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AF Skip to content Bağışlama ve sorumluluktan kurtarma anlamında ahlâk ve fıkıh alanlarında kullanılan bir terim.
1/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA ÇAĞRICI Bölüme Git
AHLÂK. Sözlükte “yok etmek, silip süpürmek; fazlalık, artık” gibi mânalara gelen afv, bir ahlâk ve hukuk terimi olarak genellikle, “kötülük ve haksızl…
2/2 Müellif: FAHRETTİN ATAR Bölüme Git
FIKIH. İslâm hukukunda af, sanık hakkındaki hukukî takibattan vazgeçme veya mahkûmun cezasının bir kısmını yahut tamamını bağışlama anlamında kullanıl…
AHLÂK. Sözlükte “yok etmek, silip süpürmek; fazlalık, artık” gibi mânalara gelen afv , bir ahlâk ve hukuk terimi olarak genellikle, “kötülük ve haksızlık edeni, suç veya günah işleyeni bağışlama, cezalandırmaktan vazgeçme” anlamlarında kullanılmaktadır (bk. Râgıb el-İsfahânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 344; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿafv” md.). Afv kelimesi Kur’an’da, birinde “fazlalık”, diğerinde “bağışlama” mânasında olmak üzere iki âyette geçmektedir (bk. el-Bakara 2/219; el-A‘râf 7/199). Bunlardan Bakara sûresindeki âyette “Sana hayır yolunda ne harcayacaklarını da sorarlar. Fazlasını (harcayınız), de!” buyurulmuştur. Fıkıh kitaplarında bu âyetteki mânası dikkate alınarak “afv” kelimesi “malın nisaptan fazla olan kısmı” anlamında terim olarak da kullanılmıştır (bk. NİSAB ; ZEKÂT ). Afv, ayrıca beş âyette Allah’ın sıfatı olan afüv , bir âyette insanların sıfatı olarak âfîn şeklinde, yirmi yedi âyette de çeşitli fiil kalıplarında kullanılmıştır. Aynı kullanış tarzları hadislerde de görülür.
Akıl ve teennî den çok duygularının etkileriyle davranma eğiliminde olan Câhiliye toplumunda kötülüğü kötülükle karşılamak genel bir uygulama idi. Bunun aksine davranış, çoğunlukla zayıflık ve acz işareti sayıldığından insanlar aftan ziyade cezalandırma yolunu seçerlerdi. Buna karşılık Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Allah’ın affediciliği ve mağfireti çeşitli vesilelerle ifade edilerek affın ilâhî bir sıfat ve yüksek bir ahlâkî meziyet olduğu kesin olarak ortaya konmuştur. Yine Kur’an’a göre bir kötülüğün karşılığı ona denk bir cezadır ve bu adaletin gereğidir. Hiçbir suçlu, birine vermiş olduğu zarardan veya suçunun karşılığı olarak kanunda gösterilen cezadan fazlasıyla cezalandırılamaz. Çünkü bu zulümdür. Buna karşılık haksızlığa uğrayan taraf suçluyu bağışladığı takdirde, “onu mükâfatlandırmak Allah’a düşer” (eş-Şûrâ 42/40). Zira bağışlayan kişi adaletin yerine getirilmesinden gönüllü olarak vazgeçmiş ve affetmekle bir ihsanda bulunmuştur. Affetmek, İslâm’da bütün faziletlerin temelini teşkil eden takvâya en yakın meziyettir (bk. el-Bakara 2/237). Bu sebeple Kur’an’da müslümanlar bu fazilete çağrılırken, “Onlar affetsinler, hoş görsünler. Allah’ın sizleri bağışlamasını istemez misiniz?” (en-Nûr 24/22) buyurulmaktadır.
Belli başlı hadis kitaplarında af konusuna özel bölümler (bablar) ayrılmış ve bu bölümlerde Hz. Peygamber’in affediciliği, müslümanların birbirlerinin hatalarına, özellikle kadınlara, çocuklara, yetimlere karşı affedici ve müsamahakâr olmaları, devlet adamlarının affa önem vermeleri, müşriklerin, müslümanlara kötülük edenlerin ve zimmî lerin affedilip edilemeyeceği gibi konulara dair pek çok hadis zikredilmiştir. Ayrıca en eski dönemlerden itibaren özellikle edep ve mev‘iza türünde yazılmış ahlâk kitaplarında af konusuna da yer verilerek ilgili âyet ve hadisler kaydedilmiş, selef âlimlerinin, sûfîlerin, hatta bazı kitaplarda Pisagor, Sokrat, Eflâtun, Aristo, Enûşirvân gibi eski filozof ve hakîmlerin af konusundaki hikmetli sözlerinden nakiller yapılmıştır.
İslâm ahlâkçıları affetmeyi müslümanlar arasında riayet edilmesi gereken bir din kardeşliği görevi ve hakkı olarak düşünmüşlerdir. Nitekim din kardeşliği haklarının sıralandığı eserlerde yer alan konular arasında çoğunlukla “af ve öfkeye hâkim olma” veya “af ve hoş görme (safh)” gibi başlıklar da bulunur. Bu münasebetle üzerinde durulan en önemli tartışma konusu, hangi suçların affedilebileceği veya edilemeyeceği meselesidir. Bir kişiye karşı kötülük ve haksızlık yapan kimsenin haksızlığa uğrayan tarafından affedilebileceği, üstelik bunun bir fazilet olduğu hususunda bütün ahlâkçılar görüş birliğine varmışlardır. Bir suçlunun, haksızlığa uğrayan taraf rıza göstermedikçe, başka herhangi bir kişi veya kuruluşça affedilemeyeceği de yine ittifakla benimsenmiştir. Dinî vecîbelerini ihmal etmek veya dinî yasakları çiğnemek suretiyle kötülük yapmakta olan bir müslümanın öteki müslümanlarca af ve müsamaha ile karşılanıp karşılanamayacağı hususu tartışmalıdır. Gazzâlî’nin belirttiğine göre, Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî’nin öncülüğünü ettiği bir topluluk, bu nevi kötülüklerde ısrar edenlerle dostluk ve arkadaşlık ilişkilerinin kesilmesi gerektiğini savunurken, Ebü’d-Derdâ, Hakîm et-Tirmizî gibi sûfîlerin oluşturduğu ve Gazzâlî’nin de iştirak ettiği diğer bir grup ise af ve müsamahadan yana olmuştur. Onlara göre Kur’an’da da kötü kişilerden değil, onların işledikleri fenalıklardan uzak durmak gerektiğine işaret edilmektedir (bk. Yûnus 10/41; Hûd 11/35).
İslâm ahlâkçıları affın sağlayacağı faydalar üzerinde de durmuşlardır. Esasen Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de affın teşekkür ve minnet duygularını harekete geçireceğine işaret edilmiş (bk. el-Bakara 2/52), Hz. Peygamber de “Allah, muhakkak surette kötülüğü affeden kişiyi aziz kılar” (Müsned , II, 235, 238) buyurmuştur. Buradaki aziz kelimesinin Arapça’da hem “şerefli”, hem de “güçlü” anlamına geldiği göz önüne alınırsa bu hadiste affın faydasının oldukça geniş tutulduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Râgıb el-İsfahânî affın sağladığı mutluluğa cezalandırma yoluyla ulaşılamayacağını, bu faziletin insana toplum içinde itibar kazandıracağını belirterek, özellikle cezalandırma gücü ve imkânı bulunanların buna rağmen affı tercih etmelerini saygıdeğer bir davranış olarak nitelemektedir. Bu bakımdan affın tebliğ ve eğitim metodu olarak da önemi büyüktür. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de affın ıslah edici yönüne de işaret edilmiş (bk. eş-Şûrâ 42/40), Hz. Muhammed’in tebliğdeki başarısı, onun davranışlarındaki inceliğe, yumuşak kalpli olmasına bağlanmış ve kendisine bağışlayıcı olması öğütlenmiştir (bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/159). Bu sebeple bütün İslâm eğitimcileri af ve müsamahayı eğitimin vazgeçilmez metotları arasında göstermişlerdir.
Af ile ilgili diğer bir tartışma konusu da özellikle kelâm kitaplarında yer alan Allah’ın affının sınırlı olup olmadığı ve bu affın adalet ilkesiyle alâkası meselesidir. Selef âlimleriyle daha sonraki bütün Ehl-i sünnet mensupları, hem aklî hem de naklî deliller göstererek, Allah’ın şirk ve küfür dışındaki bütün günahları dilerse bağışlayacağını kabul etmişlerdir. Şöyle ki: Bâkıllânî’nin de belirttiği gibi (bk. et-Temhîd , s. 351-353) insan aklı ve tecrübesi affetmenin yüksek bir meziyet olduğunu ve bunun adalet ilkesiyle çelişmediğini göstermektedir. Nitekim müslüman olsun olmasın, bütün insanlar, cezalandırma hak ve yetkisine sahip olduğu halde, cezalandırmak yerine af yolunu tercih eden kişiyi adaletsizlikle suçlamak şöyle dursun, onun bu hareketini takdirle karşılarlar. Öte yandan, Allah insanlara affetmeyi ve müsamahakâr olmayı öğütlemiştir. Bu durumda, insanlar için yüksek bir erdem olan affetmeyi, bütün kemal sıfatlarıyla en yüksek derecede muttasıf olan Allah için imkânsız görmek aklî bakımdan izah edilemez. Şu halde Allah, bağışlamayacağını bildirdiği küfür ve şirk dışındaki bütün günahları dilerse affeder. Ayrıca Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve hadislerde de bunu teyit eden naklî deliller mevcuttur (bk. en-Nisâ 4/48; ez-Zümer 39/53). Buna karşılık Mu‘tezile âlimleri, bu görüşü reddederek tövbe etmeden veya kötülüğünü bağışlatacak değerde daha önemli iyilikleri olmadan büyük günah işleyen birini affetmenin yanlış, çirkin, hikmet ve adalete aykırı olduğunu, dolayısıyla Allah için bu anlamda bir affın düşünülemeyeceğini, daha kesin bir ifade ile, Allah için böyle bir affın câiz olmadığını savunmuşlar, bunu âyetlerle de (bk. en-Nisâ 4/93; Yûnus 10/27) ispatlamaya çalışmışlardır. Esasen bu tartışmanın bir yönü, iki mezhep arasındaki imanla ilgili görüş ayrılığına dayanmaktadır. Nitekim Ehl-i sünnet, iman alanı ile amel alanını ayırdığı ve iman ilkelerini benimsemesi şartıyla amelî alanda büyük günah işleyenleri de mümin saydığı, dolayısıyla bunların ilâhî affa mazhar olabileceklerini kabul ettiği halde, Mu‘tezile bunu reddetmiş, inkâr ve şirkten uzak olsa bile, diğer büyük günahları işleyenin de tövbe etmeden öldüğü takdirde imandan çıkacağını ileri sürmüş, fâsık diye adlandırdığı bu kimseleri af kapsamının dışında tutmuştur. Ancak, Mu‘tezile’nin müteahhir âlimlerinden Kādî Abdülcebbâr, af konusunda mezhebin Bağdat ve Basra kollarının telakkilerini özetledikten sonra, Allah’ın fâsıkı affetmesinin aklen mümkün olmadığı şeklindeki klasik görüşe katılmadığını belirtmiştir (bk. Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 678). Ona göre bu, aklî bir zorunluluk değildir. Allah büyük günah işleyeni, imkânsız olduğu için değil, cezalandıracağını bildirdiği (vaîd) için bağışlamayacaktır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 235, 238.
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ṣadaḳa”, 12.
Tirmizî, “Birr”, 88.
Bâkıllânî, et-Temhîd (McCarthy) , s. 351-364.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 642-646, 657, 664, 678.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ (Beyrut) , II, 184-186.
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa (nşr. Ebü’l-Yezîd el-Acemî), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 343-344.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿafv” md.
Ebû Saîd el-Hâdimî, el-Berîkatü’l-Maḥmûdiyye fî Şerḥi Ṭarîḳati’l-Muḥammediyye , İstanbul 1318, II, 328-331.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ʿafv” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿafv” md.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 394-395 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FIKIH. İslâm hukukunda af, sanık hakkındaki hukukî takibattan vazgeçme veya mahkûmun cezasının bir kısmını yahut tamamını bağışlama anlamında kullanılır. İslâm dininde cezaların konmasında asıl hedef suçların önlenmesi ve dolayısıyla cemiyet düzeninin korunarak insan hak ve hürriyetlerinin teminat altına alınmasıdır. Bu sebeple insanların huzurunu ciddi şekilde bozan suçlar için, suçun mahiyetine göre, Kur’an ve Sünnet’te çeşitli cezalar takdir edilmiş, suçların işlenmesi ve yaygınlık kazanmasına müsamaha gösterilmemiştir. Buna karşılık, İslâm ceza hukukunda suçların teşekkül ve ispatı hususunda konan şartlar cezanın uygulama alanını daraltmış, suçun meydana gelişinde ve ispatlanmasında kesinliği gölgeleyen her şüphe suçlunun lehine kullanılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, bazı durumlarda suçlunun affı mümkün kılınmış ve genel bir esas olarak, afta hata etmenin cezalandırmada hata etmekten daha hayırlı olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber bir hadisinde şöyle buyurur: “Elinizden geldiği kadar müslümanların cezalarını kaldırmaya çalışın. Onun için bir çıkış yolu varsa bırakın gitsin. Devlet başkanının afta hata etmesi cezalandırmada hata etmesinden hayırlıdır” (Müsned , V, 160).
İslâm ceza hukukunda, kısas ve ta‘zîr cezalarının affı genel olarak kabul edilmiştir. Buna karşılık had cezalarında, bazı istisnalar dışında af mümkün değildir. Diğer taraftan İslâm’da suçluların affı daha çok mağdur ile suçlu arasındaki bir mesele olarak kabul edilmiş ve affı yasama organının yetkisine bırakan beşerî hukuk sistemlerinin aksine, af yetkisi hakkı çiğnenen mağdurun kendisine verilmiştir.
Had Cezalarında Af. Mahkeme kararıyla kesinleşmiş had cezalarında prensip olarak devletin hiçbir af yetkisi yoktur. Ancak suç unsurları ve ispat şartlarında eksiklik olması halinde cezanın düşmesi söz konusu olduğu gibi, bazı durumlarda suçlunun bağışlanması da kabul edilmiştir. Mağdur tarafından dava açılmasına bağlı olmayan had cezalarında af hiçbir şekilde mümkün değildir. Dava açılmasına ihtiyaç gösteren hadlerde -ki bunlar kazf ve hırsızlık suçlarına uygulanan hadlerdir- af söz konusu olabilir. Bu iki suçta, dava açılmadan önce veya sonra, henüz hüküm kesinleşmeden mağdurun suçluyu affetmesi cezayı düşürür. Bu hususta fıkıh âlimleri görüş birliğine varmışlardır. Hz. Peygamber bir hadisinde, mahkemeye intikal ettirilmeden önce had davalarında affın mümkün olabileceğini, ancak mahkemede dava açıldıktan sonra affın söz konusu edilemiyeceğini belirtmiştir (bk. Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḥudûd”, 6). Ancak bu af sadece kul hakkını düşürür, cezayı tamamiyle ortadan kaldırmaz. Devlet, suçlunun da durumunu göz önüne alarak ta‘zîr cezası verebilir. Hüküm kesinleştikten sonra hırsızlık suçunun affı hiçbir şekilde mümkün değildir. Kazf suçunda ise hüküm kesinleştikten sonra, İmam Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre, mağdurun affı cezayı düşürür. Çünkü onlara göre kazf haddi tamamen kul hakkıdır veya bunda kul hakkı ağırlıktadır. Kazf haddinin tamamen Allah hakkı olduğu, kul hakkının ise dava açmaktan ibaret bulunduğunu kabul eden İmam Mâlik, Ebû Hanîfe ve diğer birçok âlime göre ise hüküm kesinleştikten sonra af câiz değildir.
Kısas Cezalarında Af. İslâm ceza hukukunda af, kul hakkının hâkim olduğu kısas cezasını düşüren sebeplerden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Suçlunun mağdurun bizzat kendisi veya veli si tarafından affedilmesi Kur’an ve Sünnet’te teşvik edilmiştir (bk. el-Bakara 2/178; el-Mâide 5/45; eş-Şûrâ 42/40; Müsned , II, 386; III, 213, 258; Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 3). Öldürme ve yaralama suçlarında uygulanan kısas cezalarında af, kul hakkı olan kısası düşürmekle birlikte devlet gerekirse suçluya ta‘zîr cezası verebilir. İmam Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre, kasten öldürme ve yaralama suçlarında af hem karşılıksız, hem de diyet karşılığında olabilir. Zira bunlara göre söz konusu suçlarda mağdur, suçlunun rızasını almadan kısas ve diyet cezalarından herhangi birinin uygulanmasını hâkimden isteyebilir. Bu suçlarda asıl cezanın kısas olduğunu, diyete hükmedilmesinin suçlunun rızasına bağlı bulunduğunu kabul eden Ebû Hanîfe ve İmam Mâlik’e göre ise af ancak karşılıksız olabilir. Diyet karşılığında kısastan vazgeçilmesi suçlunun rızasına bağlı olduğundan buna af değil, sulh denir.
Affa mağdurun bizzat kendisi yetkili olup onun ölümü halinde, kısas hakkına sahip olan velîleri bu yetkiyi kullanabilirler. Bunlar da Ebû Hanîfe, Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre, erkek ve kadın bütün mirasçılardır. İmam Mâlik’e göre ise bu hususta yetkili asabe mirasçılar olup bunlar arasında da bir öncelik sıralaması söz konusudur. Bütün fukahaya göre affeden kimsenin âkıl ve bâliğ olması şarttır. Kısas konusunda hak sahibinin çocuk olması halinde, İmam Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre, çocuk aleyhine bir tasarruf sayılacağı için velînin karşılıksız afta bulunma yetkisi yoktur. Affın ancak karşılıksız söz konusu olabileceğini kabul eden İmam Mâlik ve Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre de çocuğun hakkını iskat (düşürme) sayılacağından, velî asla affa yetkili değildir. Ancak, velî veya vasî kısası mal karşılığında affedebilirler ki bu da af değil sulhtür. Bu hususta fukaha arasındaki ihtilâf özde olmayıp şekildedir. Hak sahibi olanlardan bazıları affedip diğerleri affetmezse, Ebû Hanîfe, Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre af geçerli olup affetmeyenlere diyetten hisseleri ödenir. İmam Mâlik ise bu konuda affedenin erkek olmasını ve ölüye yakınlığını esas almış, ancak erkek asabenin aynı derecede bulunmaları halinde birisinin affını yeterli saymıştır. Ortak işlenen suçlarda suçluların bir kısmı affedilip diğerlerine kısas uygulanabileceği gibi, yaralanan bir kimsenin ölümden önce yaptığı af da fıkıh âlimleri tarafından geçerli kabul edilmiştir.
Ta‘zîr Cezalarında Af. İslâm hukukçuları bazı hadislere dayanarak ta‘zîr cezalarında affın câiz olduğunu kabul etmişlerdir. Devlet, kul hakkının bulunmadığı, yalnız kamu hakkının çiğnendiği suçlarda, suçlunun ve cemiyetin maslahat ı söz konusu ise, ta‘zîr cezasını affa yetkili sayılmıştır. Kul hakkının ihlâl edildiği durumlarda ise devletin af yetkisi olmayıp mağdur şahıs dilerse suçluyu affedebilir. Ancak fert ve kamu haklarının birleştiği ta‘zîr cezalarında bir tarafın affı diğer tarafın hakkını düşürmez.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Yûsuf, el-Ḫarâc , s. 164, 165.
Müsned , II, 386; III, 213, 258; V, 160.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḥudûd”, 6, “Diyât”, 3.
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , Kahire 1909, s. 200, 201, 207.
Ebû Ya‘lâ, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , s. 270, 272, 281-282.
Şîrâzî, el-Müheẕẕeb , II, 188.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XXVI, 154.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , VII, 246-249.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , VII, 7 vd.
M. Ebû Zehre, el-ʿUḳūbe , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-fikri’l-Arabî), s. 315-320.
Abdülkādir Ûdeh, et-Teşrîʿu’l-cinâʾiyyü’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1959, I, 81, 217, 256-258, 775-777; II, 157-159, 258-259.
Abdülazîz Âmir, et-Taʿzîr fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1389/1969, s. 500, 510-515.
Ö. Nasuhi Bilmen, Hukuk-ı İslâmiyye Kamusu , İstanbul 1970, III, 100-101, 103, 104.
Cevat Akşit, İslâm Ceza Hukuku , İstanbul 1976, s. 55 vd.
Ali Şafak, Mezheplerarası Mukayeseli İslâm Ceza Hukuku , Erzurum 1977, s. 80 vd.
Fahreddin Atar, İslâm Adliye Teşkilâtı , Ankara 1979, s. 188.
Hayreddin Karaman, Mukayeseli İslâm Hukuku , İstanbul 1982, I, 114-155.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 395-396 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.