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ABDESTHANE Skip to content İdrar ve sindirim artıklarını çıkarmak için özel olarak yapılmış yer, helâ.
Halk dilinde aptesane şekline dönüşmüş olan abdesthâne , Farsça âb-dest (el suyu, ibadet öncesi yapılan temizlik) ve hâne (kapalı yer, oda, ev) kelimeleriyle teşkil edilen Osmanlıca birleşik bir isimdir. Her dilde helâya verilen isimler, mümkün olduğu kadar onun gerçek hüviyetini kapatmaya yönelik nezaket kelimelerinden seçilmiştir ve abdesthane de bunlardan biridir. Dolayısıyla bu ad, lavabolu tuvaletler için kullanıldığında da yine yalnız helâ anlamındadır; çünkü, içinde abdest alınması mekruh olan bir yere “abdest alınan yer” adının verilmesi söz konusu değildir.
Bir medeniyet nişânesi olan helânın tarihçesi m.ö. III. binyıla kadar gitmektedir. Tarihte helâ, günümüzde olduğu gibi, biri oturarak kullanılan klozet tipi, diğeri çömelerek kullanılan alaturka tip olmak üzere iki ayrı modelde gelişmiştir. Bilinen ilk örnekler klozet tipi olup III. binyılın ikinci yarısında, özellikle şehircilik alanında ileri gitmiş olan İndus medeniyetine aittir. Bunlar Mohenjo-Daro kazılarında ortaya çıkarılan bir evin banyosundaki, su ile temizlenen ve şehrin kanalizasyon sistemine bağlı olan iki klozettir. Mohenjo-Darolular’ın Mezopotamya’daki çağdaşları olan ve aralarında ticaret münasebetleri bulunan Sâmî Akkadlar’ın da helâyı bildikleri, Kral Sargon’un sarayında ortaya çıkarılan altı adet klozetten anlaşılmaktadır. II. binyıl Mısır ve Girit saraylarının banyo dairelerinde bir ara duvarı ile ayrılmış özel bölmelerde yer alan klozetlerin, Mohenjo-Daro ve Akkad örneklerinde olduğu gibi, yine kanalizasyon sistemine bağlanıp su ile temizlendikleri tesbit edilmiştir.
Alaturka helâ, mevcut buluntulara göre klozetten beş asır sonra Suriye’de ve ilk defa m.ö. 1700 yıllarında, Mari Kralı Zimrilim’in sarayında kullanılmıştır. Bu helâ da yine banyo dairesinde, fakat bir ara duvarı olmaksızın küvetlerin biraz ilerisinde bulunmaktadır. Milâttan önce I. binyılda Kuzey Suriye ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Geç Hitit saraylarının banyo daireleri bitişiğinde, müstakil bir oda halinde alaturka helâlar yer almakta ve bunların da kanalizasyon sistemine bağlanarak su ile temizlendikleri görülmektedir. Aynı şekilde, Geç Hititler’in Doğu Anadolu’daki çağdaşı olan Urartular da alaturka helâyı kalelerinde kullanmışlardır. Suriye’de doğan alaturka helâ tipi Anadolu’da gelişmiş, Türkler tarafından en mütekâmil seviyeye çıkarılmış ve Osmanlı Devleti zamanında Avrupa’ya geçerek İtalyanca alla turca (Türk tarzı “helâ”) adını almıştır.
Klozeti geliştirenler ve ilk umumi helâları halkın hizmetine sunanlar, İmparator Vespasianus devrinde Romalılar’dır. Bu umumi helâlar aynı zamanda ilk paralı tuvalet olma özelliğini de taşımaktadır. Vespasianus, senatoda hazineye “pis yollardan para topladığı” için tenkide uğradığında, sonradan darbımesel haline gelen ünlü “Para kokmaz!” cümlesi ile kendini savunmuştur. Ayrıca Vespasianus’un kanallardan toplanan idrarı da çuha dokuma sanayiinde kullanılmak üzere çuhacılara sattırıp gelirini yine hazineye kaydettirdiği bilinmektedir. Bundan dolayı, XIX. yüzyılda Avrupa’da tekrar ortaya çıkan umumi pisuarlara vespasienne adı verilmiştir.
Roma İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılmasından sonra Ortaçağ’da Avrupa, pek çok hususta olduğu gibi halk sağlığını korumak konusunda da gerilemiş, sık sık veba ve kolera salgınları baş gösterdiği halde helâ ihmal edilerek sonuçta tamamen unutulmuştur. Buna karşılık Doğu’da Bizanslılar, Türkler ve müslümanlar tarafından kullanılmaya ve özellikle İslâm fıkhının temizlenme kurallarına (istibrâ ve istincâ ) uygun bulunan alaturka tipi, İslâm mimarisinin bir unsuru olarak fetihlerle birlikte yaygınlaşmaya devam etmiştir.
Mohenjo-Daro’daki ilk örnekler ile Uygur metinlerinde adı batığlık olarak geçen helâların evlerde bulunmasına karşılık Mezopotamya, Mısır, Girit ve Anadolu’da helâlar, XIX-XX. yüzyıllara gelinceye kadar yalnız saray, hastahane, cami ve manastır gibi büyük binalarda kullanılmıştır. Helâsı olan büyük binaların ise genellikle suyu bol, muntazam kanalizasyon şebekelerine veya lağım kuyularına sahip büyük yerleşim merkezlerinde bulunduğu görülmektedir. Bu durumdan, abdesthane kültürünün gelişmesinde medeniyet seviyesi kadar coğrafî konumun da önemli bir rol oynadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Hz. Peygamber zamanında Mekke ve Medine’de helâ bulunmadığı, gerek hadislerde gerekse hadis râvilerinin cümlelerinde geçen halâ (خلاء ) “hâlî, ıssız, boş yer” kelimesinden anlaşılmaktadır. Her ne kadar, sonradan “helâ” mânasını kazanan bu kelime ile ilgili olarak yine “girmek”, “çıkmak” fiilleri kullanılmış ise de girilen yerin kapalı bir mekân olmadığı ve bu fiillerin de “halâ ya gitme haline girmek, bu halden çıkmak” mânasına geldiği (komaya girmek, transa girmek gibi) belli olmaktadır. Enes b. Mâlik’in, “Resûlullah halâ ya girdiği zaman (يدخل الخلاء ) ben ve benim gibi bir çocuk su tulumu ile harbesini (değnek) taşıyorduk” (Buhârî, “Vuḍûʾ”, 17) sözü ile Hz. Peygamber’in, “Kim hâcet görmeye giderse (أتى الغائط ) gizlensin (فليستتر ), şayet gizlenmek için bir kum tepeciğinden başka bir şey bulamazsa, onu arkasına alsın” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 19) hadisi, o devirde Arabistan’da helâ bulunmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Nitekim Arapça’da helâ yerine kullanılan kelimelerden kenîf in (Osmanlıca kenef) sözlük anlamı da “sığınılacak, gizlenilecek kuytu yer”dir. Hiç şüphesiz mahfuz abdesthanelerin ortaya çıkmasındaki en önemli sebeplerden biri, utanma duygusunun yanı sıra kişinin kendini emniyete almak ihtiyacını duymasıdır.
Helâlar XIX ve XX. yüzyılların teknik imkânlarıyla kokusuz hale getirilinceye kadar daima evlerin dışında ve uzağında tutulmuştur. Bu sebeple abdesthaneye verilen isimlerin bir kısmı “yürümek”le ilgilidir. Meselâ Arapça memşâ (meşyden) “yürünerek gidilen yer” anlamındadır ve Osmanlıca’da memşâhâne şeklinde kullanılmış, halk arasında ise memişhane ye dönüşmüştür. Aynı şekilde ayakyolu ve kademhâne de helâların uzakta yapılmış olmaları sonucu verilen isimlerdir. Yine “helâya gitmek” yerine kullanılan “dışarı çıkmak” deyimi de helâların evin dışında yer almasından kaynaklanmıştır.
Ebû Eyyûb el-Ensârî’nin, bir hadisi rivayet ederken söylediği, “Şam’a geldik, orada Kâbe’ye doğru bina edilmiş birtakım merâhîd (mirhad lar, helâ lar) bulduk; artık yan dönüyor ve Allah’tan bizi affetmesini diliyorduk” (Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 59), cümlesi, helânın İslâmiyet’in ilk yıllarında Arabistan’da bulunmamasına rağmen, müslümanlar tarafından fethedilen ülkelerde görüldüğü zaman tereddütsüz benimsendiğini ve derhal kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu ifade, ilk müslümanların Kâbe’ye karşı besledikleri saygının büyüklüğünü ve bu saygıyı bozabilecek davranışlardan kaçınmak hususunda gösterdikleri titizliğin derecesini de ortaya koymaktadır. Nitekim abdesthanelerin, Hz. Peygamber’den rivayet edilen hadisler uyarınca, İslâm’ın ilk devirlerinden XX. yüzyıla gelinceye kadar kıble istikametinde yapılmadığı ve genellikle eski binalarda, helâ taşının oturuş yönü ile kıble arasında 45 derecelik bir açı bırakıldığı görülmektedir.
İslâm mimarisinin ilk eserlerini veren Emevîler’in VIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Suriye’de yaptıkları cami, hamam, saray ve kasır gibi büyük binaların hepsinde helâ bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Şam’daki Emeviyye Camii’nin abdesthaneleri, İslâm âleminin bilinen ilk umumi helâsı durumundadır. Emevî Halifesi II. Velîd’in Amman yakınlarında yaptırdığı Müşettâ Kasrı’nda bulunan üç abdesthane de pisuar şeklinde yapılmış olmalarıyla dikkati çekmektedir. Bu tuvaletler, taht salonunun arkasına tesadüf eden yarım silindir biçimindeki üç kulenin içlerinde yer almakta olup helâ taşları zeminden 70 cm. kadar yükseklikte birer sekiye oturtulmuştur ve bevledilen çukur mahaller 30 cm. kadar öne çıkıntı yapmaktadır. Bu iki yönlü abdesthanelerin, ayakta bevletmenin câiz olup olmadığı konusundaki fıkhî tartışmalara taraf olmamak ve özellikle diz çökmeye engel rahatsızlığı bulunan kişilere kolaylık sağlamak üzere isteyenin ayakta, isteyenin sekiye çıkıp çömelerek kullanabilmesi için özel biçimde tasarlandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Abdesthane Anadolu’da m.ö. I. binyıldan itibaren bilinmekle beraber ancak Türkler zamanında yaygınlaşabilmiştir. Selçuklular’ın cami, medrese, dârüşşifâ, hamam ve özellikle şehirler arası yollar üzerine kurdukları kervansaraylarda abdesthaneleri halkın hizmetine sunmaları, daha önceleri yalnız Bizans saray ve manastırlarında kullanılan bu medeniyet unsurunu Anadolu halkı arasında tanıtmıştır. Bir Artuklu eseri olan Malabadi Köprüsü üzerinde, burada gecelemek zorunda kalacak yolcular için yapılmış olan küçük konaklama yerinde bir abdesthanenin de bulunması, bu yaygınlaşmanın tipik bir örneğidir. Romalılar’ın, ilk umumi helâları hazineye gelir kaynağı olması amacıyla bir iş yeri gibi tesis etmelerine mukabil müslümanlar, XX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına gelinceye kadar abdesthaneleri yalnız hayrat olarak halkın hizmetine sunmuşlar ve buralardan para kazanmayı düşünmemişlerdir.
Mevcut kaynaklara göre, bir ara kapısından geçiş sağlanan abdesthane ile abdest alınan yerin müstakil iki oda halinde yan yana yapılması, ilk defa Osmanlılar’da görülmektedir. Bilinen ilk örnek, İstanbul’daki en eski sivil Osmanlı binası olan Çinili Köşk’te bulunmaktadır. Musluklu büyük bir küpün konulduğu abdest alınan yerden geçilerek girilen tuvalet, yaklaşık bir oda hacminde olup tek pencerelidir; bu mekân sonradan tâdilât görmüş ve iki ayrı kabin haline getirilmiştir. Yine ilk defa Osmanlılar’da görülen seferî abdesthaneler, Osmanlılar’ın hıfzıssıhhaya ve lojistiğe verdikleri önemin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ordunun seferdeki ihtiyacını karşılamakta kullanılan bu abdesthaneler, açılan çukurlar üzerine oturtulan delikli ahşap zemin ile bunun üstüne kurulan bölmeli geniş çadırlardan meydana getirilmiştir. Konaklama süresi bitince de, çukur kazıldığında çıkan toprak tekrar aynı çukura doldurulmak suretiyle ordunun çevreyi kirletmeden yoluna devam etmesi sağlanmıştır. Aynı şekilde padişah otağında da banyo bölmesinin bitişiğinde abdesthane bulunduğu bilinmektedir.
Helânın, Romalılar’dan sonra bin yıldan uzun bir süre unutulduğu Avrupa’da yeniden görülmesi XVI. yüzyılın sonuna rastlamaktadır. Kaynaklarda, bir İngiliz asilzadesi ve yazarı olan Sir John Harington tarafından düşünülerek 1589’da tatbik sahasına konulduğu bildirilen bu ilk tuvalet, su ile temizlenen bir nevi klozettir. Bu klozeti gören İngiltere Kraliçesi I. Elizabeth de 1592 yılında bir eşini Richmond Sarayı’na yaptırmış, ancak aristokratlarla din adamları tarafından şiddetle kınanmıştır.
Helânın, Richmond Sarayı’ndan sonra diğer Avrupa saraylarında ve manastır gibi büyük binalarda kullanılmaya başlaması XVII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, Sir John Harington’dan yaklaşık bir asır sonra gerçekleşebilmiştir. Müslümanların fethettikleri ülkelerde ilk defa gördükleri helâları derhal kullanmalarına karşılık Avrupalılar’ın, sokaklarında pislik birikmesine engel olabilecek bu yeniliğe karşı direnmelerini kolaylıkla açıklayabilmek mümkün değildir.
Başka dinlerden farklı olarak insanların günlük hayatlarına da en mahrem noktalarına kadar açıklamalar ve kolaylıklar getiren, gereken hususlarda kaideler koyan İslâm dini, helâya gitmenin âdâbını da belirlemiştir. Bu âdâb arasında, helâya girmeden önce Allah’a, Peygamber’e ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e gösterilmesi gereken büyük saygının icabı olarak, üzerinde bu isimler ve âyetler yazılı yüzük, hamail gibi görünür eşyayı çıkarmak; İslâm’ın her hususta tavsiye ettiği tertip ve düzen çerçevesinde sol ayakla girmek, sağ ayakla çıkmak; ihtiyaç duyan bir başkasını zor durumda bırakmamak, vakit kaybetmemek ve elbiseye fena koku sinmesine sebep olmamak için içeride fazla kalmamak; mecbur olmadıkça konuşmamak, yani temiz olmayan bir yerde ağız açmamak ve yiyip içmemek gibi mantıkî ve sıhhî sebeplere bağlanabilecek başlıca hususlar sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Buhârî, “Vuḍûʾ”, 11, 17, “Ṣalât”, 29, 93.
Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 59, 70, “Ṣalât”, 105.
İbn Mâce, “Ṭahâret”, 23.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 19.
G. Clauson, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish , Oxford 1972, s. 302.
R. Naumann, Eski Anadolu Mimarlığı , Ankara 1975, s. 206, 212.
R. Palmer, Auch das WC hat seine Geschichte , München 1977, s. 10, 12, 23-30.
K. A. C. Creswell, Early Muslim Architecture , New York 1979, I/2, levha 117-c.
Sargon Erdem, “Tarihte Aptesane”, Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 2, İstanbul 1988, s. 47-52.
Oktay Aslanapa ve Arslan Terzioğlu’nun yayımlanmamış notları (DİA Arşivi).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 70-72 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.