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AHMED b. İDRÎS Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Ahmed b. İdrîs el-Hasenî el-Arâişî el-Fâsî (ö. 1253/1837)
İdrîsiyye tarikatının kurucusu Faslı mutasavvıf.
Fas’ın Atlantik sahilindeki Arâîş bölgesinde bulunan Meysûr’da doğdu. Fas’ta 172-363 (788-974) yılları arasında hüküm süren Şerîfî-İdrîsî hânedanının kurucusu İmam İdrîs b. Abdullah el-Mehd’in soyundandır. Kaynaklarda doğum tarihiyle ilgili olarak 1163 (1749-50) ve Receb 1173 (1760) şeklinde iki farklı bilgi bulunmakla birlikte, ekseriyetle birincisi doğru kabul edilmektedir. Yirmi yaşında Fas’a giderek Karaviyyîn Camii’nde dinî ilimleri öğrenmeye başladı. Burada adları kaynaklarda zikredilen birçok hocadan ders aldı. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin eserlerini inceledi. Karaviyyîn’deki hocalarından Abdülvehhâb et-Tâzî vasıtasıyla Hıdıriyye, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Vezîr vasıtasıyla da Şâzeliyye’nin Nâsıriyye koluna intisap etti. Yine hocalarından Şinkītî ona Hz. Ali’ye atfedilen Ḥizbü’s-seyfî adlı meşhur münâcâtı öğretti. Tefsir ve hadise önem veren, şer‘î ilimlerle tasavvufu kaynaştıran hocaların yanında eğitim görmesi onun şahsiyetini derinden etkiledi. Kısa bir süre sonra çevresinde geniş bir talebe halkası oluştu. Ahmed b. İdrîs onlara sürekli dinin ana kaynakları olan Kitap ve Sünnet’e dayanmalarını tavsiye etti ve bu görüşünü hayatının sonuna kadar ısrarla savundu.
Fas ulemâsı ile Karaviyyîn mensupları arasındaki ihtilâfa adı karışınca bir daha geri dönmemek üzere Fas’ı terketti (1797). Cezayir, Tunus ve Trablusgarp üzerinden Bingazi’ye geçti. Orada Cebeliahdar ve Berka’da dersler verdi. Mısır’ın Fransızlar tarafından işgal edilmesinden birkaç yıl önce, muhtemelen 1798 yılı başlarında Bingazi’den deniz yoluyla İskenderiye’ye gitti. Buradan da Kahire’ye geçerek Ezher’de halka açık dersler okuttu. Derslerini dinleyip tesiri altında kalanların bir kısmıyla beraber 1213 sonu veya 1214 yılı başlarında (1799) Mekke’ye gitti. 1243 (1827-28) yılında Yemen’e yaptığı mecburi seyahate kadar yaklaşık otuz yıl Mekke’de kaldı. Bu arada iki veya üç defa Mısır’a gidip geldi. Önceleri Mekke ulemâsınca pek iyi karşılandı. 1788-1814 yılları arasında Mekke emirliği yapan Şerîf Gālib b. Müsâid’in destek ve himayesini gördü. Kendisine ve müridlerine Mekke’deki Ca‘feriyye Sarayı’nı tahsis eden Emîr Galib, 1803’te Suûd b. Abdülazîz idaresindeki Vehhâbîler tarafından Mekke’den atıldı. Ancak Suûd b. Abdülazîz’in de Ahmed b. İdrîs’e büyük saygı gösterdiği, kendisine ipek bir kaftan hediye ettiği ve maiyetini koruduğu rivayet edilmektedir. İbn İdrîs Vehhâbîler’in Mehmed Ali Paşa kuvvetleri tarafından Mekke’den çıkarıldığı 1813’te şehri yalnız olarak terketti ve müridlerinden Mîrganî ile birlikte Kızıldeniz’i geçerek Uksûr şehri yakınlarındaki Zeyniyye köyüne gitti. Önemli bir dinî merkez olan Zeyniyye, Nil’den Kızıldeniz kıyısına kadar uzanan kısa bir çölün ucunda bulunmaktaydı. Bir rivayete göre İbn İdrîs Mısır’a ilk gidişinde Yukarı Mısır’ı da ziyaret etmiş ve Zeyniyye’de Hasan b. Hasan Bey el-Kınâî vasıtasıyla Halvetiyye tarikatına intisap etmiştir. Dört yıl Zeyniyye’de kalan Ahmed b. İdrîs 1817’de tekrar Mekke’ye döndü. Bu yıllarda Emîr Galib’in mensup olduğu Şerîfî kabilelerle Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın kuvvetleri arasında süregelen bir gerginlik vardı. On yıl sonra 1243’te (1827-28) paşa emirliği Şerîfî Zeyd kabilesinden alıp Avn kabilesine verdi. Bunun üzerine Mekke ulemâsı Zeyd kabilesinin desteğinden mahrum kalan Ahmed b. İdrîs’in dinden saptığını ileri sürerek aleyhinde bazı suçlamalarda bulunmak isteyince, aynı yıl Mekke’den kesin olarak ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Vekili sıfatıyla Mekke’de bıraktığı Senûsî dışındaki bütün talebeleriyle birlikte Yemen’e doğru yola çıktı. Yemen ulemâsının kendisine gösterdiği yakın ilgi ile Mekke ulemâsının düşmanca tavrı arasındaki tezat ilgi çekici bir durumdur.
İbn İdrîs önce güneydeki Mukha şehrine gitti, dört ay sonra Zebîd’e geçti. Zebîd’de şehrin müftüsü Abdurrahman b. Süleyman’ın misafiri olarak bir yıl kaldı. Zebîd’den Beytülfakih-Hudeyde yoluyla Kıtay ve Bâcil’e geçti. Gittiği her yerde görüşlerini yaymaya çalıştı. Karşılaşmadığı ancak şöhret açısından yarıştığı Yemenli âlim Şevkânî’nin kendisinden müsbet olarak bahsetmesi, durumunun daha da kuvvetlenmesini sağladı. Yemen’in önde gelen âlimleriyle tanışarak ders okuttu. Ders verdikleri arasında Beytülfakih kadısı Abdurrahman b. Ahmed el-Behkelî de vardı. Ancak bir süre sonra Fas’ta ve Mekke’de karşılaştığı zorluklar Yemen’de de karşısına çıktı. Ebû Bekir b. Muhammed et-Tihâmî, Telbîsü iblîs adlı kitabında, İbn İdrîs’in bazı âyetlerin zâhirî tefsirlerini reddettiğini ve tasavvuf kaidelerine dahi uymayan bâtınî tefsirler yaptığını öne sürdü. İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin kendi zamanındaki sûfîliğe eleştirilerini ihtiva eden eseriyle aynı adı taşıyan bu kitaba İbrâhim b. Yahyâ bir eserle cevap verdi. Tihâmî daha sonra bazı talebeleri vasıtasıyla İbn İdrîs’le temas kurarak ondan özür diledi. Böylece yayılma eğilimi gösteren aleyhindeki fikirler yatışmış oldu. İki yıl süren bir seyahatten sonra Ekim 1828’de Asîr bölgesindeki Sabya şehrine ulaştı. Asîr Hükümdarı Ali b. Müceşşil kendisini iyi karşıladı. Artık iyice yaşlanan İbn İdrîs Sabya’ya yerleşmeyi düşünüyordu. Ancak daha önce Fas ve Mekke’de olduğu gibi görüşleri burada da tepki uyandırdı. Nâsır el-Kubeybî’nin önderliğini yaptığı bir Vehhâbî grubu kendisine karşı muhalefete başladı. Sabya’ya gelişinden bir yıl sonra İbn Müceşşil, Küleybî ile İbn İdrîs arasında bir münazara yapılmasını emretti (Cemâziyelâhir 1245 / Aralık 1829). Müridlerinden Hasan Ahîş tarafından kelimesi kelimesine kaydedilen bu münazaranın en önemli bölümü, Ahmed b. İdrîs’in Vehhâbîliğin kurucusu Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb’la ilgili görüşleridir. İbn İdrîs şunları söylüyordu: “Biz onun kıymetini inkâr etmiyoruz. Yaptıkları doğruydu; bid‘atları tasfiye etti. Fakat onun bu hizmeti aşırılıklar yüzünden berbat edildi.”
Ahmed b. İdrîs 21 Receb 1253’te (21 Ekim 1837) Sabya’da vefat etti. Soyundan gelen bir kol, Asîr İdrîsî Hânedanı adıyla Güney Arabistan’da 1933’e kadar devam eden ve bu tarihte Suûdî Devleti’ne katılan mahallî bir devlet kurdu.
Ahmed b. İdrîs’in görüşleri iki temele dayanır: Fıkıhta taklidin ve mezheplerin reddi, Kur’an’a, sünnete ve ashabın icmâına dönüş; tasavvufta ise Allah’a giden yol olarak Hz. Peygamber’in ruhaniyetine sığınmak. Taklidi reddederken Vehhâbîler’e ve Şevkânî’ye çok yakındır. Kur’an ve hadisi tasavvufî açıdan ve tamamen kendine has bir şekilde tefsir eder. Bir mezhebi taklit etmemesi ve ictihadın gerekliliğine inanması Mekke ulemâsınca tepkiyle karşılanmıştır. Onun bu fikirleri ısrarla savunduğu, Mekke ulemâsı, Mısırlı Ahmed es-Sâvî ve Yemen ulemâsıyla giriştiği bütün münazaralarında görülmektedir.
Ahmed b. İdrîs’in tasavvuf anlayışının özünde Tarîkat-i Muhammediyye fikri vardır. Ona göre Allah’a giden yegâne yol, Allah ile mümin arasına girmeye tek başına yetkili olan Hz. Peygamber’in yoludur. Nitekim o, “tarikatın önderleri mürşidler vasıtasıyla bir yol buldular, ben tarikatı Allah’ın resulünden herhangi bir aracı olmaksızın aldım” demiştir (bk. Sâlih el-Medenî, s. 26). XIX. yüzyılda Batılılar’ın İslâm dünyasına maddî ve mânevî olarak hücumda bulundukları bir sırada yeni tarikat ve tekkeler kuran sûfîlerin bu yeni hareketlerine genellikle “Tarîkat-ı Muhammediyye” adını vermeleri ilginçtir. Nitekim Hindistan’da Ahmed-i Birîlvî de (ö. 1831) bu yıllarda aynı ismi benimsemişti.
Ahmed b. İdrîs’in talebeleri Avrupa’nın saldırılarına karşı direniş hareketlerine önderlik etmişlerdir (Ahmed es-Senûsî ve halefleri Kuzey Afrika’da, Abdullah Hasan Sumatra’da, Pedri hareketi Sumatra’da). Daha 1813’te müridlerinden Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî’yi dini tebliğ için Eritre’ye göndermişti. Ahmed es-Senûsî de satın aldığı esirleri âzat ettikten sonra İslâm’ı yaymaları için memleketleri olan Çad’a yollamıştı. Abdullah el-Mevârzî adlı Sudanlı müridi de aynı amaçla Sudan’da faaliyet göstermiştir.
Ahmed b. İdrîs, görüşleri, talebeleri ve ailesi vasıtasıyla oynadığı rol sebebiyle XIX. yüzyıl İslâm dünyasında önde gelen dinî bir şahsiyet olup tesiri Kuzey Afrika’dan Endonezya’ya kadar yayılmıştır. Yakın çevresinden üç talebesi, Ahmed es-Senûsî Senûsiyye, İbrâhim Reşîd Reşîdiyye, Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî Mîrganiyye adlı tarikatları kurmuşlar, bu tarikatlardan da başka kollar doğmuştur.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 92-94 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.