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AHİD Skip to content Çeşitli ilimlerde farklı anlamlarda kullanılan bir terim.
1/5 Müellif: ABDURRAHMAN KÜÇÜK Bölüme Git
Ahd, masdar olarak, “bir şeyin yerine getirilmesini emretmek, tâlimat vermek; söz vermek” mânalarına geldiği gibi, isim olarak, “emir, tâlimat, taahhü…
2/5 Müellif: SÜLEYMAN ULUDAĞ Bölüme Git
TASAVVUF. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, Allah Teâlâ’nın Hz. Âdem’e, Mûsâ’ya, İbrâhim ve İsmâil’e ahid verdiği ifade edilir (bk. el-Bakara 2/125; el-A‘râf 7/134; …
3/5 Müellif: METİN YURDAGÜR Bölüme Git
AHLÂK. İslâm ahlâkında ahid ve va‘d terimleri genellikle eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmıştır. Ancak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de va‘d ve bundan türetilmiş olan keli…
4/5 Bölüme Git
FIKIH. Ahid, fıkıh terimi olarak daha çok “taahhüt” ve “anlaşma” mânalarında akid kelimesiyle eş anlamlı olarak geçmektedir. Bununla birlikte akid gen…
5/5 Bölüme Git
İSLÂM TARİHİ. Hz. Peygamber, halife ve hükümdarlarla diğer üst seviyedeki yetkililerin emriyle, devletin çeşitli kademelerindeki yönetici ve memurlarl…
Ahd , masdar olarak, “bir şeyin yerine getirilmesini emretmek, tâlimat vermek; söz vermek” mânalarına geldiği gibi, isim olarak, “emir, tâlimat, taahhüt, antlaşma, yükümlülük, itimat veren söz” anlamlarına da gelir. Ahidde hem yemin, hem de kesin söz verme anlamı vardır. Yemin ahdin dinî ve kutsî yönünü, söz verme de ahlâkî yönünü teşkil eder. İttifak hükümlerini (Tanrı ile İsrâiloğulları arasında yapılan ahdin hükümleri) ihtiva ettiği için, yahudi ve hıristiyan kutsal kitaplarına Ahd-i Atîk ve Ahd-i Cedîd denilmiş, İslâm devletinin hâkimiyeti altında yaşamak üzere kendileriyle anlaşma yapılan gayri müslimler için ehlü’z-zimme yerine ehlü’l-ahd tabiri kullanılmıştır.
DİNLER TARİHİ. Ahd-i Atîk’in İbrânîce’sinde berit , Yunanca tercümesinde diatheke olarak kullanılan ahid “ittifak, anlaşma ve sözleşme” anlamlarına gelmektedir ve Ahd-i Atîk’te Allah ile İsrâiloğulları arasındaki anlaşmayı ifade etmektedir. Allah, çeşitli dönemlerde insanlarla ahid yapmıştır. Hz. Nûh ile ona iman edenlerin kurtuluşu ve tûfan ın bir daha vuku bulmaması için ahid yapılmış, buluta konan yay (gök kuşağı) bu ahdin alâmeti sayılmıştır (bk. Tekvîn, 6/18, 9/12, 15, 16). Hz. İbrâhim ve soyundan gelenlerle de bir ahid yapılmış olup sünnet olmanın alâmet kabul edildiği (bk. Resullerin İşleri, 7/8) bu ahde göre, Ken‘ân diyarı onlara miras olarak verilecektir (bk. Tekvîn, 13/15, 17, 15/18, 17/2-8). İsrâiloğulları ile Sînâ’da, Horeb’de bir ahid yapılmıştır (bk. Tesniye, 5/2, 29/1). Hz. Mûsâ’nın Allah ile İsrâiloğulları arasında aracı olduğu bu ahde göre, İsrâiloğulları Allah’ın sözünü dinleyip yapılan ahde sadık kaldıkları takdirde, bütün kavimlerden daha üstün, “Allah’ın kâhinler melekûtu ve mukaddes milleti” olacaklardır (bk. Çıkış, 19/5-6). Ahdin şartı olarak onlardan on emir e uymaları istenmiştir (bk. Tesniye, 4/13). Ahdin sembolü sebt (cumartesi) günü ve ona riayettir (bk. Çıkış, 31/16-17). Ahdin gerçekleşmesi için birtakım takdimeler, merasimler ve usuller konulmuştur (bk. Çıkış, 19/24). Ahid daha sonraki nesille Moab ovasında yenilenmiştir (bk. Tesniye, 29/1). Levililer’le (bk. Sayılar, 18/1-19; Malaki, 4/8) ve Dâvûd ile de ahid yapılarak onun zürriyetine ebedî taht vaad edilmiştir (bk. Mezmurlar, 89/20-30; İkinci Samuel, 7/1-29; Birinci Târihler, 17/1-27). Yahudiler, Allah ile kendi aralarında kurulan bu ahde çoğu zaman riayet etmemişler (bk. Tesniye, 29/25; Birinci Krallar, 19/10; İkinci Târihler, 12/1; Yeremya, 22/9; Daniel, 2/30) ve bu yüzden cezalandırılmışlardır (bk. Tesniye, 17/2; Yeşû, 7/11, 23/16; Hâkimler, 2/20; İkinci Krallar, 18/9-12; Mezmurlar, 132/12). Tanrı, günah işleyerek ve verdikleri sözü tutmayarak ahdi bozan yahudileri (bk. Yeremya, 31/32) önceleri himaye etmemiş (bk. Yeremya, 32/37), fakat daha sonra onlara acımış ve kendileriyle yeni bir ahid yapmıştır (bk. Yeremya, 31/31-34, 32/37-41). Bu ahde göre Tanrı, şeriatını onların içine koyup yürekleri üzerine onu yazacak, kendisi onlara “Allah”, onlar da ona “kavim” olacaklar ve böylece günahları bağışlanacaktır (bk. Yeremya, 31/34).
Ahd-i Cedîd’de ise bu kelime farklı bir mâna kazanmıştır. Buna göre, Îsâ’nın şahsında Tanrı insanlıkla yeni bir ahid yapmıştır. Bu yeni ahid, Sînâ ahdini yürürlükten kaldırmış, fakat insanlığın kurtuluşu için yapılan vaadleri tamamlamıştır (bk. J. Haspecker, EF , I, 44). Son akşam yemeğinde Hz. Îsâ, kendi eti ve kanını yeni ahdin sembolü olarak göstermiştir (bk. Matta, 26/28; Luka, 22/20). Sînâ ahdi ile yeni ahid arasındaki farklar Pavlus (St. Paul) tarafından ortaya konmuştur (bk. Korintoslular’a İkinci Mektup, 3/6-18). Eski ahid sadece İsrâiloğulları’na has iken yeni ahid bunu diğerlerine de teşmil etmiştir (bk. Matta, 28/19-20). Yahudi kutsal kitaplarına Ahd-i Atîk, Îsâ’dan sonrakilere de Ahd-i Cedîd denilmesi hıristiyanlara göredir ve yukarıdaki telakkiye dayanmaktadır.
İslâmiyet’e göre Allah, emirleri yoluyla ve peygamberleri vasıtasıyla insanlardan ahid almıştır. Yahudi ve hıristiyanlardan alınan ahid de bunlar arasındadır. Allah, İsrâiloğulları’ndan, namaz kılıp zekât vereceklerine, peygamberlerine inanıp onları destekleyeceklerine ve Allah’a güzel takdimelerde bulunacaklarına (faizsiz borç vereceklerine; bk. el-Mâide 5/12), Allah’tan başkasına tapmayacaklarına, anaya babaya, yakınlara, yetimlere, düşkünlere iyilik edeceklerine (bk. el-Bakara 2/83), birbirlerinin kanlarını dökmeyeceklerine, birbirlerini yurtlarından çıkarmayacaklarına (bk. el-Bakara 2/84-85) dair söz almıştır. Fakat onlar, Allah’a verdikleri sözü yerine getirmemiş, ahidlerini bozmuş ve bunu alışkanlık haline getirmişlerdir (bk. el-Bakara 2/100; el-Mâide 5/13). Mûsâ’ya karşı geldikleri için üzerlerine azap çökünce bunun kaldırılmasını istemişler, Mûsâ da onlara, Allah’a verdikleri sözü hatırlatmıştır (bk. Tâhâ 20/86). Çünkü yahudiler ne zaman Allah’a söz vermişlerse, içlerinden çoğu bu ahdi bozmuştur (bk. el-Bakara 2/100). Allah, hıristiyanlardan da ahidler almış, fakat onlar sözlerinin bir kısmını unutmuşlardır (bk. el-Mâide 5/14). Bütün önceki ümmetlerden ahid alınmış olmasına rağmen, Hz. Muhammed’den ümmeti adına bir ahid alınmamıştır. Ancak Peygamber’e baş eğip tâbi olanlar övülmüş, sözünden dönenlerse yerilmiştir (bk. el-Feth 48/10).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ʿahd” md.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 446-448.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿahd” md.
G. E. Mendenhall, “Covenant”, IDB , I, 714-723.
J. Haspecker, “Alliance”, EF , I, 38-45.
J. Schacht, “ʿAhd”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 263.
Frederick C. Grant, “Covenant”, EAm. , VIII, 129.
DCR , s. 214.
T. K. T., “Covenant”, EBr. , VI, 675-676.
W. Adams Brown, “Covenant Theology”, ERE , IV, 216-224.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 532-533 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TASAVVUF. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, Allah Teâlâ’nın Hz. Âdem’e, Mûsâ’ya, İbrâhim ve İsmâil’e ahid verdiği ifade edilir (bk. el-Bakara 2/125; el-A‘râf 7/134; Tâhâ 20/115). Bu ahid, genellikle emir veya tâlimat verme şeklinde açıklanmıştır. Yine Kur’an’da Allah’la kulları arasındaki bir ahidleşmeden de bahsedilmiş (bk. Yâsîn 36/60) ve Allah adına verilen ahdin bozulmaması istenmiştir (bk. en-Nahl 16/91). Allah’la yaptıkları muahedeye sadık kalanlara büyük mükâfat vaad edilmiş (bk. el-Feth 48/10), ahdini yerine getirmeyenler bozguncu olarak nitelendirilmiş (bk. el-Bakara 2/27) ve Allah’a karşı ahidlerini hiçe sayanların âhirette hiçbir nasip alamayacakları haber verilmiştir (bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/77). “Siz bana verdiğiniz ahde sadık kalın ki ben de size verdiğim ahdi ifa edeyim” (el-Bakara 2/40) meâlindeki âyet değişik şekillerde tefsir edilmiştir. Bir yoruma göre âyette geçen birinci ahid, Allah’ın kullarına olan emir, yasak ve tavsiyeleri, ikinci ahid ise Allah’ın kullarına vaad ettiği af ve mükâfatıdır. Diğer bir görüşe göre birinci ahid Allah’ın ahdi, yani kulları üzerindeki hakkı, ikinci ahid de kulların rableri üzerindeki haklarıdır. Bir hadise göre Allah’ın kul üzerindeki hakkı, kulun şirk koşmaksızın kendisine ibadet etmesi, kulun Allah üzerindeki hakkı ise azap görmeden cennete girmesidir (bk. Buhârî, “Libâs”, 101; Müslim, “Îmân”, 48). Semavî dinler Allah’la kulları arasında var olduğuna inanılan bir ahidleşmeye dayanır. Hz. Peygamber dua ederken, “Allahım! Gücüm yettiği kadar ahdine ve vaadine sadakat gösteriyorum” (Buhârî, “Daʿavât”, 16; Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 15) der ve kendini O’na karşı daima sorumlu hissederdi.
Sûfîler, bezm-i elest te Allah’ın rab olduğunu ikrar etmeyi ahid, bu taahhüde bağlı kalmayı da ahde vefa kabul etmişlerdir (bk. el-A‘râf 7/172). Avam bu taahhüdü ibâdet , havas ubûdiyyet , havâssü’l-havâs ubûdet şeklinde ifa eder. İnsanın korktuğundan emin, umduğuna nâil olması için Allah’a tapması ibâdet; korku, ümit ve karşılık söz konusu olmaksızın emre sırf emir olduğu için uyması ubûdiyyet (kulluk); buna kendi kuvvetini ve iradesini de katması ubûdettir (has kulluk). Bezm-i elestte verilen ikrar ve ahid bu üç tarzda ifa edilmiş olur (bk. Kâşânî, s. 52; Baklî, s. 43, 73). İnsanın âciz bir kul olduğunun şuuruna vararak kendisindeki bütün amel ve hârikulâde hallerin Allah’a ait olduğunu bilmesine, “tasarruf ahdini koruma esasına bağlı kalma” denilmektedir. Bu, fail olarak sadece Allah’ı görme makamıdır.
Sûfîler, ilâhî ve beşerî ahidlere sadakati tasavvufun esası olarak görmüşlerdir. Hatta Bündâr b. Hüseyin’e göre, tasavvuf ahde vefadan ibarettir. Onlar, insanın, “Allah için şunu yapacağım” diye zihninden geçireceği bir fikrin bile bağlı kalınması gereken bir ahid olduğu görüşündedirler. Zihinden geçen şeylere akid , dille ifade edilenlere ahid denir; her ikisini de ahid bilip bağlı kalmak gerekir. Şeriat nasıl din ise ahde vefa da dindir. Allah’ın ahdine bağlılık göstermeyenler şeriatın âdâbına da riayet etmezler.
Müridlerin tarikata girerken şeyhlere verdikleri söze de ahid denir. Bu ahidde, Allah’a ve resulüne verilen ahde bağlı kalmanın lüzumu üzerinde durulur. Zira müridi yüksek mertebelere ulaştıracak olan bu bağlılıktır. Mürid şeyhe verdiği ahde, sıkıntılı ve rahatlık zamanlarında aynı derecede sadakatle bağlı kalıp asla ahdi bozmaz, biatta sebat gösterir. Müride merasimle giydirilen hırka, onun verdiği ahde vefa göstereceğinin sembolü olarak kabul edilir. Şeyhe verilen ahid, müridin ona karşı samimi ve dürüst davranacağını, hiçbir emir ve tavsiyesine muhalefet etmeyeceğini ve hiçbir sırrını şeyhinden saklamayacağını taahhüt etmesi mânasına gelir.
Şa‘rânî, ahid ve mîsâkı el-Baḥrü’l-mevrûd fi’l-mevâs̱îḳ ve’l-ʿuhûd ve Levâḳıḥu’l-envâr fî ṭabaḳāti’l-aḫyâr adlı eserlerinde geniş olarak ele alır. Bazı tarikat mensupları dinî ve ahlâkî esasları tâlimatnâme haline getirerek âyinlerde okurlar ve bunlara ahidnâme adı verirler (bir ahidnâme örneği için bk. Ahmed Rifat, s. 302).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Buhârî, “Libâs”, 101, “Daʿavât”, 16.
Müslim, “Îmân”, 48.
Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 15.
Serrâc, el-Lümaʿ (nşr. Abdülhalîm Mahmûd – Tâhâ Abdülkādir Server), Kahire 1960, s. 430.
Sülemî, Ṭabaḳāt , s. 126.
Herevî, Ṭabaḳātü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye (nşr. Muhammed Sürûr Mevlâyî), Tahran 1351, s. 501.
Baklî, Meşrebü’l-ervâḥ , s. 43, 73.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , III, 34.
Kâşânî, Iṣṭılâḥâtü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye , s. 52.
Külliyât-ı Hazret-i Hüdâyî (nşr. Mehmed Gülşen), İstanbul 1338, s. 21.
Ankaravî, Minhâcü’l-fuḳarâʾ , Bulak 1256, s. 34.
Ahmed Rifat, Mir’âtü’l-makāsıd , İstanbul 1293, s. 302.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , “el-ʿahdü’l-ilâhî” md.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 533-534 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
AHLÂK. İslâm ahlâkında ahid ve va‘d terimleri genellikle eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmıştır. Ancak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de va‘d ve bundan türetilmiş olan kelimeler, “Allah’ın inanan ve iyi işler yapan insanlara maddî ve mânevî ecir ve mükâfat vereceğini bildirmesi” mânasında geçer (bk. VA‘D ve VAÎD ). Ahid kelimesi ise ahlâkî bir kavram olarak genellikle “birine söz verme, vaad ve taahhütte bulunma, anlaşma yapma” mânalarında kullanılmıştır (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, “ʿahd”, “vaʿd” md.leri). Hadislerde de bu mânalar hem ahid hem de va‘d kavramlarıyla ifade edilmiştir (bk. Wensinck, “ʿahd”, “vaʿd” md.leri).
Kur’an’da iman, yalnızca zihnî bir inanma değil, bunun yanında kişinin dinî naslarla belirlenmiş olan esaslara uyacağına dair gönüllü bir taahhüdü olarak değerlendirilmek suretiyle iman ile ahid arasında sıkı bir münasebet kurulmuştur. Böylece Kur’an’a göre ahde vefa, iman ederek Allah ile ahidleşmiş ve bu suretle kendisini hür iradesiyle sadakat mükellefiyeti altına sokmuş olan müminin ahlâkî bir borcudur. Bu sebeple Kur’an ahdin önemi üzerinde ısrarla durmuştur. İster Allah’a ister insanlara karşı verilmiş olsun, her vaad ve ahid, yükümlülük için ehliyet şartlarını taşıyan bir insanı borçlu ve sorumlu kılar. İslâm ahlâkında bu sorumluluğun yerine getirilmesine ahde vefâ veya ahde riayet denir ki her iki tabir de Kur’an’dan alınmıştır (bk. el-Bakara 2/177; el-Mü’minûn 23/8). “Sözünde durmak, verdiği sözlere bağlı kalmak, özü ve sözü doğru olmak” gibi anlamları içine alan ahde vefa veya kısaca vefâ , İslâm ahlâkının en önemli prensiplerinden biridir. Ahlâkçılara göre ahde vefayı yüksek bir fazilet haline getiren husus, kişinin taahhüdünün aksini her an yapma imkânına sahip olduğunu bilmesine rağmen, kendisini verdiği söze bağlı hareket etmek zorunda hissetmesidir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadîs-i şeriflerde olgun müminlerin vasıfları sayılırken, onların ahde vefa gösterme özelliklerine işaret edilir (bk. el-Mü’minûn 23/8; el-Meâric 70/32). Kur’an’da ahde vefa ile ilgili âyetlerde, kendileriyle yapılmış antlaşmaların hükümlerine riayet ettikleri müddetçe, müslüman olmayan taraflara dahi verilen söz istikametinde uygulamada bulunulması emredilmektedir (bk. et-Tevbe 9/1, 4, 7). Diğer ahlâkî faziletlerde olduğu gibi ahde vefa göstermede de ümmeti için örnek bir yaşayış sürdürmüş olan Hz. Peygamber’in Hudeybiye Antlaşması’ndan hemen sonra, yanındaki müslümanların itirazlarına rağmen, kendisine sığınan Ebû Cendel’i antlaşmanın gereği olarak müşriklere iade etmesi, onun verdiği söze bağlılığının en canlı örneklerinden birisidir. Ona “el-Emîn” sıfatının düşmanları tarafından bile verilmesinin, kendisinin ahde vefa ve emanete riayet faziletine kemâliyle sahip bulunmasından ileri geldiği bütün kaynaklarda belirtilmiştir. Nitekim o, konu ile ilgili hadislerinde ahde uygun hareket edilmesini imandan saymış, ahde aykırı davranmayı ise nifak alâmetleri arasında göstermiştir. Zira sözünde durmamak, sözüne güvenilmez olmak, imanın özünde bulunan sadakat mefhumu ile çelişmektedir. Halbuki gerek Kur’an’da (bk. el-Bakara 2/177), gerekse hadislerde ahde vefa ile sadakat arasında kopmaz bir bağ bulunduğu belirtilmiştir.
İnsanların toplum hayatının gereği olarak birbirleriyle yaptıkları sözleşmelerin esaslarına uygun hareket etmelerinin, verdikleri sözleri mutlaka yerine getirmelerinin önemi üzerinde ısrarla duran İslâm ahlâkçıları, bu konuyu ekseriyetle “dilin âfetleri” başlığı altında incelemişlerdir. Ahlâkçılar, herhangi bir vaadde bulunurken, ileride ahde vefa göstermeyen bir kişi durumuna düşmemek için, yerine getirilemeyecek hususlarda düşünmeden hemen “evet” demek yerine, söz veren tarafın ahdini yerine getirmesini engelleyen meşrû bir sebebin baş gösterebileceğini dikkate alarak, sözün ardından, “inşallah” denilmesini tavsiye etmişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre² , III, 318.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VII, 59.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , III, 132-133.
Kādî İyâz, eş-Şifâʾ (nşr. Ali Muhammed el-Bicâvî), Kahire, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’l-kütübi’l-Arabiyye), I, 164-165.
et-Taʿrîfât , “ʿahd” md.
İbşîhî, el-Müsteṭraf , I, 426 vd.
İbn Hacer, Fetḥu’l-bârî (Sa‘d) , I, 158-160.
T. Izutsu, Kur’an’da Dînî ve Ahlâkî Kavramlar (trc. Selâhattin Ayaz), İstanbul, ts., s. 126 vd.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ʿahd”, “vaʿd” md.leri.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿahd”, “vaʿd” md.leri.
J. Schacht, “ʿAhd”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 255.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 534-535 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FIKIH. Ahid, fıkıh terimi olarak daha çok “taahhüt” ve “anlaşma” mânalarında
akid kelimesiyle eş anlamlı olarak geçmektedir. Bununla birlikte akid genellikle hususi mânadaki taahhüt ve anlaşmalar için,
ahid ise siyasî ve milletlerarası taahhüt ve antlaşmalar için kullanılmıştır. Bu durumda ahid, eman ve zimme ile aynı mânayı ifade etmektedir (bk.
DÂRÜSSULH ;
EMAN ;
SULH ;
ZİMMÎ ).
İSLÂM TARİHİ. Hz. Peygamber, halife ve hükümdarlarla diğer üst seviyedeki yetkililerin emriyle, devletin çeşitli kademelerindeki yönetici ve memurlarla ilgili olarak düzenlenen tayin kararı, yazılı emir ve tâlimat; bazı şahıs ve gruplara tanınan imtiyazları, yabancılarla yapılan antlaşma hükümlerini ihtiva eden belge (bk.
AHİDNÂME ).