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ACÂİBÜ’l-ÂSÂR Skip to content Abdurrahman el-Cebertî’nin (ö. 1825) XVIII. yüzyıl ile XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğini içine alan Mısır tarihine dair Arapça eseri.
Tam adı ʿAcâʾibü’l-âs̱âr fi’t-terâcim ve’l-aḫbâr ’dır. Eser Osmanlı dönemi Mısır mahallî tarihi açısından büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Müellifin verdiği bilgilerden anlaşıldığına göre, ilk üç cildi 1220-1221 (1805-1806), dördüncü cildi ise ihtiva ettiği dönem olan 1221-1236 (1806-1821) yılları arasında kaleme alınmıştır. Eserin başında, tarih ilmi, tarihin mahiyeti, faydası, İslâm’da tarih ve takvim başlangıcının tesbiti ile ilgili kısa bir girişten sonra İslâm tarihi alanında kaleme alınan belli başlı eserler zikredilmektedir. Mukaddime kısmında ise bir nevi adalet felsefesi yapılarak adalet ve adaletin uygulanmasıyla ilgileri bakımından insanlar gruplara ayrılıp değerlendirilmekte ve devlet yöneticilerine öğütler verilmektedir. Devamında başlangıçtan XII. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Mısır tarihinin bir özeti yapılmakta, mukaddimeden sonra da kronolojik sıraya göre olaylar ele alınmaktadır. Olayların yıl, ay ve günlere göre verilmesinin ardından her yılın sonunda o yıl vefat etmiş kimselerin biyografileri yer almaktadır. XII. yüzyılın başından 1190 (1776) yılına kadar geçen olaylar birinci ciltte, 1190-1212 (1776-1798) yılları arasındaki olaylar ikinci ciltte, 1213-1220 (1799-1806) yılları arasındaki olaylar üçüncü ciltte, bu tarihten 1236 (1821) yılına kadar geçen olaylar da dördüncü ciltte anlatılmıştır.
Cebertî’nin kaydettiğine göre, eserin kapsadığı dönemin ilk kısmını kaleme almak için yaptığı kaynak araştırması pek olumlu sonuç vermemiş, bu yüzden müellif 1100-1170 (1688-1757) yılları arasındaki olayların tesbiti için şifahî mâlûmata, resmî kayıt ve sicillere, hatta türbe ve mezar taşlarındaki bilgilere müracaat etmiştir. 1170-1190 (1757-1776) yılları arasında geçen olaylara ise bizzat şahit olmuş, ancak zamanla bunları unutmuş olduğundan, eseri yazmaya başladığında hâfızasını yoklayarak hatırladığı bilgileri kaydetmiştir. 1190 (1776) yılından telif zamanına kadar geçen süre içinde ise düzenli notlar tutmuştur. Son üç cildin 1190 (1776) yılından sonraki olayları kapsadığı göz önüne alınırsa, eserin tamamına yakın kısmının düzenli tutulan notlara dayandığı anlaşılır. Cebertî, eserin telifiyle ilgili olarak, yukarıda verilen bilgiler yanında daha başka açıklamalarda da bulunmaktadır. Silkü’d-dürer fî aʿyâni’l-ḳarni’s̱-s̱ânî ʿaşer adlı eserin müellifi Şamlı tarihçi Murâdî, eserinin telifi için İslâm dünyasının çeşitli yerlerindeki birçok âlim yanında Tâcü’l-ʿarûs ’un müellifi Murtazâ ez-Zebîdî’den de yardım isteğinde bulunmuştu. Talebesi Cebertî’nin de yardımıyla bilgi toplamaya başlayan Zebîdî kısa bir süre sonra vefat edince (Nisan 1791), Murâdî Cebertî’ye mektup yazarak toplanan bilgileri göndermesini istemişti. Bunun üzerine hocasının derlediği notları bulan Cebertî kendi müsvedde notlarını da tamamlamaya çalışmış, fakat bu sırada Murâdî’nin de vefat haberini alınca (Ekim 1791) çalışmasını bir kenara bırakmıştı. Cebertî’nin bu çalışması, daha sonra kaleme almaya başladığı eserinde büyük bir yekün tutan biyografik muhtevayı ve bu bilginin niçin Murâdî’nin eseri gibi XII. (XVIII.) yüzyıl üzerinde yoğunlaştığını açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca, Cebertî’nin eserine verdiği adda önce “terâcim”i, sonra “ahbâr”ı zikretmesi tesadüfî olmayıp eserde biyografik muhtevanın ağırlığına işaret etmektedir.
Eserde Memlük tarihi ve tarihçilerine çok az yer verildiği için, Cebertî’nin bu tarihçilerden ne ölçüde faydalandığını tesbit etmek oldukça güçtür. Ayrıca eserini başlattığı XVIII. yüzyıl başlarından önceki olaylara ayırdığı birkaç yetersiz bahis, bu tarihe kadar geçen Osmanlı dönemi Mısır tarihine pek âşina olmadığını göstermektedir. Bunun gibi, bu yüzyılın başlarıyla ilgili dönemi de ikinci dereceden birkaç kaynaktan faydalanarak kaleme aldığı görülmektedir.
Eser, Cebertî’nin yaşadığı dönemde Mısır’daki Osmanlı unsuru ve ülkenin Bâbıâli ile münasebetleri konusunda, Osmanlı arşivleri karşısında ikinci derecede kalmış olmakla birlikte, çok değerli ve zengin bilgiler vermektedir. Fransızlar’ın üç yıl süren Mısır işgaliyle (1798-1801) ilgili bir kaynak olarak da başta Fransızlar olmak üzere birçok Batılı tarihçi tarafından kaleme alınmış, sayı ve muhteva bakımından oldukça zengin literatür içinde, bu dönemin en güvenilir ana kaynaklarından biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Fransız işgali ve daha sonraki dönemi araştıran çağdaş Fransız tarihçileri, eserinin üçüncü cildinin üçte ikilik kısmını bu kısa süreli işgale ayıran Cebertî’ye son derece önem vermişlerdir. Bu dönem üzerine ilk elden malzemeye dayanılarak hazırlanmış bulunan Histoire scientifique et militaire de l’expédition française en Egypte d’après les mémoires, matériaux, documents inédits (I-X, Paris 1830-1834) adlı büyük eserde de Cebertî’nin tarihine ilgisiz kalınmamış, birçok hususta onun verdiği bilgilere diğer kaynaklardan daha çok güvenilmiştir.
Eserin Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa hükümeti ve reformlarıyla ilgili son kısmı ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu dönemle ilgili lehte ve aşırı peşin hükümlerle dolu eserlere karşı, aynı dönem için kara bir tablo çizen Cebertî’nin eseri, gerçeğin kavranması bakımından dengeleyici bir özelliğe sahiptir. Cebertî’nin bu konuda söylediklerinin hepsini kabul etmek mümkün olmamakla birlikte, Mehmed Ali dönemi ve öncesini çok yakından tanıyan biri olarak verdiği doğru bilgilerle tesbit ve teşhisleri göz ardı etmek de mümkün değildir.
Cebertî’nin, eserinde daha çok yönetimi ilgilendiren siyasî ve askerî olayları ele almakla kalmayıp yer yer en ince ayrıntılarına kadar sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik hayata da büyük ölçüde yer vermesi, onu diğer birçok tarihçiden ayıran önemli bir özelliktir. Bu bakımdan eseri, bir devlet veya hükümet tarihi olmaktan çok bir sosyal tarih mahiyetindedir. Kendisi bazı nâdir durumlar dışında tahlil ve değerlendirmeye girmemekle birlikte olayları ve ayrıntılarını sunuşundaki dikkat ve ustalığı, olayların değerlendirilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Tarafsız ve güvenilir kaynaklarla doğruluğunu belgelemeden olayları kaydetmeye itina eden Cebertî, indî ve peşin hükümlü bazı yaklaşımları bir tarafa, eserinde baştan sona kadar ilmî tarafsızlığın güzel bir örneğini sergilemiştir. Nitekim önsözde, eserini ne herhangi bir yönetici veya yüksek mevki sahibi kimse için, ne de birini methetme veya kötüleme için kaleme aldığını belirtmiştir.
Eserdeki kronolojik bilgiler yanında büyük bir yekün tutan biyografik bilgiler de son derece önemlidir. Bu bilgilerin bir kısmını başka kaynaklarda bulmak mümkün olmadığı gibi, bazı şahıslar hakkında burada kaydedilen tafsilâtı görmek de mümkün değildir. Bu bakımdan eser, Muhibbî’nin XI. (XVII.) yüzyılı ele alan Ḫulâṣatü’l-es̱er ’i ile Murâdî’nin XII. (XVIII.) yüzyılı içine alan Silkü’d-dürer adlı eserinin zeyli durumundadır. Eserde Kahire’nin o günkü durumu, caddeleri, camileri, kale ve sarayları hakkında verilen bilgilerin önemine de işaret etmek gerekir.
Mehmed Ali Paşa ve oğlu İbrâhim’e karşı ihtiva ettiği sert tenkitler sebebiyle eserin Mısır’da basılması uzun süre yasaklanmıştır. Neşir teşebbüslerine engel olan hükümet, matbaalara verdiği izin belgelerine de Cebertî’nin tarihini basmamaları şartını koymaktaydı. Eserin ilk olarak, Fransız işgaliyle ilgili kısmı Edîb İshak tarafından Târîḫu’l-Franseviyye fî Mıṣr adıyla yayımlandı (İskenderiye 1878). Hidiv Tevfik’in idareyi ele geçirmesinden hemen sonra önce üçüncü ve dördüncü ciltler, ardından da birinci ve ikinci ciltler basılarak eserin tam neşri gerçekleştirildi (Bulak 1297). ʿAcâʾibü’l-âs̱âr ’ın daha sonra muhtelif neşirleri yapılmıştır (I-XII, Kahire 1302, İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil adlı eserinin kenarında; I-IV, Kahire 1322-1323; I-VII, Kahire 1958-1967, nşr. Hasan Muhammed Cevher v.dğr.; I-III, Beyrut, ts.). Eserin Şefik Mansur, Abdülaziz Halil, Gabriel Nicolas Kahil ve İskender Amûn tarafından Merveilles biographiques et historiques ou chroniques du cheikh ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Djabartī (I-IX, Kahire 1888-1894) adıyla yapılan Fransızca tercümesi son derece hatalıdır. Eserin üçüncü cildinin birinci bölümü Egipet u period ekspeditsii Bonaparta, 1798-1801 adıyla I. M. Fil’shtinisky tarafından, dördüncü cildi de Egipet pod vlast’yn Muhammada Ali, 1806-1821 adıyla Kh. I. Kil’berg tarafından Rusça’ya tercüme edilerek neşredilmiştir (Moskova 1962-1963). Gaston Wiet ʿAcâʾibü’l-âs̱âr ’ın kullanışlı bir fihristini yapmıştır (Fihrisü ʿAcâʾibi’l-âs̱âr [Index de Djabartī], Kahire 1954). Eserle ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmalar arasında Mahmûd eş-Şerkāvî’nin Dirâsât fî Târîḫi’l-Cebertî , Mıṣr fi’l-ḳarni’s̱-s̱ânî ʿaşer (I-III, Kahire 1955-1956) adlı eseriyle Ahmed Saîd Süleyman’ın Cebertî tarihinde Osmanlı Türkçesi ve Farsça’dan Arapça’ya geçmiş kelimeleri topladığı Teʾṣîlü mâ verede fî Târîḫi’l-Cebertî mine’d-daḫîl (Kahire 1979) adlı eserlerini de zikretmek gerekir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Muhammed Abdullah İnân, Müʾerriḫû Mıṣri’l-İslâmiyye ve meṣâdirü’t-târîḫi’l-Mıṣrî , Kahire 1388/1969, s. 177-189.
David Ayalon, “The Historian al-Jabartī and His Background”, BSOAS , XXIII (1960), s. 217-249.
a.mlf., “al-Djabartī”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 355-357.
P. M. Holt, “Al-Jabartī’s Introduction to the History of Ottoman Egypt”, BSOAS , XXV (1962), s. 38-51.
S. Moreh, “Reputed Autographs of ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Jabartī and Related Problems”, a.e. , XXVIII (1965), s. 524-540.
Ahmed Abdürrahim Mustafa, “ʿAcâʾibü’l-âs̱âr fi’t-terâcim ve’l-aḫbâr li-ʿAbdirraḥmân el-Cebertî”, Tİ , IV, 553-563.
D. B. Macdonald, “Cebertî”, İA , III, 39-40.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 314-315 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.