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ABDURRAHMAN III Skip to content Ebü’l-Mutarrif Abdurrahmân b. Muhammed el-Mervânî el-Ümevî (ö. 350/961)
Endülüs Emevî halifesi (912-961).
22 Ramazan 277’de (7 Ocak 891) Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) doğdu. Babası Muhammed’in veliahtlık meselesinden dolayı kardeşi tarafından bir komplo sonucu öldürülmesi üzerine dedesi Emîr Abdullah, Abdurrahman’ı veliaht tayin etti ve onun ölümü üzerine 16 Ekim 912’de tahta geçti.
Abdurrahman emîr olduğu sırada ülkenin içinde bulunduğu siyasî durum pek iyi değildi. Merkezî otorite zayıflamış, buna bağlı olarak isyanlar ve yarı bağımsız hareket eden hükümetler ortaya çıkmıştı. Yeni emîrin ilk görevi isyanları bastırıp memleketin bütünlüğünü sağlamaktı. Bu isyanların en tehlikelisi, 880 yılında Bübeşter’de (Bobastro) devlete karşı ayaklanarak İspanya’nın güneyine (Andalusia) hâkim olan Ömer b. Hafsûn’un isyanı idi. Abdurrahman’ın ilk işi, kendisinden önceki üç emîr tarafından bir türlü bastırılamayan İbn Hafsûn’un isyanını bastırmak oldu. Abdurrahman 913’te yaptığı ilk seferinde onun elinde bulunan bazı şehir ve müstahkem mevkileri kurtardı. Ertesi yıl yapılan ikinci seferde ise Malaga ve sahil bölgesi itaat altına alınarak İbn Hafsûn’a Kuzey Afrika’dan gelen yardımlara engel olundu. Daha sonra İbn Hafsûn’un elindeki yerler birer birer zaptedildi. Bu arada on yıldan beri İbrâhim b. Haccâc ve oğullarının elinde bulunan İşbîliye (Sevilla) ve Karmûne (Carmona) tekrar merkezî hükümete bağlandı. Ömer b. Hafsûn Eylül 917’de öldü; fakat isyan oğulları tarafından devam ettirildi. Büyük oğlu Ca‘fer Bübeşter’de idarenin başına geçti. Fakat 919 yılında yapılan sefer sonunda şehir kuşatıldı ve haraç verilmesi şartıyla anlaşma yapıldı. Aynı yıl diğer oğlu Abdurrahman yenilgiye uğratılarak teslim olmak zorunda bırakıldı. Ertesi yıl Ca‘fer küçük kardeşi Hafs tarafından öldürüldü. Bu sefer Bübeşter İbn Hafsûn’un oğullarından Süleyman’ın eline geçti. Bütün gücüyle isyanı devam ettirmeye gayret eden Süleyman, nihayet 928’de Bübeşter önlerinde yapılan çarpışmada öldürüldü. Sadece, hayatta kalan sonuncu oğlu Hafs Bübeşter’de direniyordu. Altı ay kadar devam eden kuşatma sonunda Hafs da teslim oldu ve 17 Ocak 928’de isyan tamamen bastırıldı. İbh Hafsûn ve oğullarının isyanının bastırılması, bütün İspanya’da olduğu gibi hıristiyan ve müslüman devletler nezdinde de Abdurrahman’a büyük bir itibar kazandırdı ve emîr, en-Nâsır-Lidînillâh unvanını aldı. Diğer taraftan ülkenin çeşitli bölge ve şehirlerinde yarı bağımsız hükümetler birbiri arkasından itaat arzetmeye başladılar.
İbn Hafsûn’un isyanının bastırılmasından sonra Abdurrahman, Benî Mervân’ın idaresinde bulunan Batalyevs’i (Badajoz) itaat altına almaya karar verdi. Haziran 929’da kısa bir kuşatma sonucu Batalyevs teslim oldu. Batalyevs’in zaptından sonra, yıllardan beri sık sık isyan bayrağını açan Tuleytula’ya (Toledo) kesin olarak Emevî hâkimiyeti altına alma sırası gelmişti. Tuleytula son derece müstahkem bir şehirdi. Bunu bilen Abdurrahman bir elçi heyeti göndererek itaat etmelerini istedi. Ancak şehir halkı bu teklife yanaşmadı. Bunun üzerine 930 yılı ilk baharında Vezir Saîd b. Münzir kumandasında bir ordu gönderildi. Temmuz ayında bizzat Abdurrahman da gelerek şehri kuşattı. Emîrin bir süre sonra Kurtuba’ya dönmesine rağmen kuşatma iki yıl devam etti. Bu durum karşısında âsiler Leon Kralı II. Ramiro’dan yardım istediler. Yardıma karar veren Ramiro yolda Emevî kuvvetleri tarafından mağlûp edildi. Şehirde açlık baş gösterdi ve halk kapıları açmak mecburiyetinde kaldı. Abdurrahman 2 Ağustos 932 tarihinde Tuleytula’ya girdi. Böylece yirmi yıllık bir mücadele sonunda Endülüs sükûnete kavuşmuş oldu.
III. Abdurrahman devri dış politika bakımından da son derece hareketli bir dönemdir. Bir taraftan kuzeydeki hıristiyan devletlerle çetin mücadeleler devam ederken diğer taraftan da Kuzey Afrika’daki müslüman devletlerle dostça ve düşmanca münasebetler birbirini takip ediyordu. Tahta geçmesinden bir yıl sonra Ordono kumandasındaki bir Galicia ordusu Lizbon’un güneybatısında yer alan Yâbüre (Evora) üzerine yürüyerek şehri zaptetti ve halkını kılıçtan geçirdi. Bir veya iki yıl sonra bu sefer Asturia-Leon kralı sıfatıyla Mâride (Mérida) bölgesine saldırarak Kal‘atülhaneş’i (Alange) tahrip etti. Birbirini takip eden bu hücumlar karşısında Abdurrahman, Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Ebû Abde’yi 916 yılında Leon topraklarına gönderdi. Ahmed b. Muhammed, 4 Eylül 917 tarihinde II. Ordono ile karşılaştı. Fakat bu savaş müslümanlar için bir felâket oldu. Ordu kumandanı Ahmed b. Muhammed şehid düştü ve başı kesilerek San Esteban surlarına asıldı.
Abdurrahman bu mağlûbiyetin intikamını almak için derhal hazırlıklara başladı. Diğer yönden müslümanlar tarafından bir hücuma mâruz kalacağını bilen II. Ordono, Navarra Kralı I. Sancho Garces ile anlaşarak akınlarına devam ediyordu. Hâcib Bedr b. Ahmed kumandasındaki ordu Ağustos 918’de Ordono’yu ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı. Ertesi yıl İshak b. Muhammed kumandasındaki ordu Ordono’yu tekrar mağlûp etti. Fakat kazanılan bu iki zafer Abdurrahman’ı tatmin etmedi. Bu sebeple Haziran 920’de büyük bir ordu ile Kurtuba’dan hareket etti. Önüne çıkan hıristiyan birliklerini dağıtıp kale ve şehirleri yıkarak Asturia-Leon Krallığı’nın topraklarına girdi ve eski Roma şehri Clunia’ya kadar ilerledi. Kaleler, kiliseler ve manastırlar yıkıldı. Böylece 917 felâketinin intikamı alınmış oldu. Ancak Abdurrahman bu sefer de Ordono’nun müttefiki Sancho Garces üzerine döndü. Hedefi krallığının merkezi Benblûne’yi (Pamplona) zaptetmekti. Sancho Garces, Abdurrahman’ın üzerine geldiğini haber alınca kuzeye çekildi ve kendisine yardıma gelen Ordono ile birleşti. İki ordu 26 Temmuz 920 tarihinde Junguera’da karşılaştı ve savaş müslümanların kesin zaferi ile son buldu. Bu zaferden sonra Muez yakınlarına kadar ilerleyen Abdurrahman, Nebre’yi (Navarra) üç hafta boyunca yağmalattı ve eylül ayı başında Kurtuba’ya döndü.
Uğradığı bu yenilgilere rağmen II. Ordono yeni bir hücuma mâruz kalmadan harekete geçerek Najera’yı Sancho Garces adına zaptetti. Diğer taraftan Sancho Garces’te Viquera şatosundaki Benî Kasî hânedanının son mensuplarına saldırdı. Bunlar Abdurrahman’ın yeni bir sefer yapması için kâfi sebeplerdi. Abdurrahman 924 yılı ilkbaharında harekete geçti. Bu sırada Ordono ölmüş, yerine kardeşi II. Fruela geçmişti. Abdurrahman önce doğuya yönelerek Mürsiye (Murcia) ve Belensiye (Valencia) üzerinden kuzeye döndü. Hedefi Sancho Garces’in başşehrini zaptetmekti. Yol üzerindeki müstahkem yerleri tahrip ederek İreti vadisinde Sancho Garces ile karşılaştı. Yapılan savaşı yine müslümanlar kazandı. Artık Benblûne’nin zaptı için hiçbir engel kalmamıştı. Gerçekten Abdurrahman hiçbir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan Benblûne’ye girdi. Böylece hedefine varmış olarak Kurtuba’ya döndü.
Abdurrahman’ın bu başarılı seferinden yedi yıl sonra II. Ramiro’nun Asturia-Leon tahtına geçmesine kadar hıristiyan devletlerle mücadeleler durmuştur. II. Ramiro’nun 933 yılında müslümanların elinde bulunan Madrid’e saldırmasıyla mücadeleler yeniden başladı. Ertesi yıl müslümanlar başarılı akınlarıyla ona karşılık verdiler. Karşılıklı devam eden bu akınlar 1 Ağustos 939’da Simancas surları önünde cereyan eden ve müslümanların mağlûbiyetiyle son bulan savaşla şiddetlendi. Bu yenilgiden sonra, Abdurrahman’ın katılmadığı seferler çoğunlukla başarıyla sonuçlanmıştır.
II. Ramiro’nun ölümüyle kuzeydeki hıristiyan krallıklar arasında ihtilâf baş gösterdi. Diğer yönden yerine geçen III. Ordono da zayıf bir şahsiyetti. III. Abdurrahman bu gelişmelerden faydalanarak 951 yılından itibaren hıristiyan topraklarına akınları sıklaştırdı. Temmuz 955’te müslüman kuvvetleri III. Ordono’yu Kastilya’da ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı. III. Ordono bir elçilik heyeti göndererek barış teklifinde bulundu. Onun bu teklifini kabul eden Abdurrahman, Muhammed b. Hüseyin ile özel doktoru yahudi Ebû Yûsuf’u (Ebû Yûsuf Chasdaï b. Isaac b. Shaprut) gönderdi. Yapılan anlaşmaya göre birçok kale ya müslümanlara bırakılacak veya tahrip edilecekti. Bu tarihten itibaren kuzeydeki komşu hıristiyan devletler yıllık vergi vermek şartıyla Abdurrahman ile barış yapmak mecburiyetinde kaldılar.
Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin askerî ve malî alandaki üstünlüğü karşısında İspanya’daki hıristiyan prenslikler pek silik kalmışlardır. Onun bu askerî başarıları ve Endülüs İslâm medeniyetinin gücü Pireneler’i aşarak Batı Avrupa’dan Bizans İmparatorluğu’na kadar hissedilmiş ve Kurtuba’ya Avrupa elçileri gelmeye başlamıştı. Ancak Endülüs Emevî halifesi Abbâsîler’i ve Fâtımîler’i kendine düşman olarak görüyordu. Aynı durum Bizans için de söz konusu olduğundan, birbirinden çok uzak olan bu iki devlet ortak düşmanlarına karşı anlaşma yoluna gittiler. Daha önceki yıllarda da bu iki devlet arasında karşılıklı olarak elçiler gönderilmişti. III. Abdurrahman devrinde ilk elçinin hangi taraftan gönderildiği kaynaklarda farklı şekilde verilmekle birlikte, 949 yılında karşılıklı elçi heyetleri gönderildiği bilinmektedir. Diğer taraftan zaman zaman Batı Avrupa devletlerinden de Kurtuba’ya elçiler geliyordu. Avrupa devletleri, Desinalı korsanların Fransa içlerine kadar ilerleyerek etrafı yağma ve tahrip etmeleri üzerine III. Abdurrahman’dan yardım istediler. Bu korsanların X. yüzyılın ilk yarısında iyice kuvvetlenerek yağma akınlarını İtalya’ya kadar uzatmaları üzerine Alman İmparatoru I. Otto, III. Abdurrahman’ı tahkir eden bir mektup gönderdi, fakat halife elçiyi kabul etmedi. Ancak Recemund adında bir piskoposu I. Otto’ya gönderdi; Recemund Frankfurt’ta imparator ile görüştü.
III. Abdurrahman’ın Endülüs Emevî tahtına çıktığı yıllarda Kuzey Afrika’da Fâtımî devleti kurulmuştu. İmam Ubeydullah, Mehdiyye şehrini kurarak sağlam bir başşehre sahip olduktan sonra ele geçirdiği Ağlebî donanmasını takviye etti ve böylece Akdeniz’de büyük bir güç olarak ortaya çıktı. Diğer taraftan âsi İbn Hafsûn’u desteklemekten çekinmedi. Abdurrahman ise donanmasını kuvvetlendirerek Akdeniz’den gelecek tehlikelere karşı gerekli tedbirleri aldı. Böylece bu iki devlet rakip olarak karşı karşıya gelmiş oldular. Daha sonraki yıllarda Fâtımîler’in Mağrib’e müdahale etmesi ve mahallî hânedanlarla mücadeleye girişmesi, Abdurrahman’a Mağrib’e müdahale fırsatı verdi. 927’de Melile’yi (Melilla) zapteden Abdurrahman, 931 yılında da Sebte’yi (Ceuta) ele geçirerek burada kuvvetli bir deniz üssü kurdu. Böylece Akdeniz’den gelecek Fâtımî tehlikesi ortadan kalktığı gibi uzak Mağrib de Endülüs’ün hâkimiyetine girmiş oldu. Ancak bu hâkimiyet sürekli olmadı. 933 yılında Tâzâ’da yapılan savaşta galip gelen Fâtımîler Fas’ı ele geçirdiler. 934’te Fâtımî Halifesi Ubeydullah el-Mehdî’nin ölümü üzerine III. Abdurrahman’ın kumandanı Mûsâ b. Ebü’l-Âfiye Fas’ı geri aldı. Yeni halife Kāim-Biemrillâh derhal harekete geçerek kaybedilen yerleri tekrar zaptetti. Bu arada Berberî kabileleri arasında çıkan ihtilâflar ve isyanlar III. Abdurrahman’ın işine geliyor ve Fâtımîler’e karşı isyancıları destekliyordu. Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin Mağrib’de büyük bir nüfuz kazanması, bu bölgelerde yaşayan kabile ve hânedanları III. Abdurrahman’a tâbi olmaya sevkediyordu. Böylece Cezayir’den Sicilmâse’ye ve Atlas Okyanusu’na kadar her tarafta Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin hâkimiyeti tanınmış oldu.
Bununla beraber zaman zaman durumdan memnun olmayanların isyan ettikleri de vâkiydi. Bunların başında İdrîsîler geliyordu. Kuzey Afrika’daki bu olaylar yeniden Fâtımîler ile Endülüs Emevîleri’ni karşı karşıya getirdi. 955 yılında bir Fâtımî gemisinin Sicilya açıklarında Endülüslü gemiciler tarafından ele geçirilmesi, Fâtımî Halifesi Muizz’in Endülüs’e saldırmasına sebep oldu. Fâtımî donanması Meriye’ye (Almeria) çıkarma yaparak limanda bulunan Endülüs donanmasını yaktı. III. Abdurrahman buna karşılık olmak üzere donanma kumandanı Gālib’e, İfrîkıye sahillerini yağmalamasını emretti. İlk teşebbüs başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı; ancak ertesi yıl yetmiş gemiyle harekete geçen Gālib bazı şehirleri yağma ve tahrip ederek geri döndü. Endülüs Emevî halifesi bu arada tersanelere kuvvetli bir donanma yapılmasını emretti. Buna karşılık Fâtımî Halifesi Muiz de silâhları bırakmak niyetinde değildi. 347’de (958-59) Cevher adındaki kumandanının emrinde büyük bir orduyu bütün Mağrib’i zaptetmek için harekete geçirdi. Cevher, karşısına çıkan Endülüs birliklerini mağlûp ederek arka arkaya Tâhert’le Sicilmâse şehirlerini zaptetti ve Sûs’a kadar ilerledi; Tanca ve Sebte dışındaki bütün şehirleri işgal etti. Abdurrahman ise bütün gayretlerine rağmen olumlu bir sonuç alamadı ve İspanya’nın kapısı durumunda olan Tanca ve Sebte ile yetinmek zorunda kaldı.
III. Abdurrahman, ihtişamlı bir hayattan sonra 2 Ramazan 350 (15 Ekim 961) tarihinde Kurtuba’da öldü.
III. Abdurrahman, İbn Hafsûn’un isyanının bastırılmasından ve ülkede sükûnetin sağlanmasından sonra, 929 yılında Endülüs Emevî Devleti tarihinde ilk defa “halife” ve “emîrü’l-mü’minîn” unvanını almıştır. Kendisinden öncekiler genellikle “emîr” unvanını kullanıyorlardı. Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin kurucusu I. Abdurrahman, ailesinin Abbâsîler tarafından katledilmesine ve Endülüs’e gelip iktidarı ele geçirmesine rağmen, halifelik unvanını kullanmamıştı. Diğer emîrler de Abbâsî hilâfeti ile rekabetleri devam ettiği halde aynı yolu takip ettiler. III. Abdurrahman’ın “halife” unvanını kullanması Abbâsîler’e karşı değil, doğrudan doğruya Fâtımîler’e karşı yapılmış bir harekettir. 909 yılında İfrîkıye’de ortaya çıkan ve kısa zamanda Kuzey Afrika’nın büyük bir kısmına hâkim olan, hatta Endülüs’teki siyasî gelişmelere müdahale eden Fâtımîler, Şiî oldukları için, gerek dinî, gerek siyasî, gerekse askerî bakımdan Endülüs Emevîleri’ni tehdit ediyorlardı. III. Abdurrahman içeride sükûneti sağladıktan sonra bu başarılarını mânevî bakımdan takviye etmek ve Fâtımîler’e karşı girişeceği mücadelelerde Sünnî müslümanların desteğini sağlamak düşüncesiyle “halife” unvanını almış olmalıdır. Böylece İslâm dünyasında Abbâsîler ve Fâtımîler’den sonra üçüncü halifelik ortaya çıkmış oldu.
III. Abdurrahman devri yalnız siyasî ve askerî bakımdan değil, iktisadî, kültürel ve imar faaliyetleri bakımından da Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin en parlak devridir. Onun yarım yüzyıl devam eden emirlik ve halifeliği süresince ülkenin her tarafında imar faaliyetleri dikkati çekmektedir. Zamanında Kurtuba batı Avrupa’nın en büyük başşehri idi. Bununla yetinmeyip 936 yılında Kurtuba yakınında, hanımının adına izâfeten Medînetüzzehrâ’yı kurdu ve hilâfet merkezini oraya nakletti. Muhteşem sarayı, devlet daireleri ve bahçeleriyle şehir kısa sürede çok gelişti. Ayrıca 941 yılında yeni su yolları yaptırarak Kurtuba’ya su getirdi. İşbîliye’nin surları yapıldığı gibi Meriye de onun zamanında âdeta yeniden inşa edildi. Büyük şehirleri birbirine bağlayan yollar yeniden yapılarak veya tamir edilerek ticarî faaliyetler geliştirildi. Bütün yollar Kurtuba’da birleşiyordu. Kara ticaretinin yanında deniz ticareti de çok gelişmişti. Akdeniz limanları Endülüs ticaret gemilerinin uğrak yerleri idiler. Yünlü ve ipekli dokumalar, porselen, Abbas b. Firnâs tarafından ilk defa Endülüs’te imal edilen cam eşya, mücevherat, demir ve bakır eşya ile kâğıt başlıca ihraç mallarını teşkil ediyordu. Tarım, hayvancılık ve madencilik çok geliştiği için ithalât ihracatın yanında çok azdı. Bu sebeple halkın refah seviyesi yüksekti. Onun devrinde Endülüs, Avrupa ülkelerinin en gelişmişi idi.
III. Abdurrahman aynı zamanda ilim ve edebiyatın da hâmisi idi. Kurtuba’daki Câmi-i Kebîr’in yanında yüksek öğretim kurumunu ilk defa o kurmuştur. Burada yalnız müslümanlar değil, gayri müslimler de rahatlıkla tahsil yapma imkânına sahiptiler. III. Abdurrahman, zamanında kurulan saray kütüphanesini geliştirmiş ve ilgililerin hizmetine sunmuştur. Filozof İbn Meysere, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd’in müellifi şair İbn Abdürabbih ve şair İbn Hânî, tarihçi İbnü’l-Kūtıyye, astronomi âlimi Mesleme b. Kāsım el-Kurtubî, tarihçi ve tabip Arîb b. Sa‘d ile tabip Yahyâ b. İshak gibi âlim, şair ve edipler onun zamanında ilim ve edebiyatın gelişmesine hizmet etmişlerdir.
III. Abdurrahman hırslı, azimli, devlet adamlarıyla istişare eden, özellikle edebiyatçılara ve fakihlere değer veren bir hükümdardı. Geniş müsamahası sayesinde ülkesindeki gayri müslimler rahat ve müreffeh bir hayat sürmüşlerdir. Âlim ve ediplerle sohbet etmesini sever, nükteleriyle herkesin takdirini kazanırdı. Çok zeki ve kabiliyetli, cesur, iyi niyetli, cömert ve sarsılmaz bir iradeye sahip idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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S. M. Imamuddin, Muslim Spain , Leiden 1981, bk. İndeks.
David Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party-Kings , Princeton 1985, s. 73-75, 78, 114.
Enrico Cerulli, “Le calife ʿAbd ar-Rahmān III de Cordoue et Le Martyr Pelage Dans un Poeme de Hrotsvitha”, St.I , XXXII (1970), s. 69-76.
E. Lévi-Provençal, “Abd al-Rahman III”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 83-84.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 152-155 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.