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ADIVAR, Halide Edip Skip to content (1884-1964)
II. Meşrutiyet ve Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk kadın yazarı ve romancı.
Babası Ceyb-i Hümâyun Dairesi kâtiplerinden Selânikli Mehmed Edip Bey, annesi Bedrifam Hanım’dır. Küçük yaşta annesini kaybedince çocukluğu, ileride sanat hayatında önemli tesirleri görülecek olan anneannesinin evinde geçti ve ilk terbiyesini ondan aldı. Annesinin ölümünden sonra birkaç evlilik yapan babasının yanında ise Anglo-Sakson eğitimine tâbi tutuldu. Üsküdar Amerikan Kız Koleji’nin ilk öğrencilerinden biri oldu. Ayrıca devrin tanınmış şahsiyetleri Şükrü Efendi’den Arapça, Rıza Tevfik’ten Türk edebiyatı ve felsefe, Sâlih Zeki’den de matematik dersleri aldı. Bu arada Fransızca ve mûsiki öğrendi.
İlk evliliğini, koleji bitirdikten sonra hocası Sâlih Zeki ile yaptı (1901) ve ondan iki oğlu oldu. Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası üzerine çocuklarıyla birlikte Mısır’a kaçtı (1908); bir davet üzerine oradan İngiltere’ye gitti. Olaylar yatıştıktan sonra tekrar yurda döndü ve Dârülmuallimât’ta pedagoji öğretmenliğine tayin edildi (1909). 1911’de Sâlih Zeki’den ayrıldı. Bu sırada eğitim hizmetlerine ağırlık veren ve Türkiye’nin geleceğine şekil verecek çocukların iyi birer şahsiyet olarak yetişmeleri için önce kadının yetiştirilmesinin gerekli olduğunu savunan Halide Edip, ilk dönemde kaleme aldığı eserlerinde daha çok kadın ve çocuk eğitimi üzerinde durdu. 1909 ve 1911’de kısa sürelerle İngiltere’ye gitti, eğitimci Isabel Fry’ın misafiri oldu ve orada bazı İngiliz aydınlarıyla tanıştı. Kadınların toplum hayatına katılması ve eğitilmesi amacıyla Teâlî-i Nisvan Cemiyeti’ni kurdu; ayrıca 1912’de faaliyete geçen Türk Ocağı’nda da görev aldı. Bu tarihlerde yapmış olduğu öğretmenlik ve müfettişlik çalışmalarına, Cemal Paşa’nın kendisini davet ettiği Suriye’de de devam etti ve orada iken Dr. Adnan Adıvar ile evlendi (1917). 1918’de Dârülfünun Edebiyat Fakültesi’ne Batı edebiyatı hocası olan Halide Edip üzerinde en büyük tesiri, birçok Türk aydınında olduğu gibi, Balkan Savaşı yaptı. Bu savaşta Batı dünyasının Türk ve müslümanlara karşı tutumu, Batı’ya olan inanç ve güveninin ciddi şekilde sarsılmasına sebep oldu.
15 Mayıs 1919’da İzmir’in işgalinden sonra düzenlenen Fatih, Üsküdar ve Sultanahmet mitinglerine konuşmacı olarak katıldı. Özellikle Sultanahmet mitinginde âdeta efsaneleşti. Bu yıllarda Anadolu’ya gizlice silâh kaçırma işinde de görev alan Halide Edip, 1920’de kocasıyla birlikte Anadolu’ya geçerek Millî Mücadele’ye fiilen katıldı. Cephelerde dolaştı, Kızılay hastahanelerinde görev aldı. Bir yandan Hâkimiyet-i Milliye gazetesinde çalışırken diğer yandan o günün heyecanını aksettiren yazılarını İstanbul’da çıkan gazete ve dergilerde yayımladı. Yunanlılar’ın yaptıkları zulümleri tesbit eden ve daha sonra Genelkurmay Başkanlığı’nca yayımlanan Tedkīk-ı Mezâlim Komisyonu raporlarının hazırlanmasında da görev aldı. Millî Mücadele sırasında ordudaki çalışmalarından dolayı kendisine önce onbaşılık, daha sonra da başçavuşluk rütbeleri verildi.
Millî Mücadele’den sonra, kurucuları arasında Adnan Adıvar’ın da bulunduğu Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası’nın İsmet Paşa (İnönü) hükümetince kapatılması ve Mustafa Kemal’le aralarında çıkan siyasî ihtilâflar yüzünden kocası ile birlikte Türkiye’den ayrıldı (1925). Önce İngiltere’ye, daha sonra Fransa’ya yerleşti. Bu arada Williamstown Political Institute’un düzenlediği konferansa davet edilerek Amerika’ya gitti (1928). 1930’da da Barnard College’da (Columbia Üniversitesi) konferanslar vererek Amerika’yı dolaştı. Atatürk’ün ölümünden sonra, 1939’da yurda döndü. 1940’ta profesör olarak İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Kürsüsü’nü kurmakla görevlendirildi. 1950’ye kadar bu görevi yürüten Halide Edip, 1950-1954 yılları arasında Demokrat Parti listesinden bağımsız İzmir milletvekili oldu. 9 Ocak 1964’te İstanbul’da öldü, Merkezefendi Mezarlığı’na gömüldü.
İlk yazılarında Halide Sâlih imzasını kullanan Halide Edip, 1897’de John Abat’tan yaptığı Mâder (İstanbul 1314) adlı tercüme ve daha sonra Tanin (1324-1341) gazetesinde yayımladığı yazılarla adını duyurmuştur. Ferdî aşk temi ile modern tiplerin ön planda olduğu ilk eserlerinde daha çok kadınların yetiştirilmesi ve kadın psikolojisi üzerinde durmuş, zamanla kazandığı tecrübeler ve Millî Mücadele yıllarında Anadolu insanını tanıması, sosyal meselelere yönelmesine sebep olmuştur. Bununla birlikte Yeni Turan gibi ideolojik, Ateşten Gömlek ve Vurun Kahpeye gibi yer yer “belgesel” denilebilecek romanlar da yazmış, Sinekli Bakkal ile töre romanlarına yönelmiştir. Dağa Çıkan Kurt adıyla yayımladığı hikâyelerinde ise I. Dünya Savaşı’nı işlemiştir. Kendisine has bir üslûba sahip olan Halide Edip’in eserleri, bilhassa cümle yapısı bakımından devrinde çok tenkit edilmiştir. Bütün romanlarında kadın kahramanlar daha canlı ve kudretli olup yazarın kendisinden de izler taşımaktadır. Erkek kahramanların ise kadın tipler kadar başarılı bir şekilde çizildikleri söylenemez. Eserlerinden bir kısmı yabancı dillere de çevrilmiş, bazı eserlerini ise kendisi Batı dillerine çevirmiştir.
1928’de The Clown and His Daughter (Meddah ve Kızı) adıyla İngilizce olarak yazılan, 1942’de CHP Roman Mükâfatı’nı kazanan Sinekli Bakkal , Türk edebiyatının en çok okunan romanlarından biri olmuştur. II. Abdülhamid dönemi İstanbul’unun çeşitli kesimlerinin canlandırıldığı eserde, Doğu ile Batı’nın birbirine göre üstünlükleri esas hareket noktası olarak alınmış ve olaylar bu eksen etrafında geliştirilmiştir.
Bazı eserlerinde dini, kişilerin şahsında değerlendiren ve yer yer tenkit eden Halide Edip’in bu tavrını, romanlarını kaleme aldığı dönemdeki yaygın “din aleyhtarlığı” ile açıklamak daha gerçekçi olur. Zira Halide Edip millî ve mânevî değerler karşısında daima dikkatli ve az çok muhafazakâr bir tavrı benimsemiş olduğu halde, özellikle Vurun Kahpeye romanında din adamlarının şahsında dini kötüleyici bir tavır sergilemiştir. Yaşadığı dönemle ilgili hâtıraları yanında röportaj mahiyetindeki hikâyelerinde Türk milletinin inanılmaz direnme gücü ile yaşama azmini de ortaya koymuştur.
Halide Edip’in roman ve hikâyeleri muhteva bakımından üç grupta toplanabilir: 1. Daha çok kadın meselelerini ele alan ve eğitilmiş kadının cemiyetteki yerini arayan eserleri: Heyulâ (İstanbul 1324), Seviye Talip (Bursa 1326), Yeni Turan (İstanbul 1329), Handan (İstanbul 1331), Son Eseri (İstanbul 1331), Mev’ud Hüküm (İstanbul 1917), Raik’in Annesi (1342) ve hikâyelerini topladığı Harap Mâbetler (İstanbul 1326). 2. Millî Mücadele dönemini anlatan eserleri: Dağa Çıkan Kurt (İstanbul 1338), İzmir’den Bursa’ya (Yakup Kadri, Falih Rıfkı ve Mehmed Âsım ile birlikte, İstanbul 1338), Ateşten Gömlek (İstanbul 1339), Kalp Ağrısı (İstanbul 1340), Vurun Kahpeye (İstanbul 1926), Zeyno’nun Oğlu (İstanbul 1928). 3. Şahsiyetleri, içinde bulundukları geniş toplumla birlikte ele alan cemiyet romanları: Sinekli Bakkal (İstanbul 1935), Yolpalas Cinayeti (İstanbul 1937), Tatarcık (İstanbul 1939), Sonsuz Panayır (İstanbul 1946), Döner Ayna (İstanbul 1954), Akile Hanım Sokağı (1958), Hayat Parçaları (İstanbul 1963), Sevda Sokağı Komedyası (1972), Çaresâz (1972), Kerim Usta’nın Oğlu (1974).
Kitaplarına girmemiş hikâye ve denemeleri Kubbede Kalan Hoş Sada (1974) adlı kitapta derlenen Halide Edip’in son romanları şöhreti ile bağdaşamayacak kadar zayıf olup bunlarda bir bıkkınlık ve acelecilik görülür. Yazarın Kenan Çobanları (İstanbul 1334) ve madde ile ruhun karşılaştırıldığı Maske ve Ruh (İstanbul 1937) adlı iki de tiyatro eseri vardır. Ayrıca Henri Masse’ın Islam adlı Fransızca eserini İngilizce’ye çevirmiş (1938), Shakespeare’den Hamlet (Vahit Turan ile İstanbul 1941), Nasıl Hoşunuza Giderse (1943), Corialanus (1945), Antonius ve Kleopatra (Mina Urgan’la, İstanbul 1949); George Orwell’den Hayvan Çiftliği (İstanbul 1954), Walpole’den Gizli Belde (İstanbul 1928) ve Gibb’den de Osmanlı Şiiri Tarihi I (1943) adlı tercümeleri yapmıştır.
Türkiye ile ilgilenen yabancıların başvurduğu birinci derecede eserler olan Memoirs ’i (1926) Mor Salkımlı Ev (İstanbul 1963), The Turkish Ordeal ’ı da (1928) Türkün Ateşle İmtihanı (İstanbul 1962) adıyla Türkçe olarak; Amerika’daki konferanslarını Turkey Faces West (1930), Hindistan’daki konferanslarını da Conflict of East and West in Turkey (1935) adıyla yayımladı. Büyük ölçüde yabancı ülkelerde verdiği konferanslarından faydalanarak Türkiye’de Şark, Garp ve Amerikan Tesirleri (1955) adlı eseri kaleme almış, Hindistan intibalarını ise Inside India (1938) adıyla yayımlamıştır. Halide Edip’in inceleme mahsulü diğer bir çalışması da üç ciltlik İngiliz Edebiyatı Tarihi ’dir (İstanbul 1940, 1943, 1949).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Baha Dürder, Halide Edip: Hayatı ve Sanatı , İstanbul 1940.
H. Uğural Barlas, Halide Edip Adıvar , İstanbul 1963.
Hilmi Yücebaş, Bütün Cepheleriyle Halide Edip , İstanbul 1964.
Muzaffer Uyguner, Halide Edip , İstanbul 1968.
Cevdet Kudret, Türk Edebiyatında Hikâye ve Roman , Ankara 1969, II, 62-91.
Aytekin Yakar, Türk Romanında Millî Mücadele , Ankara 1973.
Nazan Güntürkün, Halide Edip ile Adım Adım , İstanbul 1974.
A. Hamdi Tanpınar, Edebiyat Üzerine Makaleler , İstanbul 1977, s. 120.
İnci Enginün, Halide Edip Adıvar’ın Eserlerinde Doğu-Batı Meselesi , İstanbul 1978.
a.mlf., Yeni Türk Edebiyatı Araştırmaları , İstanbul 1983, s. 96-107.
a.mlf., Halide Edip Adıvar , İstanbul 1986.
a.mlf., “Adıvar, Halide Edip”, TDEA , I, 36-38.
Fethi Naci, Türkiye’de Roman ve Toplumsal Değişme , İstanbul 1981, s. 96-99.
Berna Moran, Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış , İstanbul 1983, s. 129-150.
Mehmet Kaplan, Türk Edebiyatı Üzerinde Araştırmalar , İstanbul 1987, II, 56.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 376-377 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.