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ABDÜLKĀHİR el-BAĞDÂDÎ Skip to content Ebû Mansûr Abdülkāhir b. Tâhir b. Muhammed et-Temîmî el-Bağdâdî (ö. 429/1037-38)
Meşhur Eş‘arî kelâmcısı, Şâfiî fakihi ve matematik bilgini.
Bağdat’ta doğdu. Doğum tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, 365’te (975) ölen Ebû Bekir b. Adî’den ders okuduğuna göre 350 (961) yılı civarında doğduğu söylenebilir. İlk tahsiline Bağdat fakihlerinden biri olan babasından başladı. Öğreniminin büyük bir kısmını muhtemelen Bağdat’ta Amr b. Saîd, Muhammed b. Ca‘fer, Ebû Bekir el-İsmâilî ve Ebû Bekir b. Adî gibi bilginlerin yanında yaptıktan sonra babasıyla birlikte Nîşâbur’a giderek tahsiline orada devam etti. Bu tarihlerde Nîşâbur’da müderrislik yapan ve Abdülkāhir’in, kendisiyle görüştüğünü kaydettiği (bk. el-Farḳ , s. 364) âlimlerden olan İbn Fûrek’le burada karşılaştı. Çok geçmeden babası öldü (383/993). Türkmen İsyanı’nın çıkması ve Selçuklular’ın Nîşâbur’u işgal etmesi üzerine burayı terkedip İsferâyin’e gitti ve Ebû İshak el-İsferâînî’nin derslerine devam etti. Hocasının ölümünden sonra onun yerine geçip Mescid-i Ukayl’deki derslerini okutmaya başladı ve ölünceye kadar bu işi sürdürdü. Tercih edilen görüşe göre 429 (1037-38) yılında İsferâyin’de vefat etti ve hocasının kabri yanına defnedildi.
On yedi ayrı ilim dalında ders okuttuğu nakledilen Bağdâdî, özellikle kelâm-mezhepler tarihi, fıkıh ve usulü, edebiyat ve matematikte üstat kabul edilmiş, hatta Fahreddin er-Râzî onun matematikteki üstünlüğünü takdir etmiştir. Abdülkerîm el-Kuşeyrî ve Ebû Bekir el-Beyhakī başta olmak üzere devrindeki Horasan bilginlerinin çoğuna hocalık yapmıştır. İslâm ilimleri tarihindeki şöhretini daha çok el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ ve Uṣûlü’d-dîn adlı kitaplarıyla kazanmıştır. Her iki eserinde de “Eş‘arî kelâmcılar” mânasına aldığı Ehl-i sünnet akîdesini açık bir üslûp içinde ve kendine has bir titizlikle tasnif etmesi, ayrıca muhaliflerine karşı Ehl-i sünnet’i tutarlı bir biçimde savunması dikkat çekicidir. Onun on beş esasta topladığı ve değişik zümrelerden oluşan sekiz sınıf müslümanı dahil ettiği Ehl-i sünnet akîdesi (bk. EHL-i SÜNNET ), kendisinden sonra Sünnî camianın akîdesini temsil eder hale gelmiştir. Eserlerinde tertip ve tasnife son derece önem verir ve tasnifte on beş sayısına bağlı kalarak dinî hükümlerin birçoğunun bu sayı altında toplanabileceğini belirtir. Eş‘arî ekolü içinde kendine ait fikirleri tesbit etmek mümkün değilse de eserlerinin bu ekolün önemli kaynakları arasında kendine has bir yer tuttuğu şüphesizdir. Özellikle Kaderiyye’ye karşı ashap, tâbiîn ve diğer bilginler tarafından yazılan reddiyeleri kaydetmesi, mezhepler tarihi bakımından önemlidir. Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin de Maḳālât mukaddimesinde kaydettiği üzere, bir müellifin kendi akîdesine muhalif gördüğü gruplara ait görüşleri tarafsız olarak nakletmesi kolay değildir. Bu problem Bağdâdî’nin akaid ve fıkha dair eserlerinde de göze çarpmaktadır. Nitekim Fahreddin er-Râzî, Bağdâdî’ye karşı saygı hisleriyle dolu olmasına rağmen onun, muhaliflerine karşı “şiddetli taassub”a sahip olduğunu, görüşlerini tarafsız nakledemediğini, Şehristânî’nin de Bağdâdî’den nakiller yaptığı için aynı hataya düştüğünü kaydetmekten geri durmamıştır. M. Zâhid Kevserî de Râzî’nin bu kanaatine katılır. Bağdâdî, Eş‘arî ekolünü ashap, tâbiîn ve müctehid imamların itikadî mezheplerinin bir devamı sayar.
Eş‘ariyye’nin sistemli bir mezhep haline gelmesinde önemli rol oynayan Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî’nin kelâm ilminde dikkati çeken bazı görüşleri şöyledir: Beş duyu, akıl ve doğru haber yanında ilham da dördüncü bir bilgi kaynağıdır. Ancak ilham bütün insanlarda bulunmayıp Allah’ın sadece bazı kimselere bağışladığı bir bilgi çeşididir (bk. Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 14). Âlem araz ve cevherleriyle sınırlıdır. Çünkü Kur’an’da her şeyin sayı altına alındığı beyan edilmiştir (bk. el-Cin 72/28). Arazların yaratılmışlığına bağlı olarak hâdis olan âlemdeki birleşik cisimlerden gökler ve yıldızların hacmi sabittir, bunlarda herhangi bir artma ve eksilme meydana gelmez. Yeryüzündeki canlı ve cansız cisimlerde ise çoğalma ve azalma olabilir. Bu sebeple âlemde boşluk (halâ ) yoktur (bk. a.g.e. , s. 38). Allah’ın varlığı aklın sebeplilik prensibiyle açıkça bilinebilir. Yazı onu yazanına işaret ettiği gibi yaratılmış olan âlemin de yaratanına işaret etmesi zaruridir. Allah’ın sıfatları ise fiilleriyle sabittir. O ilimle âlim, kudretle kādir, irade ile müriddir (bk. a.g.e. , s. 39, 90). Allah’ın fiilî sıfatları hâdistir. Peygamberlerin günahsızlığı (ismet ), Allah’ın onlara günah işleme gücünü vermemesi ile gerçekleşir. İman artar ve eksilir. Zira âyetler bunu açıkça belirtmektedir (bk. a.g.e. , s. 179, 252).
Bağdâdî, kelâmdan başka fıkıh, fıkıh usulü ve ferâiz konularında da müstakil kitaplar kaleme almış ve eserlerinde kendine has bazı görüşler ileri sürmüştür. Aruzu çok iyi bildiğini ve birçok şiir yazdığını nakleden kaynaklar, ona dil ve edebiyat bilginleri arasında önemli bir yer verirler (bk. Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 105).
Eserleri. Tabakat kitaplarının bir kısmı Bağdâdî’ye ait on beş (bk. Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , III, 239), bir kısmı da on yedi (bk. Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , I, 615) eser zikrederse de son yıllarda tesbit edilenlerle birlikte bu sayı otuzu aşmıştır. Bunlardan günümüze kadar gelenler şunlardır.
1. el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ . Mezhepler tarihinin ana kaynaklarından biri olan bu eseri Muhammed Bedr (Kahire 1910), M. Zâhid Kevserî (Kahire 1948) ve M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd (Kahire, ts.) tahkik ederek yayımlamışlardır. Kitabı Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İstanbul 1979).
2. Uṣûlü’d-dîn . Akıcı bir üslûp ve kolay anlaşılır bir dille yazılan kelâmla ilgili bu kitap İstanbul’da basılmıştır (1928).
3. el-Milel ve’n-niḥal . Müellif, bu eserinin el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ ’tan daha geniş bir şekilde ve delilleriyle birlikte mezhepler hakkında bilgi verdiğini zikreder (bk. el-Farḳ , s. 230, 277, 334). Brockelmann, esere ait bir yazmanın Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Âşir Efendi, nr. 555) bulunduğunu zikrediyorsa da (GAL , I, 482), adı geçen kütüphanede böyle bir yazma mevcut değildir. A. Nasrî Nâdir tarafından esas alınarak yayımlanan (Beyrut 1970) ve baş tarafı eksik Bağdat Evkaf Kütüphanesi’ndeki (nr. 6819) nüsha ise el-Farḳ ’tan daha kısa olduğundan, muhtemelen Bağdâdî’ye ait el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’in muhtasarıdır. Nitekim onun böyle bir eserinden de bahsedilmektedir (bk. Fevkıyye Hüseyin Mahmûd, Tİ , s. 292).
4. Tefsîru esmâʾillâhi’l-ḥüsnâ . Kütübî’nin Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân şeklinde zikrettiği eser British Museum’da (Or. 7547) bulunmaktadır.
5. Teʾvîlü müteşâbihi’l-aḫbâr (Teʾvîlü’l-müteşâbihât fi’l-aḫbâr ve’l-âyât) (bk. GAL Suppl. , I, 667).
6. en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ (bk. GAL , I, 482).
7. Kitâb fi’l-misâḥa (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2708/2). Uzunluk, yüzölçümü ve hacim ölçüleri ile o devirde bilinen ölçüm kurallarını ihtiva eden küçük bir kitaptır.
8. et-Tekmile fi’l-ḥisâb (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2708/1). Önceki kitaptan daha hacimli ve daha önemli olup İslâm ilim âleminin bildiği aritmetik sistemlerinin hepsini içine alan bir çalışmadır. Her iki eser, Ahmed Selîm Saîdân tarafından edisyon kritiği yapılarak Küveyt’te Ma‘hedü’l-mahtûtâti’l-Arabiyye tarafından yayımlanmıştır (1984). Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî kitabın önsözünde, daha önce yazılmış eserlerin ya çok kısa veya sadece aritmetiğin bir bölümü ile ilgili olduklarına işaret etmekte ve kendi eserinin aritmetiğin bütün konularını açıklamaya yönelik bir çalışma olduğunu söylemektedir. Nitekim eserde, İslâm aritmetiğinin üç ana sistemi olan parmak hesabı, altmışlı skala ve Hint aritmetiği, eski Grek, Hint ve Çin matematikçilerinin eserleri de göz önünde tutularak daha ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmış ve yedi sistem halinde incelenmiştir.
Bir kısmı kendi kitaplarında zikredilen, bir kısmı da diğer kaynaklarda belirtilen ve günümüze kadar ulaşmayan eserleri ise şunlardır: eṣ-Ṣıfât . Zebîdî’nin el-Esmâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣıfât diye isimlendirdiği ve “sahasında ondan daha muhtevalı eser görmedim” dediği kitap bu olsa gerektir. Nefyü ḫalḳi’l-Ḳurʾân ; el-Îmân ve uṣûlüh (bk. Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 251, 270); Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve (bk. a.g.e. , s. 158); el-Müvâzene beyne’l-enbiyâʾ (bk. a.g.e. , s. 180); İbṭâlü’l-ḳavl bi’t-tevellüd ; Feżâʾiḥu’l-Muʿtezile ; Feżâʾiḥu’l-Kerrâmiyye ; el-Harb ʿale’bni Harb . Ca‘fer b. Harb’in kelâmî görüşlerini tenkit ettiği eseri. Meşâriḳu’n-nûr ve medârikü’s-sürûr ; Bülûġu’l-medâ ʿan uṣûli’l-hüdâ ; Miʿyârü’n-naẓar ; Aḥkâmü’l-vaṭʾi’t-tâm (İltiḳāʾü’l-ḫıtâneyn) ; el-ʿİmâd fî mevârîs̱i’l-ʿibâd ; el-Faṣl (et-Taḥṣîl) fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh ; Kitâbü mâ ʿamilehû Ebû ʿAbdillâh el-Cürcânî fî Tercîḥi meẕhebi Ebî Ḥanîfe (Reddü Kitâbi’t-Tercîḥ li’l-Cürcânî) ; et-Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾânî (Tefsîru Ebî Manṣûr el-Baġdâdî) ; Miftâḥu İbni’l-Ḳāṣ ; İbnü’l-Kās et-Taberî’nin Şâfiî fıkhına dair el-Miftâḥ adlı eserinin şerhi. Kitâb fî maʿnâ lafẓateyi’t-taṣavvuf ve’ṣ-ṣûfî ; Tafżîlü’l-faḳīri’ṣ-ṣâbir ʿale’l-ġaniyyi’ş-şâkir ; Menâḳıbü’l-İmâm eş-Şâfiʿî ; el-Kelâm fi’l-vaʿîdi’l-fâḫir fi’l-evâʾil ve’l-evâḫir ; Heyʾetü’l-ʿâlem (bk. Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 65); Kitâbü’d-Devr .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Uṣûlü’d-dîn , İstanbul 1346/1928, s. 14, 38, 39, 65, 90, 158, 179, 180, 251, 252, 270.
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İbn Asâkir, Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî (nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî), Dımaşk 1347, s. 253-254.
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Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı, Mezhepler Arasındaki Farklar [Bağdâdî], İstanbul 1979, Önsöz, s. XXIII-XXVIII.
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A. S. Saidan, “al-Baghdādī, Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Qāhir Ibn Ṭāhir Ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbdallah, al-Tamīmī, al-Shāfiʿī”, DSB , XV, 9-10.
[T. H.], “Bağdâdî”, İA , II, 213.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 245-247 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.