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ACÂİBÜ’l-MAHLÛKĀT Skip to content ACÂİBÜ’l-MAHLÛKĀT (عجائب المخلوقات) Yazıldığı devrin coğrafya ve kozmografya telakkisine göre hazırlanmış, ansiklopedik bilgiler ihtiva eden, İslâmî edebiyatların ortak eserlerinden biri.
Müellif: Günay Kut
Eskiden coğrafya ve seyahatle ilgili kitaplara genellikle “Acâibü’l-büldân”, “Acâibü’l-Hind”, “Acâibü’l-mahlûkāt” gibi isimler verilirdi. Buradaki acâib kelimesi “hârikalar, görülmemiş ve duyulmamış garip şeyler” anlamına gelmektedir. Bu çeşit eserlerden, Ebû Hâmid Muhammed el-Gırnâtî’nin (ö. 565/1169) yazdığı Kitâbü’l-Muġrib ʿan baʿżı ʿacâʾibi’l-Maġrib ile Tuḥfetü’l-elbâb ve Nuḫbetü’l-aʿcâb adlı eserler sadece birer seyahat ve coğrafya kitabı olmayıp pek çok “acâib”i ve mitolojik bilgileri de ihtiva ederler. Kazvînî’nin (ö. 682/1283) kaleme aldığı ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt ve ġarâʾibü’l-mevcûdât adlı coğrafik ve kozmografik eser ise kendi türü içinde çok beğenilmiş, kısaltılarak veya aynen tercüme edilerek, bazan da ilâvelerle İran ve Türk edebiyatlarına kazandırılmıştır. Ne var ki bu konu Kazvînî’den önce de Arap ve İran edebiyatlarında ele alınmış, değişik veya aynı adlarla bazı eserler yazılmıştı. Meselâ İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr’in (ö. 630/1233) Tuḥfetü’l-ʿacâʾib ve ṭurfetü’l-ġarâʾib (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 369; krş. GAL Suppl., I, 581, 609) adlı Arapça eseri ile Kazvînî’den bir asır önce Muhammed b. Mahmûd et-Tûsî es-Selmânî’nin yazdığı aynı adı taşıyan eser buna örnek gösterilebilir (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1127).
Kazvînî, kısaca ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt olarak tanınan eserini dört “mukaddime”, iki “makale” ve bir “hâtime” üzerine tertip etmiştir. Mukaddimelerin birincisinde acâibin izahı , ikincisinde mahlûkatın taksimi , üçüncüsünde garîb kelimesinin mânaları , dördüncüsünde ise mevcûdatın taksimi bulunmaktadır. Dört mukaddimeden sonra asıl konuya giren Kazvînî, birinci makalede ulviyyât (ayüstü âlemi) ile ilgili bilgiler verir. Bu bilgiler feleklerin hakikati, şekilleri, vaziyeti ve hareketleri; Kamer, Utârid, Zühre, Şems, Merih, Müşteri, Zuhal’den ibaret olan yedi felek, sabit felekler, burçlar; felekü’l-eflâk; gök sakinleri (Azrâil, Mîkâil, Cebrâil ve İsrâfil’le Münker ve Nekir); zamanla ilgili kavramlar (gece, gündüz, aylar -Arap, Rum ve Fars ayları-, mevsimler) olmak üzere on üç “nazar”da (bölüm) toplanmıştır. İkinci makale süfliyyât (ayaltı âlemi) ile ilgili olup yine nazar ve fasıllardan oluşmaktadır. Bunlar anâsır-ı erbaa, ateş küresi, hava küresi (bulut, yağmur, rüzgâr, gök gürültüsü, yıldırım) ve su ile ilgili acâibler, arz küresi ve bazı fasıllarından ibarettir. Eserin bundan sonraki kısmında ise şu bölümler bulunmaktadır: Denizler, adalar, kuyular, madenlerin terkibi, nebatlar, ağaçlar, hayvanlar, insanlar, cinler, devler, kuşlar ve sürüngenler. Hâtime kısmında denizlerin ve karaların acâibinden bahsedilir. Eserin ikinci makalesi birinci makaleden çok daha geniştir (bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2935).
Kazvînî eserini hazırlarken Câhiz’in Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân’ı ile, Aristo’nun Historia animalium adlı eserinin Arapça tercümesi olan Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân’dan, Ebû Hâmid el-Gırnâtî ve Muhammed b. Mahmûd et-Tûsî’nin eserleri başta olmak üzere, özellikle adlarını belirttiği yirmi kadar kitaptan faydalanmıştır.
ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt’ın mevcut yazmaları muhtasar ve mufassal olmak üzere birbirinden çok farklı dört ana kola ayrılmaktadır. M. Streck’e göre, Wüstenfeld tarafından 1848 yılında Göttingen’de basılan metin, ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt’ın XVIII. yüzyılda gözden geçirilerek değiştirilen dördüncü koluna dayanmaktadır ki bu, Kazvînî’nin esas tertibinden çok farklıdır. Eser H. Ethé tarafından Almanca’ya çevrilerek 1868’de Leipzig’de bastırılmıştır.
İran Edebiyatında Acâibü’l-mahlûkāt. Ebü’l-Hüseyin Abdurrahman b. Ömer es-Sûfî’nin 374’te (984-85) kaleme aldığı ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt (bk. Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 94; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 514); Ebü’l-Müeyyed-i Belhî’ye atfedilen ve nüshası günümüze kadar ulaşmayan ʿAcâʾibü’d-dünyâ; Muhammed b. Eyyûb et-Taberî tarafından 1092 veya 1116 yılında yazılan Tuḥfetü’l-ġarâʾib ve Ahmed et-Tûsî’nin ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt ve ġarâʾibü’l-mevcûdât’ı, Kazvînî’den önce İran edebiyatında konuya ne kadar önem verildiğini göstermektedir. Bu eserlerden Tuḥfetü’l-ġarâʾib, J. Matini tarafından (Mecelle-i Dânişkede-i Edebiyyât ve ʿUlûm-i İnsânî, Meşhed 1350 hş./1971, VII, 887-903), Ahmed et-Tûsî’nin eseri de M. Sutûda tarafından neşredilmiştir (Tahran 1345 hş./1966). Tûsî eserini 1175 yılında Selçuklu sultanlarından Tuğrul b. Arslan’a ithaf etmiştir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Fâtih, nr. 4174) kayıtlı olan nüsha minyatürlüdür. Eser Kazvînî’nin tertibinden biraz daha değişik olup on “rükn”e bölünmüş, rükünler de “fasıl”lara ayrılmıştır. Rükünler kısaca şu konulardan meydana gelmiştir: Göklerdeki acâibler; gökle yer arasındaki acâibler; arzın acâibleri: denizler, dağlar, kıymetli taşlar, kayalar; şehirler, mescidler, kiliseler, sinagoglar; ağaçlar, bitkiler, ilâçlar (bu son iki kısım alfabetik olarak tertip edilmiştir); “kazılmış sûretler”; insan; cinler; kuşlar, deniz ve kara hayvanları.
İran edebiyatında bir de Kazvînî’nin tercümeleri vardır. Bunlar tam, muhtasar ve serbest tercümeler olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılır. Tesbit edilebilenler şunlardır: 1. İbrâhim Âdil Şah için 1547 yılında tercüme edilen, fakat mütercimi bilinmeyen ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt (bk. H. Ethé, I, 369, nr. 714; A. Münzevî, VI, 3875. İki nüshası da British Library’de bulunmaktadır: Or., nr. 1621 ve Or., nr. 373. Eser 1283’te Leknev’de basılmıştır). 2. Bâyezîd-i Bestegî adıyla tanınan Abdürreşîd tarafından tercüme edilen ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt (bk. Münzevî, VI, 3874). 3. Tuḥfetü’l-ʿacâʾib adıyla Ali Tâirî (Tâhirî) tarafından 1522 veya 1541 yılında yapılan muhtasar tercüme (bk. C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Persian…, III, 1059a /vııı; H. Ethé, I, 375, nr. 716; Karatay, Farsça Yazmalar , s. 76-77, nr. 201). 4. Muhammed Hüseyin Esterâbâdî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-ġarâʾib adıyla tercüme ettiği ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt. Bunlar dışında bir de M. Ramazânî tarafından yayımlanan bir ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt vardır ki müellifi meçhul olan eser Nigâristân-ı ʿAcâʾib ve Ġarâʾib adı ile neşredilmiştir (Tahran 1341 hş./1962). Ayrıca Şeyh Cemâleddîn-i İsferâînî, Kazvînî’nin eserinin ikinci kısmını manzum olarak tercüme etmiş ve buna ʿAcâʾibü’l-ġarâʾib ismini vermiştir. Ancak bu eserin adını Ethé Ġarâʾibü’d-dünyâ olarak tesbit etmiştir. Muhammed Müftî-i Belhî XVI. yüzyılda Mecmaʿu’l-ġarâʾib adı ile bir ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt yazmıştır. A. Münzevî, Necîb-i Hemedânî adlı birinin de ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt adlı eserinden bahseder.
Türk Edebiyatında Acâibü’l-mahlûkāt. Türk edebiyatındaki ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt tercümeleri Kazvînî’den ve İran edebiyatındaki diğer örneklerinden alınarak yapılmıştır. Yakın zamana kadar, Osmanlı Türkleri’nde ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt’ı muhtasar bir şekilde Türkçe’ye ilk tercüme edenin XV. yüzyılda yaşayan Ahmed Bîcan olduğu zannedilmekte idi. Fakat araştırmalar sonunda ilk tercümenin XV. yüzyıldan daha eskiye gittiği, ikinci tercümenin de XV. yüzyıl başında, yani Ahmed Bîcan’ın tercümesinden önce olduğu anlaşılmıştır (bk. AHMED BÎCAN ). Tesbit edilebilen tercümeler şunlardır: 1. İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (TY, nr. 524) kayıtlı Acâibü’l-mahlûkāt. Ali b. Abdurrahman tarafından Kazvînî’nin eserinden tercüme edilmiş, fakat bu tercümeye yazar pek çok ilâveler yapmıştır. Şehirlerden bahsederken Bursa ve Edirne’den de söz eden bu eserin Edirne’nin fethinden sonra, fakat İstanbul’un fethinden önce tercüme edildiği söylenebilir. İstanbul’a ait bilgi, aslında Kazvînî’den faydalanılarak yazılan bir Arapça ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt ile Sirâceddin İbnü’l-Verdî’nin Ḫarîdetü’l-ʿacâʾib ve ferîdetü’l-ġarâʾib adlı eserinde aynen mevcuttur. 2. Bu tercümenin adı bilinmeyen mütercimi, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Blochet ve Adnan Adıvar tarafından Rükneddin Ahmed olarak gösteriliyorsa da eserin İstanbul’da bulunan iki nüshasında da (Süleymaniye Ktp., Nuri Arlasez, nr. 128; Düğümlü Baba, nr. 556) bunu teyit edecek bir kayıt yoktur. Metinde geçen “rüknüddîn” ibaresi bir dua cümleciğine bağlı olarak “dinin rüknü” mânasında kullanılmış olacaktır. On “rükün” üzerine kurulan bu ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt’ın tertibi Ahmed et-Tûsî’nin eserinin tertibine aynen uymaktadır. 3. Yazıcıoğlu Ahmed Bîcan’ın tercümesi. Türk edebiyatında en çok tanınan ve belki de muhtasar olması dolayısıyla en çok okunan tercüme budur. Eserin pek çok nüshası bulunmaktadır (bk. Ali Hilmi Dağıstânî, s. 212; Cevdet Türkay, Bibliyografya; Manfred Götz, II, nr. 332; TÜYATOK , 06/I, s. 29, nr. 51; 34/I, s. 3, nr. 1; 07/III, s. 241, nr. 2131-2132). Ahmed Bîcan, eserini şeyhi Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’nin işareti üzerine 1453’te kaleme almıştır. On yedi fasıldan ibaret olan eser, Kazvînî’nin eserinden ziyade Farsça tercümelere dayanmaktadır. Yazıcıoğlu’nun bu konuda Dürr-i Meknûn adlı bir eseri daha vardır ki birçok kütüphanede ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt ile karıştırılmıştır. 4. Sürûrî tercümesi. Kazvînî’nin tercümesi olan eser Kitâbü Acâibi’l-mahlûkāt ve garâibi’l-mevcûdât adını taşımaktadır. Kanûnî’nin oğlu Şehzade Mustafa’nın hocalığını yapan Sürûrî, tercümeye öğrencisinin isteği üzerine başlamış, ancak şehzadenin öldürülmesi üzerine eserini yarım bırakmıştır. Bu tercüme daha sonra Rodosîzâde tarafından tamamlanmıştır. Sürûrî’nin nüshaları genellikle minyatürlüdür (bk. C. Rieu, Catalogue of Turkish…, 107a , nr. 7894, 24954; a.mlf., Une liste des manuscrits choisis parmi les bibliothèques de Manisa, Akhisar, nr. 1; Cevdet Türkay, Bibliyografya; Karatay, Türkçe Yazmalar , I, 441, nr. 1326-1331; B. Flemming, I, 239, nr. 301). 5. Bosna Kadısı Mevlânâ Gınâî tarafından 1562 yılında yapılan tercüme. Gınâî-i Rûmî adıyla da tanınan yazar, İbnü’l-Esîr’in Tuḥfetü’l-ʿacâʾib adlı eserini Mir’ât-ı Kâinât adı ile tercüme etmiştir (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1127; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 750). Eserin iki nüshası tesbit edilmiştir. Biri Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 492, bk. TÜYATOK , 06/I, s. 66, nr. 142), diğeri ise Berlin Devlet Kütüphanesi’nde (MS Or. Oct., nr. 3663, bk. H. Sohrweide, V, 148, nr. 161) kayıtlıdır. Osmanlı Müellifleri Gınâî’yi 1061’de (1650-51) ölmüş gösteriyorsa da (III, 316) yanlıştır. 6. Eyyûb b. Halîl tarafından 1569 yılında yapılan tercüme. Bir nüshası Viyana’da bulunan bu esere aynı zamanda Tezkiretü’l-acâib ve tercemetü’l-garâib de denir (bk. G. Flügel, II, 508, nr. 1440). 7. Hüseyin Efendi b. Mehmed’in 1697’de tamamladığı tercüme. Kazvînî’den tam tercüme olan bu eserin adı Mir’ât-ı Acâibü’l-mahlûkāt ve Keşf-i Garâibü’l-mevcûdât’tır. Bilinen nüshaları: Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi (Esad Efendi, nr. 1892); Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi (Hazine, nr. 400, Fehmi Ethem Karatay bu nüshayı Molla Tâhâ b. Mehmed tarafından yazılmış gösteriyorsa da [bk. Karatay, Türkçe Yazmalar , I, 442, nr. 1332], Molla Tâhâ bu nüshanın müstensihidir; eserin Hüseyin b. Mehmed’e ait olduğu varak 3b ’de kayıtlıdır); Staatbibliothek (Marburg MS Or. fol. 2562) (B. Flemming, I, 254-255, nr. 318). Bu son iki nüsha da minyatürlüdür. Osmanlı Müellifleri’nde ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt’ı tercüme ettiği bildirilen Yûsuf b. Mehmed Milevî (III, 164) ise mütercim olmayıp müstensihtir (bk. B. Flemming, a.g.e. , I, 254, nr. 318; I. Stchoukine v.dğr., s. 244, nr. 94). 8. 1701 yılında yapılan Rodosîzâde tercümesi. Mütercim, Sürûrî’nin yarım bıraktığı tercümeyi tamamlamıştır (bk. Ali Hilmi Dağıstânî, s. 189; Manfred Götz, nr. 1; İstanbul Arkeoloji Ktp., nr. 528-529; Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 4158). 9. British Library’de (Add. 7893) kayıtlı mütercimi bilinmeyen bir ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt tercümesi daha bulunmaktadır. Bu tercüme aslında İbnü’l-Verdî’nin Ḫarîdetü’l-ʿacâʾib’inin tercümesidir (bk. C. Rieu, Catalogue of Turkish…, 109a , Add. 7893). 10. Müellifi meçhul bazı ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt tercümeleri de vardır. Çağatay Türkçesi’yle yapılan bir tercüme Uppsala Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 630) kayıtlıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 369; II, 1127. G. Flügel, Die arabischen, persischen und türkischen Handschriften, Wien 1865, II, 508, nr. 1440. C. Rieu, Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum, London 1879-83, II, 462b ; III, 1059a /vııı. a.mlf., Catalogue of Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum, London 1888, s. 107a , nr. 7894, 24954, 109a , Add. 7893. a.mlf., Une liste des manuscrits choisis parmi les bibliothèques de Manisa, Akhisar, İstanbul 1951, nr. 1. Ali Hilmi Dağıstânî, Fihristü’l-kütübi’t-Türkiyyeti’l-mevcûde fi’l-kütübḫâneti’l-Ḫidîviyye, Kahire 1306, s. 189, 212. Ethé, Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts , I, 366, nr. 709-713; 369, nr. 714; 375, nr. 716. Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 581, 609.Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 514, 750.Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 94.Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 281, 315; III, 164, 316. E. Blochet, Catalogue des manuscrits turcs, II, Paris 1933, suppl. turc. 1339. K. V. Zetterstéen, Die arabischen, persischen und türkischen Handscriften, Uppsala 1935, II, nr. 630. Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim , s. 14, 114. Storey, Persian Literature, London 1958, II/1, s. 126, 128, 133. Cevdet Türkay, İstanbul Kütüphanelerinde Osmanlılar Devrine Ait Türkçe-Arapça-Farsça Yazma ve Basma Coğrafya Eserleri Bibliyografyası, İstanbul 1958. Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , I, 537. Karatay, Arapça Yazmalar , III, 795, nr. 2963. a.mlf., Türkçe Yazmalar, I, 441-442, nr. 1326-1332. a.mlf., Farsça Yazmalar, s. 76-77, nr. 201. Saîd-i Nefîsî, Târîḫ-i Naẓm u Nes̱r, Tahran 1344 hş., I, 294, 398. B. Flemming, Türkische Handschriften, Wiesbaden 1968, I, 239, nr. 301, 254-255, 318. I. Stchoukine v.dğr., Illumi nierte Islamische Handschriften, Wiesbaden 1971, s. 244, nr. 94. A. Münzevî, Fihrist, Tahran 1353 hş./1974, VI, 3874-3875, 3977. Manfred Götz, Türkische Handschriften, Wiesbaden 1979, nr. 1, 332. H. Sohrweide, Türkische Handschriften, Wiesbaden 1981, V, 148, nr. 161.TÜYATOK , Ankara 1979, 06/I, s. 29, nr. 51, s. 66, nr. 142; Ankara 1981, 34/I, s. 3, nr. 1; İstanbul 1983, 07/III, s. 241, nr. 2131-2132. Franz Taeschner, “Osmanlılarda Coğrafya”, TM , II (1926), s. 271-314. Günay Kut, “Türk Edebiyatında Acâibü’l-mahlûkât Tercümeleri Üzerine”, Beşinci Milletler Arası Türkoloji Kongresi, Tebliğler: Türk Edebiyatı, I, İstanbul 1985, s. 185-193. M. Streck, “Kazvînî”, İA , VI, 529-532. T. Lewicki, “al-Ḳazwīnī”, EI2 (İng.), IV, 865-866. C. E. Bosworth – I. Afshar, “ʿAjāʾeb al-Maḵlūqāt”, EIr. , I, 696-699.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 315-317 numaralı sayfalarda “ACÂİBÜ’l-MAHLÛKAT” başlığıyla yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 13.02.2019 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.