdivenle üst kata ulaşılan bu kısmın cadde üzerindeki cephesinin taş işçiliği, külliyenin diğer bölümlerinden malzeme bakımından daha kalitesiz ve itinasızdır. Dolayısıyla bu kat ya sonradan eklenmiş veya büyük ölçüde harap olduğundan yeniden yapılmış olmalıdır.
Medrese üç taraftan avluyu sarmaktadır. Son yıllarda yeniden yapılan sivri kemerli ve kubbeli revakın gerisinde her biri dolap nişli ve ocaklı on dört hücre vardır. Batı köşesindeki boşluğun niçin bırakıldığını açıklamak mümkün değildir. Burada genellikle medreselerin çoğunda olduğu gibi bir sıbyan mektebi düşünülmüş olabileceği akla gelmektedir. Medrese ile cami kitlesi arasındaki beşik tonozlu dehlize de bir anlam verilememektedir. Çünkü bunun medrese odası tarafındaki duvarında aynen odalardaki gibi, yakın zamanda içleri tuğla ile doldurulmuş dolap nişleri vardır. 20 Ağustos 1330 tarihli raporda medresenin çok rutubetli on üç odadan oluştuğu, içinde ayrıca barakalar bulunduğu bildirilerek, “Fennen talebe iskânına elverişli değildir” denilmiştir. O sırada kadro dışı olan medresenin 22 Kânunuevvel 1334 tarihli bir notta yanmış olduğuna da işaret edilmiştir. Oda sayısı, Müller-Wiener tarafından yayımlanan planda on beş olarak gösterilmişken Vakıflar İdaresi’nce tamirden önce çizilen planda on dörttür.
Türbe, camiden, kıble duvarının yanında yer alan ufak bir kapı ile geçilen kubbeli küçük kare bir mekândır. İhya sırasında ihmal edilerek harap halde bırakılan türbe muhtemelen 1918 yangınından sonra soyulmuştur. Nitekim Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’ya ait olduğu bilinen bir at zırhı Atina’da Benaki Müzesi’nde bulunmaktadır. Ancak bunun IV. Murad döneminin sadrazamı Ahmed Paşa’ya ait olması da mümkündür (Guide Musée Bénaki , s. 80). 1995-1996 yıllarında yapılan son tamiratta türbe yeniden ihya edilmiştir.
Külliyenin köşesinde bulunan sebile türbeden geçilmekle birlikte ayrıca dışa açılan kapısı da vardır. Tam köşede yer alan sebilin bir mermer sütunla ayrılmış iki şebekesi bulunmaktaydı. Sebilin kubbesini duvarlara bitişik iki sütunla birlikte mermer sivri kemerler taşıyordu. 1918 yangınından sonra sebil de yavaş yavaş tahrip edilmiş, kubbe ve kemerler yıkılmış, aradaki sütunla tunç şebekeler yok edilmiştir. 1995 yılında orijinal şekline sadık kalınarak yeniden inşa edilmiştir.
Medresenin batısında bu yapıya bitişik olarak kesme taştan sivri kemerli bir çeşme vardır. Bu küçük eser de son tamirde temizlenerek ihya edilmiştir. Kütüphanenin ise evvelce cami içindeki dolaplarda olduğu bilinmektedir. Fransız şarkiyatçısı Antoine Galland, 1672’de İstanbul’da bulunduğu sırada Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Külliyesi’ndeki yazma kitapları incelediğini bildirirken buradan faydalanmak isteyenlerin uymaları gereken hususlardan da bahseder. Galland, 14 Kasım 1672 günü gittiği Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Camii’ndeki kitaplara dair şunları anlatır: “Burada, üçü de Sûdî tarafından şerhedilmiş olan Gülistân , Bostân ve Hâfız divanını okumak yahut birer sûretlerini çıkarmak isteyenlere vermek üzere kurulmuş bir vakıf vardır. Bu maksatla her bir eserden yedişer cilt mevcut olup bu nüshalar 2 kuruş bırakan herkese verilmekte ve cilt iade edilir edilmez para da geri alınmaktaydı. Bu paranın alınmasındaki gaye, cilt geri getirilmediği takdirde yenisinin tedarikini temindir” (İstanbul’a Ait Günlük Hâtıralar , I, 204).
Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Camii ve Külliyesi, İstanbul’un ve Osmanlı dönemi Türk mimarisinin gerekli şekilde değerlendirilmemiş bir eseridir. Mimar Sinan’ın arkasından gelen ve onun ekolünü sürdüren yapı ustalarından biri tarafından meydana getirilen bu külliye, plan düzenlemesi bakımından sahip olduğu yeniliklerle dikkati çeker. Ancak önemine uygun biçimde korunamamış ve ihya edilirken yeteri kadar dikkatli ve hassas bir inceleme yapılmamıştır. Bununla birlikte külliyenin bir özel vakıf eliyle son anda kurtarılması da büyük kazançtır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 169.
A. Galland, İstanbul’a Ait Günlük Hâtıralar: 1672-1673 (trc. Nahid Sırrı Örik), Ankara 1949, I, 204-205.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Hicrî On Birinci Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1000-1100) , İstanbul 1931, s. 34-35.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 87-88; a.e.: Camilerimiz Ansiklopedisi: Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ (haz. İhsan Erzi), İstanbul 1987, I, 128.
a.mlf., Mecmûa-i Tevârih (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin – Vahid Çabuk), İstanbul 1985, s. 293.
Guide Musée Bénaki , Atina 1935, s. 80.
İzzet Kumbaracılar, İstanbul Sebilleri , İstanbul 1938, s. 21.
Nâzım Poroy, İstanbul’da Gömülü Paşalar , İstanbul 1947, s. 32-33.
Semavi Eyice, Istanbul, Petit guide à travers les monuments byzantins et turcs , İstanbul 1955, s. 75, nr. 109.
Tahsin Öz, İstanbul Camileri , Ankara 1962, I, 66.
W. Müller-Wiener, Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls , Tübingen 1977, s. 418.
Erünsal, Türk Kütüphaneleri Tarihi II , s. 50-51, 241.
Fâtih Câmileri ve Diğer Târihî Eserler (haz. Fatih Müftülüğü), İstanbul 1991, s. 114-115.
Affan Egemen, İstanbul’un Çeşme ve Sebilleri , İstanbul 1993, s. 310.
Engin Özdeniz, İstanbul’daki Kaptan-ı Deryâ Çeşmeleri ve Sebilleri , İstanbul 1995, s. 168-170.
Ömer Faruk Şerifoğlu, Su Güzeli: İstanbul Sebilleri , İstanbul 1995, s. 96.
Fâzıl Ayanoğlu, “İstanbul’da Yola Kalbedilen Cami Vesaire”, VD , VIII (1969), s. 333; nr. 14.
Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, “1869’da Faal İstanbul Medreseleri”, TED , sy. 7-8 (1977), s. 325-327, şekil 6 ve rs. 12-13.
a.mlf., “Dârü’l-hilâfeti’l-‘aliyye Medresesi ve Kuruluşu Arefesinde İstanbul Medreseleri”, İTED , VII/1-2 (1978), s. 154, nr. 150.
Orhan Köprülü, “Hâfız Ahmed Paşa”, İA , V/1, s. 76.
Ahmet Vefa Çobanoğlu, “Hafız Ahmed Paşa Külliyesi”, DBİst.A , III, 492-493.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 85-87 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.