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ABDÜLBÂKİ ÂRİF EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1125/1713)
Osmanlı âlimi, şair ve hattat.
İstanbul’da Kasımpaşa’da doğdu. Babası, Tersâne-i Âmire mahzen kâtibi Ammizâde Mehmed Efendi’dir. Bazı eserlerindeki müellif ve ketebe kayıtlarında dedesinin adının Mustafa olduğu belirtildiğinden, kaynaklarda Abdülbâki Ârif b. Mehmed b. Mustafa şeklinde anılmaktadır. Şiirlerinde Ârif mahlasını kullandığından Ârif Abdülbâki olarak da tanınmıştır. Arapça kaynaklarda ise Ârif er-Rûmî ismiyle zikredilmektedir. Sâlim Tezkiresi ’nde belirtildiğine göre (s. 443), medrese tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Rumeli kazaskerliğinden mâzul Memikzâde Mustafa Efendi’den mülâzemet aldı (1062/1652). Şeyhî ise Vekāyiu’l-fuzalâ ’da (s. 358) Bosnalı Bâlî Efendi’den mülâzım olduğunu kaydetmektedir. Fakat İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı Sâlim’in verdiği bilgiyi daha doğru bulmakta, doğum tarihi bilinmeyen Abdülbâki Efendi’nin, Memikzâde’den mülâzemet aldığı yıl belli olduğuna göre, 1043’te (1633) doğmuş olmasının kuvvetle muhtemel olduğunu belirtmektedir. Abdülbâki Efendi bir müddet Haremeyn evkafı kâtipliği yaptı ve sırası gelince, 1076 Muharreminde (Temmuz 1665) İstanbul’da kırk akçe yevmiyeli Defterdar Yahyâ Medresesi müderrisliğine tayin edildi. Burada görevini tamamladıktan sonra Şeyhülislâm Minkārîzâde Yahyâ Efendi’nin yaptığı imtihanda birinci olarak ibtidâ-i hâric pâyesiyle Mâlûlzâde Medresesi’ne müderris oldu (1668).
Abdülbâki Efendi önce Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’ya, sonra eniştesi Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’ya intisap ederek onların yakın ilgi ve yardımlarını görmüştür. Vazifelerinde başarı gösterdiği için süratle dereceleri yükseltildi ve 1672’de Hüsrev Kethüdâ, ertesi yıl Sekban Ali, 1675’te Hayreddin Paşa, bir sene sonra Atik Murad Paşa, 1678’de Mahmud Paşa, ertesi sene Atik Vâlide Sultan, 1680’de de Süleymaniye medreselerinde çalışarak müderrislik hizmetini tamamladı ve 1092 Recebinde (1681) Selânik kadısı oldu. Bu görevdeyken, zevkusafaya düşkün olduğuna dair bir şikâyet üzerine IV. Mehmed’in fermanıyla meslekten çıkarılarak sürgüne gönderildi (1683). Açıkta kaldığı dört yıl boyunca hattatlık yaparak geçindi. Affedildikten sonra yine kadılık göreviyle Bursa’ya tayin edildi (1687). Burada müddetini tamamladı ve Mekke pâyesi ile Kahire kadısı oldu (Haziran 1692). Buradan azledildikten sonra İstanbul pâyesini aldı (1697) ve ardından da İstanbul kadılığına getirildi (1698). Önce Anadolu (1702), sonra da Rumeli kazaskeri oldu (1706). Bu vazifesinden Antep ve Mudanya arpalık larıyla mâzul olan Abdülbâki Efendi, 1710’da tekrar Rumeli kazaskeri olduysa da burada müddetini tamamladıktan sonra Bursa’da ikamete mecbur edildi (1711). 1712’de affedilince İstanbul’a döndü. On ay sonra seksen yaşını geçmiş olduğu halde vefat etti ve Eyüp Sultan Türbesi hazîresine defnedildi (8 Şevval 1125 / 28 Ekim 1713). Kabrinin türbeden Bostan İskelesi’ne çıkan kapının solunda, vasiyeti üzerine kendi vakfı olarak hanımı tarafından yaptırılan abdest musluklarının arkasında bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Vefatına yazılan birçok tarih manzumesi arasında talebesi Seyyid Vehbî’nin, son mısraı “Gidip Ârif Efendi kaldı ismi dehre bâkî” (1125/1713) olan şiiri güzel bir ta‘lik ile mezar taşına yazılmıştır. Son zamanlarında malının üçte birini hayır işlerine vakfetmiş, ölümünden sonra, damadı ve talebesi olan Abdürrahim Fâiz Efendi Eyüp Hamamı’nın külhanı karşısında adına bir medrese yaptırmıştır.
Ârif Efendi’nin Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe şiir söylemeye kudreti olan, divan sahibi bir şair ve kelâm, ahlâk, siyer gibi dinî ilimlerle sarf, nahiv ve belâgatta devrin önde gelen âlimlerinden biri olduğunda kaynaklar birleşmektedir. Yazıyı Mehmed Tebrîzî’den öğrenerek zamanının İmâd’ı kabul edilecek kadar iyi bir ta‘lik hattatı olan Abdülbâki Efendi birçok murakka‘ ve kıta yazmış, kitap istinsah etmiştir. Beyânî, bir murakka‘da onun 1101 (1689-90), 1113 (1701-1702) ve 1116 (1704) tarihli üç parça yazısını gördüğünü söylüyorsa da yerini bildirmemektedir. Yetiştirdiği pek çok talebe arasında Kâtibzâde Mehmed Refî Efendi, Vak‘anüvis Râşid Efendi, Şair Seyyid Vehbî, Şeyhülislâm İshak Efendi, kendi kölelerinden olan ve Padişah III. Ahmed’e takdim edilen bir yazısı çok beğenildiği için Abdülbâki Efendi’den satın alınıp âzat edildikten sonra saraya meşk hocası yapılan Ali Rûmî belli başlı isimlerdir. Ayrıca iyi bir ta‘lik hattatı olarak devrinde inşa edilmiş birçok eserin kitâbesini yazdığı tahmin edilen Abdülbâki Efendi’nin, o yıllarda kitâbelere imza atma geleneği yerleşmemiş olduğundan, bu nevi yazıları bilinmemektedir.
Şeyhülislâm Esad Efendi, Atrabü’l-âsâr ’da (s. 450) onun mûsikide ilim ve pratik bilgi sahibi olduğunu, besteler yaptığını belirterek bu sahada da devrin üstatlarından biri kabul edildiğini yazmaktadır. Ancak Selânik’teki müderrisliği sırasında rindmeşrep ve ehl-i keyf olduğu suçlamasıyla azledilmesi ve ilmî muhiti sebebiyle, bu yönü ile az tanınmış ve eserlerinin birçoğu unutulmuştur. Bununla beraber güfte mecmualarında bazı besteleri zikredilmekte, edebiyatımızın ve dinî mûsikimizin en güzel eserlerinden biri olan mi‘râciyyesi ise devrinde çok tanındığı gibi günümüze de birçok yazması intikal etmiş bulunmaktadır.
Eserleri. Devrinin yaygın deyimiyle “hezârfen” bir kişiliğe sahip olan Abdülbâki Efendi’nin edebiyat, sarf, nahiv ve ilm-i kelâma dair irili ufaklı birçok eseri ile bazı tercüme ve şerhleri bulunmaktadır. Başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
1. Divan . Türkçe şiirlerinin yer aldığı bu eserin İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi (TY, nr. 710, 2796, 5562/1) ile Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Esad Efendi, nr. 2660) nüshaları bulunmaktadır. Yazma Divanlar Katalogu’nda (III, 613) İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (TY, nr. 5562/1) yazmanın içinde (vr. 132b -151a ) Abdülbâki Efendi’ye ait birkaç yazı örneği bulunduğu belirtilmekteyse de, bu sayfalarda onun münşeatından nakledilmiş bazı parçalar vardır. Bilhassa kaside ve gazelleriyle tanınan şairin divanında Sultan II. Mustafa, Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa, Amcazâde Hüseyin Paşa gibi devlet büyükleri hakkında yazılmış birçok kaside yer almaktadır. İsmâil Paşa’nın Îżâḥu’l-meknûn ’da belirttiğine göre Farsça şiirlerinin toplandığı bir divanı varsa da bugüne kadar herhangi bir nüshasına rastlanmamıştır.
2. Mi‘racnâme . Manzum bir eser olup devrin önde gelen bestekârlarından Niznâm Yûsuf Efendi tarafından bestelenmiştir. Abdülbâki Efendi, eserinin her yıl Mi‘rac kandilinde Eyüp Camii’nde okunması ve bu esnada davetlilere şeker, şerbet, öd ve anber ikram edilmesi için bir vakıf yapmış ve eser uzun yıllar bu şekilde okunmuşsa da, sonraları bestesi Nâyî Osman Dede’nin mi‘râciyyesiyle karışarak unutulmuştur. Eserin İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (TY, nr. 2480, 2633, 4636) ve Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 3702, 3879, 4478; Lala İsmâil, nr. 264/1) birçok yazması bulunmaktadır. Mi‘râciyyeler üzerinde bir doktora çalışması hazırlayan Metin Akar, incelemesinde Abdülbâki Efendi’nin bu eserini de tanıtmış, ancak onun ölüm tarihini yanlış olarak 1810 gösterdiği için mi‘râciyyenin yazılış tarihini de “1810 yılından önce” kaydıyla belirtmiştir. Ayrıca Metin Akar, Abdülbâki Ârif’in eseriyle Ârif Süleyman’ın mi‘râciyyesini birbirine karıştırarak tek bir esermiş gibi göstermektedir. Gerçekte Ârif Süleyman’ın da manzum bir mi‘râciyyesi bulunmaktadır. Nitekim Reîsülküttâb Ârif Efendi divanı içinde basılan (Bulak 1258) iki mi‘râciyyeden biri Abdülbâki Efendi’ye ait olduğu halde diğeri Ârif Süleyman’ın eseridir. Abdülbâki Efendi’nin mi‘râciyyesi, Manzûme-i Mi‘râciyye adıyla Tâhirülmevlevî tarafından yanlış olarak Sırrı Abdülbâki Dede’ye ait gösterilip ayrıca da basılmıştır (İstanbul 1318).
3. Siyer-i Nebî . Manzum bir mukaddimeyle başlayan bu mensur eser, Hz. Peygamber’in ecdadından itibaren peygamberliğinin dördüncü yılına kadar cereyan eden olayları anlatmaktadır. Ancak Abdülbâki Efendi eserini parça parça yazdığı ve bitiremeden vefat ettiği için, Siyer-i Nebî , Vezîriâzam Nevşehirli İbrâhim Paşa’nın emriyle, Abdülbâki Efendi’nin damadı Fâiz Efendi tarafından 1131 Recebinde (1719) tamamlanmıştır. Eserin Fâiz Efendi hattıyla 1131’de (1719) yazılmış nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 414) mevcuttur. Vak‘anüvis Râşid, siyerini övmekte ve devrinde çok beğenildiğini belirtmektedir. Sağlığında yazılmış (1121/1709-10) eksik bir nüshası ise İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (TY, nr. 1472) bulunmaktadır. Aynı yerde (TY, nr. 1673, 9714) ve Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Esad Efendi, nr. 3719/7; Hâlet Efendi, nr. 733; Hamidiye, nr. 954, 955) başka nüshaları da vardır.
4. Menâhicü’l-usûli’d-dîniyye ilâ mevâkıfi’l-makāsıdi’l-ayniyye . Kelâm ilmi ve metotları hakkında yazılmış Türkçe bir kitaptır. Ancak kaynaklarda ve kütüphane fihristlerinde adı Kitâbü’l-Menâhic , Menâhicü’l-usûli’d-dîniyye , Menâhicü’l-vüsûl ilâ medâricü’l-usûl , Nûrü’l-lâmi‘ burhânü’s-sâtı‘ , Hakāyıku’l-merâm fî tahkîki dekāyıkı ilmi kelâm , Menâhic fî ilmi kelâm gibi değişik şekillerde geçmektedir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1631) müellif hattıyla bir nüshası bulunmaktadır. Müellif eserinin mukaddimesinde, şer‘î ilimlerin esası olan ilm-i kelâmın herkesçe bilinmesi gerektiğini, ancak bu sahada Türkçe bir eser yazılmadığını söyleyerek bir risâle kaleme almaya başladığını, daha sonra bundan vazgeçtiğini, fakat Vezîriâzam Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın emriyle müsveddeleri birleştirerek eserini tamamladığını belirtmektedir. Eser kelâm ilminin tarifi, mevzuu, faydası, kıymeti ve gayesi, mebde ve meâd , Mâtürîdî ve Eş‘arî mezhepleri arasındaki ihtilâflar, sıfâtullah, ilm-i gayb, kader, nübüvvet, mi‘rac, melekler, cin ve şeytan, kıyamet, cennet-cehennem, rü’yet , imâmet ve hilâfet gibi her birine “matlab” adı verilen bölümlere ayrılmıştır. Kütüphanelerde pek çok yazması bulunan eserin İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki bir nüshası (TY, nr. 2155), torunu Mehmed Şeref Efendi tarafından 1135’te (1722-23) güzel bir ta‘likle yazılmıştır.
5. Muḳaddime-i Aḫlâḳ-ı Nâṣırî Muʿarrebi . Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin eseri olan Aḫlâḳ-ı Nâṣırî ’nin mukaddime kısmının Farsça’dan Arapça’ya tercümesidir.
6. Mukaddime-i Fethiyye . Kaynaklarda Makāme-i Fethiyye adıyla da anılan bu eserin mahiyeti hakkında tam bir bilgi elde edilememişse de, isminin yazılışında bulunması muhtemel bazı imlâ hataları göz önüne alınarak Makāle-i Kandiyye ile aynı eser olabileceği tahmin edilmektedir.
7. Makāle-i Kandiyye . Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’nın Uyvar’da kazandığı başarı ve Kandiye’yi zaptetmesi dolayısıyla yazılmış bir manzumedir. Brockelmann eserden, Maqāmat fatḥ Qandîya adıyla bahsetmekte ve bir nüshasının Leiden’de bulunduğunu bildirmektedir (bk. GAL Suppl. , II, 630).
8. Maʿne’l-bidʿa . Arapça küçük bir eserdir. Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 2822) kayıtlı mecmuanın baş tarafında bulunmaktadır.
9. İmruʾün ve nefsühû . Nahiv ilmiyle ilgili Arapça bir risâledir. Bir nüshası Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi’ndeki mecmuada yer almaktadır.
10. el-Maʿrife ve’n-nekre . Nahivle ilgili Arapça bir eserdir. Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi’nde aynı mecmua içinde bir nüshası mevcuttur.
11. Şerḥu ḳaṣîde-i ʿAbdullāh Pâşâ . Köprülüzâde Abdullah Paşa’nın Arapça bir kasidesinin şerhidir. Bu eserin de Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi’nde aynı mecmua içinde bir nüshası vardır.
12. Taʿrîbü Risâleti’l-İṣâm fi’l-ḥaḳīḳati ve’l-mecâz . İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî’nin (ö. 944/1537) Risâle fî ʿilmi’l-mecâz adlı Farsça eserinin Arapça tercümesidir. Bir nüshası Leiden’de E. J. Brill koleksiyonunda bulunmaktadır (bk. GAL Suppl. , II, 571). Ayrıca Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi’ndeki mecmua içinde de (nr. 2822) yer almaktadır.
13. Risâle-i Lâm . Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn ’de belirtildiğine göre nahivle ilgili bir eserdir. Şeyhî, eserin adını Risâle-i Lâm-ı Ta‘rîf olarak vermektedir.
14. Taḫmîs-i Ḳaṣîde-i Bânet Suʿâd . Kâ‘b b. Züheyr’in Ḳaṣîde-i Bürde adıyla da anılan şiirinin tahmîsidir. Bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 1013/3) bulunmaktadır.
Müstakimzâde, Abdülbâki Efendi’nin 1116 (1704-1705) yılında kaleme aldığı hatla ilgili bir risâlesinden bahsederek onun, hattaki hocası Mehmed Tebrîzî’den İranlı hattat Mîr Ali Tebrîzî hakkında duyduğu bir bilgiyi naklettiğini belirttiğine göre, böyle bir risâlesi olduğunu kabul etmek gerekir. Ayrıca Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde Tarlan yazmaları arasında Mecmûa-i Nefîse başlıklı bir mecmuanın (nr. 75/5) beşinci risâlesi olarak yer alan Takdîmü mecelleti’r-râbia isimli bir risâle Abdülbâki Efendi’nin kaleminden çıkmış ve Köprülü Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa’ya sunulmuştur. İçinde çeşitli şairlerden derlenmiş Farsça, Arapça ve Türkçe şiirlerle müellifin kendi eseri olan bazı Arapça ve Türkçe yazılar bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde mevcut Divan ’ı (TY, nr. 5562/1) içinde bulunan çeşitli konulardaki yazıların (vr. 132b -151a ) Abdülbâki Ârif Efendi’nin kendi kaleminden çıkan münşeatından nakledilmiş olduğu bazı sayfa altlarında açıkça belirtilmiştir. Bu ibareler onun bir münşeat mecmuası kaleme aldığını göstermekteyse de, günümüze kadar bir nüshasına rastlanamamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şeyhî, Vekāyiu’l-fuzalâ (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan), İstanbul 1988, s. 358-360.
Râşid, Târih , IV, 10-11.
Sâlim, Tezkire , İstanbul 1315, s. 441-446.
Esad Efendi, Atrabü’l-âsâr , İstanbul 1311, s. 450.
Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe , s. 669-670, 690.
Sicill-i Osmânî , III, 297-298.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 362-363.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 515; II, 562.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 496.
Pakalın , II, 539-541.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 571, 630.
Ergun, Türk Şairleri , I, 57-60.
a.mlf., Antoloji , I, 125.
TCYK -Siyerler , s. 362-365.
TYDK , III, 611-613.
Vasfi Mâhir Kocatürk, Büyük Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , Ankara 1970, s. 503-504.
Şevket Rado, Türk Hattatları , İstanbul, ts. (Yayın Matbaacılık), s. 121.
Beyânî, Ḫoşnüvîsân , I-II, 364.
Ramazan Şeşen v.dğr., Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Köprülü Library , İstanbul 1986, III, 122.
Metin Akar, Türk Edebiyatında Manzum Mi‘râc-nâmeler , Ankara 1987, s. 184-189.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Değerli Türk Âlimi ve Güzel Sanatlar Üstadı Abdülbâki Ârif Efendi”, TTK Belleten , XXII/85 (1958), s. 115.
TA , I, 309.
TDEA , I, 155.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 195-198 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.