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AHÎLİK Skip to content XIII. yüzyılda Anadolu’da görülmeye başlayan ve bir süre sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nin kurulmasında önemli rol oynayan dinî-içtimaî teşkilât.
Arapça “kardeşim” mânasındaki ahî kelimesinden gelen bu adın Türkçe’deki akı dan (cömert) türetildiğini ileri sürenler de vardır. Temelde Kur’an’a ve Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetine dayandırılan prensipleriyle İslâmî anlayışa doğrudan bağlı olan Ahîliğin, tasavvufta önemli bir yeri bulunan “uhuvvet”i hatırlatmasından dolayı da kolayca yayılması ve kabul görmesi mümkün olmuştur. Bu teşkilâtın Anadolu’da kurulmasında fütüvvet teşkilâtının büyük tesiri vardır. İslâm’ın ilk asrından itibaren görülmeye başlayan fütüvvet teşekkülleri içinde hicrî III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren de esnaf birlikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Başka bölgelerde mensuplarına civanmerd, ayyâr (ayyârân), fetâ (fityan) gibi isimler verilen fütüvvet ülküsünün, İslâm’ın yayılmasına paralel olarak Suriye, Irak, İran, Türkistan, Semerkant, Endülüs, Kuzey Afrika ve Mısır’da esnaf ve sanatkârlar arasında yaygın olduğu bilinmektedir. Türkler, İslâmiyet’i kabul etmeleri ve Anadolu’ya yerleşmelerinden itibaren fütüvvet ülküsünü benimseyip kendilerine has yiğitlik, cömertlik ve kahramanlık vasıflarıyla süslemişlerdir. Bununla birlikte Ahîliğin temel belirleyicisi olan İslâmî-tasavvufî düşünüş ve yaşayış her devirde ve bölgede geçerliliğini korumuştur.
Abbâsî Halifesi Nâsır-Lidînillâh (1180-1225), siyasî ve sosyal durumu gittikçe bozulan devletin otoritesinin yeniden kurulmasında ve içtimaî huzurun sağlanmasında fütüvvet birliklerinin büyük bir güç olacağını düşünmüş ve bu teşekkülleri siyasî otoriteye bağlamada başarı sağlamıştır. Halife Nâsır fütüvvet birliklerini yeniden teşkilâtlandırırken fütüvvetnâme lerde bu birliklerin ilke ve kaidelerini tanzim etmiş, diğer müslüman hükümdarlara da elçi ve fermanlar gönderip kendilerini fütüvvet teşkilâtına girmeye davet etmiştir. Bu faaliyetin bir parçası olarak ilk defa Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’yle I. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev zamanında temas kurmuştur (1204). I. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev, hocası Mecdüddin İshak’ı (Sadreddin Konevî’nin babası) Bağdat’a Halife Nâsır’a elçi olarak göndermiştir. Mecdüddin İshak dönüşünde, Sultan I. Gıyâseddin’in isteği üzerine Halife Nâsır tarafından gönderilen Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, Evhadüddîn-i Kirmânî ve Şeyh Nasîrüddin Mahmûd el-Hûyî gibi büyük mürşid ve mutasavvıfları Anadolu’ya getirmiştir. Bundan sonra Anadolu’nun her tarafında irşad faaliyetlerine başlayan Evhadüddîn-i Kirmânî ve halifeleri için çok sayıda tekke ve zâviye yapılmıştır. Daha sonraları I. İzzeddin Keykâvus ve I. Alâeddin Keykubad’ın da fütüvvet teşkilâtına girmeleriyle Anadolu’da Ahîliğin kuruluşu tamamlanmıştır. Özellikle I. Alâeddin Keykubad zamanında Halife Nâsır’ın meşhur mutasavvıf Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî’yi Anadolu’ya göndermesinin Anadolu’da ahî teşkilâtının kurulmasında önemli bir yeri vardır.
Anadolu’da Ahîliğin kurucusu olarak bilinen ve İran’ın Hoy şehrinde doğan Şeyh Nasîrüddin Mahmûd (ö. 1262), sonraları Ahî Evran ismiyle anılmıştır. Özellikle I. Alâeddin Keykubad’ın büyük destek ve yardımıyla, bir taraftan İslâmî-tasavvufî düşünceye ve fütüvvet ilkelerine bağlı kalarak tekke ve zâviyelerde şeyh mürid ilişkilerini, diğer taraftan iş yerlerinde usta, kalfa ve çırak münasebetlerini ve buna bağlı olarak iktisadî hayatı düzenleyen Ahîliğin Anadolu’da kurulup gelişmesinde Ahî Evran’ın büyük rolü olmuştur.
Anadolu’da hızla yayılan bu teşkilâtın mensupları, şehirlerde olduğu gibi köylerde ve uç bölgelerde de büyük nüfuza sahip olmuşlar, Anadolu’da bilhassa XIII. yüzyılda devlet otoritesinin iyice zayıfladığı bir dönemde şehir hayatında yalnızca iktisadî değil, siyasî yönden de önemli faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır. Ahîler, bağımsız siyasî bir güç olmamakla birlikte, zaman zaman merkezî otoritenin zayıfladığı, anarşi ve kargaşanın ortaya çıktığı dönemlerde siyasî ve askerî güçlerini göstermişler ve önemli fonksiyonlar üstlenmişlerdir. Özellikle Moğol istilâsı sırasında ahî birlikleri şehirlerin yönetimine mahallî otorite olarak hâkim olmuşlardır. Ahîliğe çok hizmet eden I. Alâeddin Keykubad, oğlu II. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev tarafından öldürülünce, ahîlerin II. Gıyâseddin’e karşı direndikleri ve onun Kösedağ’da Moğollar’a yenik düşmesinden sonra Tokat ve Sivas’ı ele geçiren Moğollar’a karşı Kayseri’yi başarıyla savundukları bilinmektedir. Ayrıca Osmanlı döneminde Düzmece Mustafa olayında da Bursa’yı ona karşı savunmuşlardır.
Büyük şehirlerde çeşitli gruplar halinde teşkilâtlanan ahîlerin her birinin müstakil bir zâviyesi vardı. Küçük şehirlerde ise muhtelif meslek grupları tek bir birlik teşkil edebiliyorlardı. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti zamanında bu birlikler mesleklere ait problemleri halletmekte ve devlet ile olan münasebetleri düzenlemekte idiler. Mal ve kalite kontrolü, fiyat tesbiti, bu birliklerin aslî görevi idi. Bu dönemde, teşkilâta ilk defa girenlere yiğit veya çırak adı verilir, ahîlik daha sonra kazanılırdı. Esnaf birliklerinin başında şeyh, halife veya nakibler, bütün esnafın en üst makamında ise şeyhü’l-meşâyih bulunuyordu. Ayrıca mesleğin geleceği açısından çırakların yetiştirilmesine de çok büyük önem veriliyordu. Anadolu’da köylere kadar yayılan Ahîlik pek çok devlet adamını, askerî zümre mensuplarını, kadı ve müderrisleri, tarikat şeyhlerini bünyesinde toplamıştır. Bu durum XIV. yüzyıla kadar sürdü; bundan sonra ise organize esnaf birlikleri şeklini aldı ve iktisadî faaliyet ön plana çıkmaya başladı.
Ahîlik Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşunda da büyük rol oynadı. Âşıkpaşazâde, Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşu sırasında faal rol oynayan dört zümre arasında ahîleri de zikreder. İlk Osmanlı padişahlarının ve vezirlerinin çoğunun ahî teşkilâtına mensup şeyhler olduğu, I. Murad’ın şed kuşandığı ve teşkilâttan fetihlerde askerî bir güç olarak faydalanıldığı bilinmektedir. XIV. yüzyıl ortalarında Orhan Gazi döneminde Anadolu’yu gezen ünlü seyyah İbn Battûta, ahî birliklerinin şehir ve köylerde teşkilâtlanan zanaat ve ziraat ehli zümreler olduğunu belirtir ve tasavvufî hayatla olan yakınlıklarına temas edip misafir olduğu ahî zâviyelerinin isimlerini verir.
Ahîliğe giriş şerbet içmek (şürb), şed veya peştemal kuşanmak, şalvar giymekle gerçekleşmekteydi. Ahîlik bünyesi içindeki esnaf birlikleri ustalar, kalfalar ve çıraklardan oluşuyordu. Çıraklıktan itibaren birlik içinde yükselmek için meslekî ehliyet ve liyakat şarttı. Çıraklar mesleği çok iyi öğrenmedikçe dükkân açamazlardı. Esnaf ve dükkân sayıları, iş aletleri ve tezgâhlar sınırlandırıldığı gibi ihtiyaca göre mal üretimi de esastı. Osmanlı döneminde esnaf birliklerinin idare tarzına çok önem verilmişti. Sanat erbabı içinde en dürüst ve en çok saygıya değer olan, muhtemelen yaşça da önde bulunan bir üstat teşkilâtın reisi olup kendisine ahî deniyordu. Bunların zanaat mensupları üzerinde bir şeyh gibi nüfuzu vardı. Ayrıca esnaf arasındaki inzibatı temin eden ve yiğitbaşı yahut server denilen bir ikinci reis bulunuyordu. Bir şehirde mevcut zanaat şubesi sayısı kadar olan ahîlerden birisi diğerlerine reis oluyor ve buna ahî baba adı veriliyordu. Ahî babalar, genellikle Kırşehir’deki Ahî Evran Tekkesi’ne bağlı olan şeyhler ile bunların çeşitli illerdeki vekilleri idi. Büyük âlim ve mutasavvıf Şeyh Edebâli de ahî şeyhlerinden olup Osman Gazi ile sıkı ilişkiler kurmuş ve kızını onunla evlendirmişti. Orhan Gazi ise Ahîliğe ait “ihtiyârü’d-dîn” unvanını almıştı.
Bütün prensiplerini dinin asıl kaynağından alan Ahîliğin nizamnâmelerine fütüvvetnâme adı verilirdi. Ahîliğin esasları, ahlâkî ve ticarî kaideleri bu kitaplarda yazılı idi. Teşkilâta girecek kimse ilk önce bu kitaplarda belirtilen dinî ve ahlâkî emirlere uymak zorunda idi. Fütüvvetnâmelere göre, teşkilât mensuplarında bulunması gereken vasıflar vefâ, doğruluk, emniyet, cömertlik, tevazu, ihvan a nasihat, onları doğru yola sevketme, affedici olma ve tövbe idi. Şarap içme, zina, yalan, gıybet, hile gibi davranışlar ise meslekten atılmayı gerektiren sebeplerdi.
Özellikle Fâtih devrinden itibaren Ahîlik siyasî bir güç olmaktan çıkarak esnaf birliklerinin idarî işlerini düzenleyen bir teşkilât halini aldı. XVIII. yüzyıldan XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar teşkilâtın gedik (lonca) adını aldığı söyleniyorsa da 1824 tarihli Selânik ile ilgili bir arşiv belgesinde (BA , Cevdet-Zabtiye, nr. 266) ve Ahî Evran Zâviyesi’nden bahseden bir takrir de (BA , Cevdet-Belediye, nr. 5150), ahî baba, ahîlik, yiğitbaşı, üstatlık, kethüdâlık gibi Ahîliğe ait terimlerin kullanılması, bu ismin uzun süre devam ettiğini göstermektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1988 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 1. cildinde, 540-542 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.