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ABDÜRREŞİD İBRAHİM Skip to content (1857-1944)
Rusya Türkleri’nin ilk siyasî temsilcisi, İslâmcı gazeteci-yazar, seyyah.
23 Nisan 1857’de Sibirya’da Tobolsk ilinin Tara kasabasında doğdu (bk. Tercüme-i Hâlim , s. 2). Aslen Buharalı bir Özbek aileden gelmektedir. Babası Ömer Efendi devrin siyasî hadiselerine karışmış bir vatanperver, annesi Başkurt Türkleri’nden Afîfe Hanım’dır. Abdürreşid İbrahim genç yaşta ailesinden ayrılarak başladığı tahsil hayatını, çevre kazalardaki medreselerde sürdürdü. Teman Medresesi’nde de bir süre okuduktan sonra devrin tanınmış medreselerinin bulunduğu Kışkar’a (قشقار) gitti. Burada okurken pasaportunun süresi bittiği için tahsiline ara vermek zorunda kaldı. Kırgız kabileleri arasında dolaşarak hocalık ve imamlık yaptıktan sonra Orenburg’a geldi (1879). Gizlice bir gemiye binip hacca gitmek üzere İstanbul’a kaçtı (1880). Burada iki ay kadar kaldıktan sonra hacca gitti. Hacdan sonra Medine’de tahsil hayatının ikinci devresine başladı. Çeşitli âlimlerden ders okuyarak kıraat, fıkıh ve hadis ilimlerinden icâzet aldı. 1884 yılı sonunda İskenderiye üzerinden İstanbul’a, oradan da Tara’ya döndü ve medresede ders vermeye başladı (1885). Aynı yıl evlendi. Medine’ye talebe götürmek üzere İstanbul üzerinden ikinci defa hacca gitti. Öğrencileri Medine’ye yerleştirerek yine İstanbul üzerinden Tara’ya döndü. Burada bir “usûl-i cedîd” okulu açtı ve eğitim çalışmalarına başladı. Bu sırada Livâü’l-hamd adlı risâlesini İstanbul’da bastırarak Rusya’da dağıttı.
1892’de Ufa şehrinde Orenburg Şer‘î Mahkemesi’ne âza seçilerek kadılık yaptı. Sekiz ay kadar da bu mahkemenin reisliğinde bulunduktan sonra müftü ile arasında ihtilâf çıkınca görevinden istifa etti (1895). İstanbul’a giderek siyasî mücadelesine orada devam etti. Bu sırada Rus Çarlığı’nın Türkler’e yaptığı baskı ve haksızlıkları ortaya koyan Çolpan (Çoban) Yıldızı adlı kitabını yayımlayıp gizlice Rusya’ya gönderdi. 1896’da Avrupa’ya gitti. İsviçre’de tanıştığı Rus sosyalistlerine Rusya’daki müslümanların durumunu anlattı ve yardımlarını istedi. 1897 Nisanında İstanbul’dan başlayarak üç yıl süren bir seyahate çıktı. Mısır, Hicaz, Filistin, İtalya, Avusturya, Fransa, Bulgaristan, Sırbistan, Batı Rusya üzerinden Çin Türkistanı’na, oradan da Sibirya üzerinden Tara’ya döndü (1900). 1902’de Petersburg’da yayımlamaya başladığı Mir’ât adlı dergi ile Rusya’daki müslümanların meselelerini yeniden ele aldı. İstanbul’a döndüğünde Rus elçisinin isteği üzerine tevkif edildi ve Odesa’ya gönderildi; fakat Rusya Türkleri’nin baskıları sonucunda serbest bırakıldı.
1904 yılı sonunda Petersburg’a yerleşerek orada bir matbaa kurdu; dinî ve siyasî mahiyette eserler yayımlamaya başladı. Müslümanlar arasında birlik sağlamak maksadıyla Ülfet ve Tilmîẕ gazetelerini neşretti (1905). 1905 Rus ihtilâlinden sonra ortaya çıkan hürriyet havası içinde Rusya Türkleri de çeşitli millî-siyasî faaliyetlere giriştiler. Bu sırada Kazanlı aydınlar ve zenginlerin bütün Rusya Türkleri’ni bir araya getirmeye yönelik faaliyetleri başlayınca, Abdürreşid İbrahim bu faaliyetlerin başına geçerek Rusya müslümanlarına siyasî haklar tanınması ve Türkler’in bir ittifak kurması için yoğun bir çalışma içine girdi. Önce belli başlı merkezlerdeki müslüman ileri gelenlerini bir araya topladı ve ortak kararlar alınmasını sağlamaya çalıştı. Bunun için Mekerce’de (Nijni Novgorod) bütün müslüman liderler, âlim ve yazarlarla edipler, zenginler ve talebelerin katıldığı bir toplantı düzenlemek istedi. Ancak hükümet buna izin vermeyince toplantı Oka nehri üzerinde bir gemide yapıldı. Bu toplantıda kabul edilen, Rusya müslümanlarının bir ittifak kurmaları fikri üzerine, Abdürreşid İbrahim Petersburg’a dönünce müslümanlar arasında ittifak kurmanın gereğini anlatan Bin Üçyüz Senelik Nazra adlı eserini neşretti. 13 Ocak 1906’da yapılan ikinci toplantıda Abdürreşid İbrahim ve arkadaşlarının hazırladığı “ittifak nizamnâmesi” oy birliğiyle kabul edildi.
Abdürreşid İbrahim’in bu dönemdeki siyasî faaliyetlerine, Duma meclisi üyesi olmamakla birlikte, bilhassa müslüman üyeler üzerindeki tesiri ve ilk iki Duma döneminde (1906-1907) Petersburg’da, bu meclisin müslüman üyelerinden ikisi ile yürüttüğü muhtariyet hareketini ilâve etmek gerekir. Rusya’daki müslümanların muhtariyet meselelerine ait görüşlerini, bu sırada neşrettiği Aftonomiya risâlesinde ele aldı. Ancak III. Duma döneminde Rus baskısı artınca birçok aydın hapsedildi veya sürgüne gönderilerek sıkı tedbirler alındı. Bu arada Abdürreşid İbrahim’in gazeteleri ve matbaası kapatıldı. İttifak merkez icra heyetinin önemli iki üyesi olan Abdürreşid İbrahim ve Akçuraoğlu Yusuf, programlarını dış ülkelerde gerçekleştirmeye yöneldiler. Rusya’dan ayrılan Abdürreşid İbrahim ikinci büyük seyahatine çıktı. 1907 sonlarında Batı Türkistan, Buhara, Semerkant, Yedisu ve civarını içine alan bir yıllık geziden sonra tekrar Tara’ya gelerek ailesini aldı ve Kazan’a yerleştirdi. 1908 Eylülünde buradan hareketle Sibirya, Moğolistan, Mançurya, Japonya, Kore, Çin, Hindistan, Hicaz ve Ortadoğu üzerinden İstanbul’da son bulan seyahatini tamamladı (1910). Bu seyahatle ilgili hâtıralarını Âlem-i İslâm adıyla neşretti. Abdürreşid İbrahim’in Japonya’daki faaliyetlerinin başında, Şark milletlerinin Rusya, İngiltere ve Amerika başta olmak üzere Batılı sömürgeci devletlere karşı beraberce hareket etmelerini ve İslâmiyet’in Japonya’da yayılmasını temin için kurduğu Asya Kuvve-i Müdâfaası cemiyetini zikretmek gerekir. Seyahati sırasında ziyaret ettiği yerlerde gördüklerini, Kazan’da oğlunun yayımladığı Beyânülhak , İstanbul’da Sırât-ı Müstakîm gibi gazete ve mecmualara gönderdiği yazılarda anlattı. Sırât-ı Müstakîm ’de, misyonerlerin Japonya’da Hz. Peygamber aleyhinde dağıttıkları bir kitaba cevap olarak yazılıp dağıtılacak bir eserin kaleme alınmasını isteyen ilk yazısı da “Japonya Mektupları” başlığıyla yayımlandı. Yanında Japon müslüman Hacı Ömer olduğu halde İstanbul’da tamamladığı bu seyahatten sonra çeşitli konferanslar verdi, seyahat intibalarını anlattı ve bu sebeple de “Seyyâh-ı Şehîr”, “Hatîb-i Şehîr” unvanlarıyla anıldı.
1911’de İtalyanlar’ın Trablusgarp’ı işgal etmeleri üzerine Büyük Sahra’yı aşarak oraya gidip cephelerde çalıştı; halkı işgalcilere karşı harekete geçirmek için cihad fetvası dağıtarak faaliyet gösterdi. Döndükten sonra, Kuzey Afrika’daki müşahedelerini, Sırât-ı Müstakîm ’in de iktibas ettiği vaaz ve konferanslarla anlattı. Ruslar’ın Sarıkamış’ı işgali üzerine oraya gitti (1915). Yine bu yıllarda İstanbul’da kurulan Rusya Müslüman Türk Kavimlerini Himaye Cemiyeti üyesi olarak çalıştı. Cemiyet üyeleriyle birlikte Budapeşte, Viyana, Zürih, Berlin ve Sofya’yı ziyaret ederek Rusya’da yaşayan Türk topluluklarının dertlerini ve uğradıkları baskıları dile getirdi. Bu sırada Teşkîlât-ı Mahsûsa’da görevli olarak Almanya’ya gitti. Bilhassa müslüman Rus esirleriyle konuşup onlardan halifelik saflarında çarpışacak bir birlik kurmak için çalıştı. Bu arada Milliyetler Birliği’nin (l’Union des Nationalités) Lozan’da düzenlediği Rusya Mahkûmu Milletler Konferansı’na katılarak Rusya müslümanları adına dinî, medenî ve kültürel muhtariyetle birlikte müslümanlar üzerindeki kanunî kısıtlamaların kaldırılmasını ve seçim sisteminin değiştirilmesini istedi. I. Dünya Savaşı başlarında Stockholm’de kurulmuş olan Rusya’daki Yabancı Milletler Cemiyeti’nde de (Ligue des Allozenes de Russie) Rusya müslümanlarının temsilciliğini yaptı. Yine bu yıllarda bir grup Tatar ile Berlin’de müslüman Rus savaş esirlerine hitaben Tatarca Cihâd-ı İslâm adlı bir gazete çıkardı.
Almanya’daki bu faaliyetlerinden sonra tekrar İstanbul’a dönen Abdürreşid İbrahim 1922-1923 yıllarında Rusya’da, 1930’da Kahire’de, 1930-1931 yıllarında da Mekke’de bulundu. 1934’te ailesiyle birlikte Japonya’ya giderek oraya yerleşti ve ölümüne kadar İslâmiyet’in burada yayılması için çalıştı. Tokyo’da bir cami inşa ettirilmesine ön ayak oldu ve bu caminin imamlığını yaptı (1937). Japonya’da İslâm dininin resmen tanınmasını sağladı (1939). 17 Ağustos 1944 günü Tokyo’da vefat etti. Ölümü Japon radyosu ile ilân edilerek cenazeye katılmak isteyenlerin gelmesi için dört gün beklendikten sonra büyük bir törenle aynı yerde defnedildi.
Abdürreşid İbrahim pek çok eser kaleme almıştır. Bunların bir kısmı kitap ve risâle halinde yayımlanmış, bir kısmı da gazete ve dergilerde neşredilmiştir; diğer bir kısmı ise müsvedde halinde kalmıştır. Çok değişik yerlerde neşredildiklerinden yayımlanmış olan eserlerinin nüshaları nâdirdir. Eserleri, çıkardığı gazete ve mecmualarla telif ve tercüme ettiği kitap ve risâleler olmak üzere iki grupta toplanabilir.
Çıkardığı Gazete ve Dergiler. 1. Mir’ât yahut Gözgü . Türkiye Türkçesi ve Tatarca ile karışık olarak neşredilen, siyasî ve edebî yönü ağır basan bu dergi, 1902 yılında Petersburg ve Kazan’da belirsiz sürelerde yayımlanmış, 1909 yılında çıkan 22. sayısıyla yayımı sona ermiştir. İslâm birliğini ve Rusya’da yaşayan müslümanların haklarını savunan Mir’ât , Abdürreşid İbrahim’in Rusya’da neşrettiği ilk süreli yayın ve yenilik fikrine karşı olanlarla mücadele etmek için yazdıklarını yayımladığı bir dergidir. 2. Ülfet . Türkiye Türkçesi ile 15 Aralık 1905’te Petersburg’da yayımına başlandı; 9 Haziran 1907’de 85. sayıdan sonra Rus hükümeti tarafından kapatıldı. Mûsâ Cârullah Bigi(yev)’in önde gelen yazarları arasında bulunduğu gazete dinî meselelere ağırlık vermiş, bu sebeple bilhassa medrese talebeleri arasında çok okunmuştur. Rusya müslümanlarının kongreleri hakkında verdiği bilgiler bakımından da önemlidir. 3. Tilmîẕ . 1906’da Petersburg’da Arapça olarak yayımına başlandı; 1907’de kapatıldı. Rusya’daki müslümanların kültürlerini, dinlerini ve mânevî değerlerini korumak için onları uyarmaya yönelikti. 4. Necât . 1906’da Petersburg’da yayımlanan bu mecmuada dinî muhtevalı yazılar çoğunluktaydı. İlk sayısından sonra neşrine hükümet tarafından izin verilmedi. 5. Şirke (Serke) . Kazak şivesiyle ve Kazak münevverlerinin yardımlarıyla Petersburg’da yayımlandı. 1907 yılı sonlarında hükümetçe kapatılan mecmua panislâmist fikirleri savunuyordu. 6. Teârüf-i Müslimîn . Dinî, siyasî, tarihî, felsefî haftalık bir mecmuadır. İslâm âleminden de bahseden dergi, 1910’da İstanbul’da Ahmed Taceddin’le birlikte 32 sayı çıkarılabildi. 7. Cihâd-ı İslâm . Âlimcan İdrisî ile birlikte 1916’da Berlin’de neşrettikleri Türkçe bir gazetedir. I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Almanlar’a esir düşen müslüman askerlere yönelik olarak çıkarılmıştır. Bu gazete bazı kaynaklarda Cihan Haberleri adıyla geçmektedir.
Abdürreşid İbrahim, İstanbul’da çıkan Basîret ve Sırât-ı Müstakîm , Hindistan’da Arapça olarak neşredilen el-Beyân , Kazan’da oğlunun çıkardığı Beyânülhak , Bakü’de çıkan Hayat dergilerinde de yazılar yazmıştır.
Telif ve Tercümeleri. 1. Livâü’l-hamd (İstanbul 1885). Rusya’da yaşayan müslümanları Türkiye’ye göç etmeye teşvik maksadıyla yazılmış ve gizlice Rusya’ya sokulup dağıtılmış küçük bir risâledir.
2. Çolpan (Çoban) Yıldızı (İstanbul 1895; Petersburg 1907). Abdürreşid İbrahim’in, Rus Çarlığı’nın Türkler’e yaptığı baskı ve zulmü protesto etmek maksadıyla kaleme aldığı yazılı ilk siyasî belgedir. Rus hükümetine karşı halkı mücadeleye çağıran bu risâlede ayrıca yazarın bir müddet reisliğini yaptığı Orenburg Şer‘î Mahkemesi’nin çalışmaları, eksikleri ve teşkilâtı hakkındaki düşünceleri de yer almaktadır. Bu sebeple Petersburg’da ikinci defa basılmıştır.
3. Bin Üçyüz Senelik Nazra (Petersburg 1905). Eser, müslümanlar arasında bir ittifak kurma zaruretini dile getiren ve daha sonra yapılan ittifak kongrelerine zemin hazırlayan, “ittifak nizamnâme ve programı”nın ana fikirlerini ihtiva eden bir kaynak mahiyetindedir.
4. Vicdan Muhakemesi ve İnsaf Terazisi (Petersburg 1906; İstanbul 1328). Hıristiyan misyonerlerinden Dorunkin’in Tatarlar arasında Hıristiyanlığı yaymak maksadıyla yazdığı Açık Mektup adlı risâleye reddiye olarak Tatarca kaleme alınmıştır. Hıristiyanlık ile Müslümanlığı karşılaştırarak İslâm’ın üstünlüğünü ortaya koyan ve mukayeseli dinler tarihi bakımından önemli bilgiler ihtiva eden küçük bir eserdir.
5. Aftonomiya (آفطونوميا) yâ ki İdâre-i Muhtâriyye (Petersburg 1907). Bu risâle I ve II. Duma’da (1906-1907) ortaya çıkan bağımsızlık eğilimleri karşısında Rusya müslümanlarının da muhtariyet haklarını kullanmaları gerektiğini belirten bir eserdir.
6. ed-Dînü’l-fıtrî (İstanbul 1340). İslâm dininin insanın yaratılışına en uygun din olduğunu anlatmak maksadıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Önsözündeki ifadeden iki küçük risâle olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
7. Tercüme-i Hâlim yâ ki Başıma Gelenler (Petersburg, ts.). Çocukluğunu, tahsilini ve memleketi olan Tara’ya dönüşüne kadar olan yirmi sekiz yıllık hayatını anlatmaktadır.
8. Âlem-i İslâm ve Japonya’da İntişâr-ı İslâmiyyet (İstanbul 1328, 1329-1331). 1907-1910 yılları arasında yaptığı büyük seyahatinin hâtıralarını bu eserde neşretmiştir.
9. Asya Tehlikede (İstanbul 1328). Japon Hatano’dan, Muhammed Hilmi Nakava ile beraber tercüme ettikleri küçük bir risâledir. İngiltere, Rusya ve Amerika’nın Uzakdoğu’da yapmayı düşündükleri faaliyetlere karşı Asyalı milletlerin yani Çin, Japonya, Osmanlı Devleti, Afganistan, Hindistan, İran, Siyam, Cava adaları ile Türkistan’ın birleşmesi gerektiğini anlatan bir eserdir.
10. Binbir Hadîs-i Şerif Tercümesi (Petersburg, ts.). Mehmed Ârif Bey’in aynı adı taşıyan eserinin bazı ilâvelerle Tatarca tercümesidir.
11. Tarihin Unutulmuş Sahifeleri (Berlin 1933). Bu ad altında, Sultan Aziz’in Şehadetine Sebep Ne İdi ve Rusya Müslümanlarının Açlık Hallerinden Dehşetli Bir Hâtıra isimli iki risâlesi Mûsâ Cârullah tarafından, “hâtıralarından imlâ edilmek suretiyle” neşredilmiştir. Bu risâlede yer alan Sultan Abdülhamid’in ittihâd-ı İslâm taraftarı olmadığı iddiası şaşırtıcı ve dikkat çekicidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Abdürreşid İbrahim, Tercüme-i Hâlim yâ ki Başıma Gelenler , Petersburg, ts.
a.mlf., Âlem-i İslâm ve Japonya’da İntişâr-ı İslâmiyyet , İstanbul 1328-31, I, 95, 379, 395-396, 418-419, 427-428, 444; II, 267, 549-550, 618.
a.mlf., “Japonya Mektupları”, Sırât-ı Müstakîm , sy. 38 (7 Cemâziyelevvel 1327), s. 183; sy. 40 (21 Cemâziyelevvel 1327), s. 213.
Sebîlürreşâd , sy. 2 (184) (24 Rebîülevvel 1330), s. 28-30; sy. 3 (185) (2 Rebîülâhir 1330), s. 42-50.
Eşref Edip [Fergan], Mehmed Akif: Hayatı, Eserleri , İstanbul 1938, s. 236-239.
a.mlf., “Meşhur İslâm Seyyâhı Abdürreşid İbrahim Efendi”, İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi Mecmuası , II, nr. 53-54, s. 3-4.
Eski Harfli Türkçe Süreli Yayınlar Toplu Kataloğu , Ankara 1963, nr. 1006.
Özege, Katalog , I, 139, 233.
Zeki Velidi Togan, Bugünkü Türkili Türkistan ve Yakın Tarihi , İstanbul 1981, s. 540-543, 549-550.
Nadir Devlet, Rusya Türklerinin Millî Mücadele Tarihi (1905-1917) , Ankara 1985, s. 76-77, 81-83, 89-101, 118, 172, 174-176.
Hasan Duman, Katalog , s. 181, 395.
Cemil Lee, Hee-Soo, İslam ve Türk Kültürünün Uzak Doğu’ya Yayılması (doktora tezi, 1987), İÜ Ed.Fak., s. 297, 301-339, 356-359.
[Ö. Rıza Doğrul], “Abdürreşid İbrahim’in Son Yılları”, Selâmet Mecmuası , IV/32 (100), İstanbul 1949, s. 4-5, 16.
R. Rahmeti Arat, “Matbuat”, İA , VII, 380-393.
TA , I, 67-68.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 295-297 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.