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ABDURRAHMAN II Skip to content Abdurrahmân b. el-Hakem b. Hişâm b. Abdirrahmân (ö. 238/852)
Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin dördüncü emîri (822-852).
176 (792) yılında Tuleytula’da (Toledo) doğdu. İyi bir tahsil gördü. Bu sayede çok genç yaşta idarî ve askerî görevler aldı ve bunları başarıyla yürüttü. Babası tarafından, 807’de Tuleytula’da patlak veren isyanı bastırmakla görevlendirildiği zaman, Tuleytula Valisi Amrûs ile iş birliği yaparak Vak‘atü’l-hufre adıyla bilinen bu isyanı bastırdı. Daha sonra Turtûşe’ye (Tortosa) saldıran Louis d’Aquitaine’i bu şehir önlerinde bozguna uğrattı (809). Bu başarılarından dolayı babası tarafından veliaht tayin edildi.
Babasının ölümü üzerine 26 Zilhicce 206 (22 Mayıs 822) Endülüs Emevî Devleti tahtına geçti. Hükümdarlığının ilk yıllarında ülkenin çeşitli bölgelerinde çıkan isyan ve karışıklıklarla uğraşmak zorunda kaldı. Hânedana mensup Abdullah b. Abdurrahman el-Belensî ve İlbîre (Elvira) ordusunun isyanlarını kısa sürede bastırdı.
Arap kabileleri arasında mücadeleler İslâm dünyasının doğusunda olduğu gibi Endülüs’te de fethi takip eden yıllardan beri devam ediyordu. Nitekim Yemenliler ile Mudarlılar arasındaki rekabet 207 (822-23) yılında savaşa dönüştü. Abdurrahman’ın, savaşa engel olmak üzere Yahyâ b. Abdullah kumandasında gönderdiği ordu Musâre Savaşı’nda bir sonuç alamadı ve neticede Yemenliler üstünlüğü ele geçirdiler. Kabileler arası mücadeleden isyana dönüşen bu hareket, ancak 213 (828-29) yılında Yemenliler’in teslim olmasıyla sona erdi.
Abdurrahman devrinin tehlikeli isyanlarından biri de Tuleytula’da Hâşim ed-Darrâb’ın başlattığı isyandır. II. Abdurrahman emîr olunca Hâşim Tuleytula’da yeni emîre karşı bir muhalefet cephesi kurmaya çalıştı. Etrafına toplanan eşkıya grubuyla 829 yılından itibaren yol kesmeye, şehirlere baskın yaparak halkı öldürmeye başladı. Kısa bir süre sonra da Şentemeriye (Santaver) bölgesini yağma ve tahrip etti. Bunun üzerine Abdurrahman, Muhammed b. Rüstem’i âsiler üzerine gönderdi. 831’de Sarakusta’nın (Saragossa) güneybatısındaki Derûka’da (Daroca) yapılan kanlı savaşta Hâşim ed-Darrâb öldürüldü, taraftarları da dağıtıldı. Hâşim’in öldürülmesine rağmen Tuleytla’daki isyan birkaç yıl daha devam etti ve ancak 837’de tamamen bastırılabildi.
Diğer yandan Mahmûd b. Abdülcebbâr adlı bir Berberî ile İspanyol asıllı Süleyman b. Martin de 828’de Mâride’de (Mérida) isyan ederek şehri ele geçirdiler ve Vali Mervân el-Cillîkī’yi öldürdüler. Abdurrahman Mâride üzerine yürüyerek şehri kuşattı. Çevredeki araziyi tahrip etti, fakat şehri ele geçiremeden geri döndü. 830 yılındaki sefer daha başarılı geçti. Bu sırada şehir halkı itaat etmeyi kabul etti, Hâris b. Bezîğ de şehre vali tayin edildi. Ancak onların itaatleri geçici oldu ve sonraki yıllarda Mâride üzerine birkaç sefer daha yapıldı. Abdurrahman’ın bu seferleri karşısında Mâride’de tutunamayacaklarını anlayan âsiler şehri terkederek Batalyevs’e (Badajoz) kaçtılar. Süleyman b. Martin kuzeye çekilerek Tercâle (Trujillo) yakınında bir şatoya yerleşti; ancak 834 yılında Kurtuba’dan gönderilen bir birlik tarafından yakalanarak idam edildi. Mahmûd b. Abdülcebbâr ise Vâdiiâne’ye (Guadiana) çekildiği halde sürekli olarak Abdurrahman’ın gönderdiği birliklerin hücumuna hedef oldu. Burada fazla tutunamayacağını anlayınca güneye, Atlantik sahillerinde bugünkü Faro şehri yakınında bir şatoya yerleşti. 838 yılında burayı da terketmek zorunda kalınca Galicia Kralı II. Alfonso’ya sığındı. Bunların dışında, Tâkerunâ’da (Takoronna) Berberîler’in (826), Mayorka ve Minorka halkının (234/848-49), Cezîretülhadrâ’da (Algeciras) Habîb el-Burnusî’nin (850) isyanları ile Kurtuba’da dinî taassuptan kaynaklanan Euloqio ve Alvaro adlı papazların sebep olduğu olaylar zikredilebilir.
II. Abdurrahman devrinin en önemli olaylarından biri de Normanlar’ın Endülüs’e saldırılarıdır. İslâm kaynaklarında el-Urdumâniyyûn veya el-Mecûs olarak geçen Normanlar, kuzeyden Fransa sahillerini takip ederek 1 Zilhicce 229 (20 Ağustos 844) tarihinde Lizbon’a saldırdılar. Ancak şehir halkının şiddetli mukavemeti karşısında geri çekildiler. Vali Vehbullah b. Hazm durumu Abdurrahman’a bildirerek âcil yardım istedi. Abdurrahman da Atlantik sahilindeki valilere haber göndererek tedbirli olmalarını emretti. Normanlar güneye inerek Şezûne (Sedona) bölgesinin sahillerine çıkarma yaptılar ve Cadiz Limanı’nı işgal ettiler. Seksen parçalık bir donanma Vâdilkebîr’i (Guadalquivir) takip ederek ve yol boyunca sahile çıkıp yağma ve katliamda bulunarak İşbîliye’ye (Sevilla) kadar ilerledi. Normanlar’ın karşısına çıkan birkaç müslüman gemisi yakıldı. Bu sırada halkın büyük bir kısmı şehri terketmişti. Nihayet Normanlar şehri ele geçirerek yedi gün boyunca yağmaladılar. Yağma ve tahribattan sonra Kabtîl (Captel) adasına dönen Normanlar, bir süre sonra ikinci defa İşbîliye üzerine yürüdüler, Şehirde kalan yaşlılar sığındıkları camide katledildiler. Bu camiye daha sonra Mescidüşşühedâ adı verildi. İşbîliye’nin uğradığı felâket Kurtuba’da büyük bir heyecan ve nefret uyandırdı. Abdurrahman şehrin yardımına derhal bir süvari birliği gönderdi, asıl ordu ise Nasr kumandasında arkadan yola çıktı. İki ordu 25 Safer 230’da (11 Kasım 844) İşbîliye’nin güneyinde Trablada mevkiinde karşılaştı. Normanlar mağlûp oldular, otuz kadar gemileri yakıldı ve müslümanlar İşbîliye’yi geri aldılar. Bunun üzerine Normarlar denize ulaşarak kuzeye çekildiler. Bu saldırılar Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin ayakta durabilmesi için güçlü bir orduya ve donanmaya sahip olması gerektiğini ortaya koydu; II. Abdurrahman da yeni tersaneler kurarak kısa sürede donanmasını güçlendirdi.
II. Abdurrahman kuzeydeki hıristiyan devletlere karşı da seferler yapmıştır. Abdülkerîm b. Mugīs kumandasındaki İslâm ordusu 833 yılında Cernîk (Guernica) boğazından Alava ve Kıla‘ bölgelerine girmiş ve ciddi bir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan çok sayıda esir ve bol miktarda ganimetle dönmüştü. İki yıl sonra Ubeydullah b. Abdullah el-Belensî Alava bölgesine bir sefer düzenledi ve Cebelimecûs’un eteğinde yapılan savaşta hıristiyanları bozguna uğrattı. Aynı yıl Abbas b. Abdullah el-Kureşî ve kardeşi Mâlik de iki ayrı ordu ile Asturias bölgesine akın yaptılar.
On yıllık bir aradan sonra seferler tekrar başladı. 838 yılında emîrin amcası Velîd b. Hişâm Galicia, kardeşi Saîd el-Hayr Alava ve oğlu Ümeyye de Karye (Alqueria) bölgelerine girerek başarılı sonuçlar almışlardır. Ertesi yıl Mûsâ b. Kasî, Yukarı Aragon bölgesine başarılı bir sefer düzenledi. 840 yılında bizzat Emîr Abdurrahman, Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin en büyük rakibi olan Asturias Kralı II. Alfonso’ya karşı sefere çıktı ve bazı kaleleri ele geçirdi, ancak istediği neticeye ulaşmadan geri döndü. 842 yılında II. Alfonso’nun ölümü üzerine yerine geçen Ramiro devrinde de (842-850) akınlar devam etmiştir. 846 yılında emîrin oğlu Muhammed, Leon’u kuşattı; halk şehri terkettiği için kısa süren bir kuşatmadan sonra şehir zaptedilerek yağma ve tahrip edildi.
II. Abdurrahman devrinde Franklar ve Vasconlar’a karşı da seferler düzenlenmiştir. 828 yılında, daha önce Franklar tarafından zaptedilen Berşelûne (Barselona) üzerine Ubeydullah b. Abdullah el-Belensî kumandasında bir ordu gönderildi. Müslüman ordusu Berşelûne’yi kuşattı ise de alamadı. Bununla birlikte iki ay süreyle çevreye başarılı akınlar yapıldı. Abdurrahman bir süre için Berşelûne’nin fethinden vazgeçerek 841 yılında Abdülvâhid b. Yezîd el-İskenderânî kumandasındaki orduyu Fransa içlerine gönderdi. Abdülvâhid Pireneler’i geçerek Arbûne’ye (Narbonne) kadar ilerledi. 850 yılında Berşelûne’ye karşı ikinci bir sefer yapıldı ise de yine bir sonuç alınamadı. Abdülvâhid’in Arbûne’ye karşı yaptığı seferde öncü kuvvetleri kumandanı olan Mûsâ b. Mûsâ b. Kasî, dönüşte kumandanlar arasında çıkan bir anlaşmazlık yüzünden ordudan ayrılarak valisi bulunduğu Tutîle’ye (Tudela) çekildi ve isyan bayrağını açtı. II. Abdurrahman’ın Mûsâ üzerine Hâris b. Bezîğ kumandasında gönderdiği ordu Bercâ’da (Borja) yapılan savaşta Mûsâ’yı yendi. Hâris bu başarıdan sonra Tutîle’yi kuşattı. İki taraf arasında yapılan anlaşma gereğince Mûsâ Tutîle’yi terkederek Arnedo’ya çekildi. Hâris bir süre sonra Mûsâ’yı yakalamak için Arnedo’ya saldırınca Mûsâ da Vascon Kralı Garcia İniguez’den yardım istedi. Hâris Arnedo’yu aldıktan sonra Ebre nehrini geçti ve Balma adı verilen yerde yapılan savaşta yaralanarak esir düştü. Emîr, kumandanını kurtarmak için oğlu Muhammed’i Tutîle üzerine gönderdi. Muhammed Mûsâ’yı barış yapmaya mecbur bıraktıktan sonra kuzeye yönelerek Mayıs 842’de Benblûne’yi (Pamplona) zaptetti. Ertesi yıl bizzat Abdurrahman, Vasconlar’a karşı harekete geçti. Mayıs 843’te yapılan savaşta müslümanlar parlak bir zafer kazandılar. Mûsâ yine kaçmayı başardı. Ertesi yıl Emîr, oğlu Muhammed’i tekrar Mûsâ üzerine gönderdi. Muhammed Tutîle’yi kuşattı, sonunda Mûsâ da teslim olmak üzere kaldı.
II. Abdurrahman Kuzey Afrika’daki müslüman devletlerden Rüstemîler, Sâlihîler ve Midrârîler’le iyi münasebetler kurmuştur. Ancak Sicilya’nın fethini gerçekleştiren İfrîkıye’deki Ağlebîler’le herhangi bir münasebete girmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Bizans İmparatorluğu ile Endülüs Emevî Devleti arasındaki münasebetler onun emirliği sırasında başlamıştır. İmparator Theophilos 840 yılında Kurtuba’ya bir elçi göndererek Endülüs’ten gelen ve Girit’i ele geçirmiş olan Ebû Hafs Ömer el-Bellûtî’nin adayı terketmesini istemiş, Abdurrahman ise imparatorun bu isteğini kabul etmemekle birlikte cevap mahiyetindeki mektubunu meşhur şair Yahyâ el-Gazzâl başkanlığındaki bir elçilik heyetiyle göndermiştir.
II. Abdurrahman, otuz yıllık parlak bir hükümdarlıktan sonra 3 Rebîülâhir 238’de (22 Eylül 852) Kurtuba’da öldü.
II. Abdurrahman devri Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin parlak dönemlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. O, içerideki isyanları bastırarak sükûneti sağladığı gibi, yaptığı seferlerle hıristiyan devletlere de gücünü kabul ettirmiştir. İdarî teşkilâtı Abbâsî teşkilâtına göre düzenlemiş ve bazı müesseseleri yeniden kurmuştur. İmar faaliyetlerine önem vermiş, Kurtuba Camii’ni genişletmiş, ayrıca halkın istifadesi için bahçeler ve havuzlar yaptırmıştır. Endülüs’te ilk ipekli dokuma atölyesini kurduran da odur.
II. Abdurrahman’ın sarayı Endülüs’ün önemli bir kültür merkezi durumunda idi. Meşhur mûsikişinas ve şarkıcı Ziryâb’ın Bağdat’tan Kurtuba’ya gelmesi, sanat hayatına büyük bir canlılık getirmiştir. Abbas b. Firnâs, Yahyâ el-Gazzâl ve İbrâhim b. Süleyman eş-Şâmî gibi âlim ve edipler onun sarayından himaye ve destek görmüşlerdir. Tarihçiler onun devrini malî bakımdan Endülüs’ün en parlak devri olarak kabul ederler ve bu devreye “eyyâmü’l-arûs” (düğün günleri) adını verirler. Kaynaklar Abdurrahman’ı uzun boylu, esmer, siyah gözlü, gür sakallı ve çıkık burunlu olarak tasvir ederler. Karakterinden bahseden tarihçiler de onu cömert, müsamahalı, âlim, edip ve sanatkârları seven ve kadınlara karşı zaafı olan bir kimse olarak zikrederler.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , VI, 9, 12, 35, 50.
İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , IV, 127-130.
R. Dozy, Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne (nşr. E. Lévi-Provençal), Leiden 1932, I, 308-346.
E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l’Espagne musulmane , Paris 1950, I, 193-278.
a.mlf., “ʿAbd al-Raḥmān II.”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 85.
Anwar G. Chejne, Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture , Minnesota 1974, s. 20-22, 27, 34, 35, 119, 144, 145, 152, 163, 225, 248, 267, 268, 300, 365.
Hâlid es-Sûfî, Târîḫu’l-ʿArab fi’l-Endelüs (el-Fetḥ ve ʿaṣrü’l-vülât) , Bingazi 1980, II, 169-232.
S. M. Imamuddin, Muslim Spain , Leiden 1981, s. 20-21, 25, 40, 59, 61, 72, 115, 142, 143, 146, 164, 171, 184, 188, 193.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 150-152 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.