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AHMED b. TOLUN Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Ahmed b. Tolun (ö. 270/884)
Tolunoğulları hânedanının kurucusu.
Buhara asıllı bir Türk olan Ahmed’in babası Tolun, Halife Me’mûn zamanında 816 yıllarına doğru Bağdat’a gelmiş ve kısa süre içinde halifenin sarayında ve kumandanlar arasında itibarlı bir mevkiye sahip olmuştur. 835 yılı sonlarına doğru Bağdat’ta doğan Ahmed, ertesi yıl Sâmerrâ’nın kurulması üzerine babasıyla birlikte oraya gitmiş ve çocukluk yıllarını bu şehirde geçirmiştir. Yirmi yaşlarında (854) babasını kaybetmesine rağmen Türk kumandanlarının yardım ve destekleriyle hadis ve Hanefî fıkhı üzerindeki tahsiline devam etti. Öte yandan, halifenin muhafız birlikleri arasında yer alabilmek için de askerî eğitimini sürdürdü.
Ahmed b. Tolun’un gençlik yılları Sâmerrâ’da halifelerle Türk kumandanları arasındaki mücadele devresine rastlamaktadır. Türk asıllı Vezir Ubeydullah b. Yahyâ b. Hâkān’ın takdirlerini kazanan Ahmed, merkezdeki entrikalardan uzak kalmak için onun yardımı ile, Bizans’a karşı yapılan gazâların merkezi olan Tarsus’a gitti. Aynı zamanda bir ilim merkezi olan Tarsus’ta hem ilmî çalışmalarını devam ettirdi, hem de askerî tecrübesini arttırdı. Tarsus’ta ne kadar kaldığı kesin olarak bilinmemektedir; muhtemelen 862 yılında Müstaîn-Billâh’ın halifeliğinin ilk yılında tekrar Sâmerrâ’ya dönmüştür.
Sâmerrâ’da Halife Müstaîn’in güvenini kazanan Ahmed, sarayda sözü geçen nüfuzlu kişiler arasına girmekte gecikmedi. 866 yılında Müstaîn halifelikten azledilip Vâsıt’a sürüldüğü zaman ona refakat etti ve Mu‘tezz’in annesi Kabîha’nın Müstaîn’i yolda öldürme teklifini kabul etmedi. Halife Mu‘tez-Billâh devlet idaresinde büyük bir nüfuz kurmuş olan Bayık Beg’i merkezden uzaklaştırmak düşüncesiyle Mısır valiliğine tayin etmişti. Ancak Bayık Beg Mısır’a gitmek istemiyordu; yerine vekili sıfatıyla üvey oğlu Ahmed b. Tolun’u göndermeye karar verdi. Ahmed, siyasî karışıklıkların hüküm sürdüğü Sâmerrâ’dan uzaklaşmak istediği için onun bu teklifini kabul etti ve 15 Eylül 868’de Mısır’a gitti. Fustat merkez olmak üzere sadece çevresinin idaresinden sorumlu idi. İskenderiye ve çevresi ise kayınpederi Yârcûh’un elinde bulunuyordu.
Ahmed b. Tolun Mısır’a gittiği zaman iki kuvvetli rakiple karşılaştı. Bunlardan biri, 856 yılından beri Mısır maliyesinin başında bulunan ve doğrudan doğruya halifeye karşı sorumlu olan Ahmed b. Müdebbir, diğeri de berîd teşkilâtının reisi Şukayr idi. Ahmed b. Müdebbir yeni valiyi büyük bir merasimle karşıladı ve ona hediye olarak 10.000 dinar ile köleler takdim etti, ancak Ahmed bunların hiçbirini kabul etmedi. Diğer taraftan onun maiyetinde bulunan 100 kişilik seçme muhafız birliğini kendi emrine aldı. Bu gelişmeler karşısında her iki taraf da rakibini yıpratmak için merkezdeki faaliyetlerini hızlandırdı. Neticede önce Şukayr, arkasından da Ahmed b. Müdebbir bertaraf edildi.
İmparatorluk içinde hüküm süren karışıklıklardan faydalanmak isteyen Îsâ b. Şeyh, 870 yılında Dımaşk’ı işgal ederek halifeye ödemekte olduğu vergiyi kesti. Halife Mühtedî-Billâh, Îsâ’nın isyanını bastırmaya Ahmed b. Tolun’u memur etti. Zaten Suriye’de gözü olan Ahmed bu teklifi fırsat bilerek derhal hazırlıklara başladı ve bu bahane ile ileride girişeceği harekâtta güvenebileceği sağlam bir ordu kurdu. Bu sırada Mühtedî-Billâh hal‘edilmiş, yerine Mu‘temid-Alellah halife olmuştu. Yeni halife, Ahmed’in Suriye’ye müdahale etmesine taraftar değildi. Nitekim onun Filistin’e geldiğini öğrenince, isyanı bastırmak üzere Türk kumandanlarından Emâcûr’un görevlendirildiğini bildirerek derhal Mısır’a dönmesini istedi. Ahmed bu emre boyun eğmek zorunda kaldı, fakat artık sağlam bir orduya sahip bulunuyordu.
Ahmed b. Tolun Mısır’a geldiği zaman, Abbâsîler’in ilk yıllarında bir yangın sonunda harap olan Fustat’ın kuzeyinde el-Asker (ordugâh) adı verilen yerde oturmak mecburiyetinde kalmıştı. Fakat askerî birlikleri çoğalınca Sâmerrâ’da olduğu gibi yeni bir şehir kurarak hükümet merkezini oraya nakletmek ihtiyacını duydu. Yapılan araştırma ve hazırlıklardan sonra Fustat’ın kuzeydoğusunda Yeşkur dağının eteğinde yeni merkezini kurmaya karar verdi ve derhal harekete geçti. Yine Sâmerrâ’da olduğu gibi şehrin kurulacağı bölgeyi kumandanlarına ve yüksek mevkilerdeki memurlarına, milliyetlerine ve vazifelerine göre gruplandırarak iktâ etti. Bu sebeple kurduğu şehre el-Katâi‘ adı verilmiştir. Yeni merkez zamanla genişleyerek Fustat ve el-Asker’le birleşti. Burada yapılan önemli binalar arasında İbn Tolun Camii ile saray, büyük bir bahçe, çevgân sahası ve hastahane sayılabilir.
Ahmed b. Tolun Mısır’da gittikçe kuvvetlenirken Abbâsî hilâfeti de giderek zayıflıyordu. Mu‘temid halife olduğu zaman iki büyük tehlike ile karşı karşıya bulunuyordu. Bunlar Fars bölgesinde ortaya çıkan Saffârîler ile Basra ve çevresinde isyan ederek kısa sürede tehlikeli bir hale gelen Zencîler idi. Bu tehlikeli durumda, siyasî ve askerî otoriteyi ele geçirmiş olan halifenin kardeşi Muvaffak ise devleti içine düştüğü zor durumdan kurtarmaya çalışıyordu. Bu arada merkeze devamlı olarak Ahmed aleyhinde haberler ulaştırılıyor, ancak merkezden Ahmed’e karşı herhangi bir harekete geçilemiyordu. Üstelik 873 yılında kayınpederi Yârcûh’un ölümünden sonra bütün Mısır Ahmed’in eline geçti.
Hilâfet nâibi Muvaffak, Zencîler’e karşı yaptığı mücadelede Ahmed’den malî ve askerî yardım sağlamak maksadıyla Nihrîr adında birini Mısır’a gönderdi. Ahmed merkezî hükümetle arasının açılmasına meydan vermemek için Muvaffak’a 1.200.000 dinarla köleler ve atlar gönderdi. Fakat Muvaffak bunlarla yetinmeyerek Ahmed’e ağır bir mektup yazdı ve böylece bu iki kuvvetli şahsiyet arasında içten içe devam eden rekabet açık bir mücadeleye dönüştü. Muvaffak, Ahmed b. Tolun’un askerî bakımdan kuvvetli olduğunu bilmesine rağmen Mûsâ b. Boğa el-Kebîr kumandasındaki bir orduyu 873 yılında Mısır üzerine gönderdi. Merkezden üzerine ordu gönderildiğini öğrenen Ahmed, gerekli savunma tedbirlerini aldığı gibi ordu ve donanmasını da takviye ederek beklemeye başladı. Ancak Mûsâ Rakka’dan öteye gitmedi ve on ay kadar burada bekledikten sonra geri döndü. Bu ordunun geri dönmesi Ahmed’in siyasî hayatında bir dönüm noktası teşkil etti. Bu tarihten itibaren Ahmed b. Tolun kuvvetli bir orduya sahip oldu ve ismen halifeye bağlı olmasına rağmen müstakil bir hükümdar gibi hareket etmeye başladı.
Suriye Valisi Emâcûr et-Türkî’nin 878’de ölümü ve yerine zayıf bir şahsiyet olan oğlu Ali’nin tayin edilmesi, Ahmed’in Suriye’ye müdahale etmesi için iyi bir fırsat oldu. Ahmed b. Tolun, Ali’ye yazdığı mektupta babasının ölümü sebebiyle tâziyetlerini bildiriyor ve Bizans’a karşı yapacağı seferde erzak yardımı yapmasını istiyordu. Bu maksatla Nisan 878’de oğlu Abbas’ı yerine vekil bırakarak Mısır’dan hareket etti. Hiçbir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan Remle’ye geldi. Remle Valisi Ahmed’in hâkimiyetini kabul etti. Buradan Dımaşk’a gelen Ahmed, Ali b. Emâcûr ile görüştü. Ali hutbede onun adını zikredeceğini, yani ona tâbi olacağını açıkladı. Halep, Hıms ve Hama valileri de aynı yolu takip ettiler. Ancak Antakya Ahmed b. Tolun’un hâkimiyetini kabul etmedi. Uzun bir muhasaradan sonra bu şehir de ele geçirildi. Ahmed gençlik yıllarını geçirdiği Tarsus’ta beklediği kabulü görmedi. Bizans ülkesine karşı harekete geçeceği sırada oğlu Abbas’ın isyan haberini aldı. Zevk ve eğlenceye düşkün olan Abbas, babasının yokluğundan faydalanarak etrafına topladığı kimselerle eğlenceye dalmıştı. Diğer yönden, bu yaptıklarının babası tarafından duyulduğunu öğrenince devlet hazinesinde bulunan iki milyon dinarı alarak İskenderiye’ye, buradan da Berka’ya kaçtı. Abbas’ın isyanında Muvaffak’ın tahrik ve teşviklerinin de rolü olmuştur. Oğlunun isyan haberini alan Ahmed Suriye’deki işlerini düzenledi ve buraya âzatlı kölesi Lü’lü’ü vali tayin ettikten sonra Mısır’a döndü (879 ortaları). Abbas ise etrafına topladığı kuvvetlerle batıya doğru ilerlemeye çalışırken Ağlebîler ve Berberîler’e yenildi ve her şeyini kaybetti. Bu durumda geri dönerken babasının gönderdiği kuvvetler tarafından yakalanarak Mısır’a getirildi ve hapse atıldı (882). Ahmed b. Tolun’un Suriye seferi son derece başarılı olmuş ve Fırat’ın batısındaki bütün vilâyetler onun hâkimiyetine geçmişti. Ahmed b. Tolun ilk defa 266 (879-80) yılında kendi adına sikke bastırdı. Daha önce basılan sikkelerde onun adı geçmiyordu. Gerçi son bastırdığı sikkede önce halifenin adı zikrediliyordu; ancak bu, Ahmed b. Tolun’un her hususta ona bağlılığını göstermiyordu. O sadece halifenin dinî otoritesini tanıyordu. Aslında onun mücadelesi Halife Mu‘temid’e karşı değil, kardeşi Muvaffak’a karşı idi.
Ahmed b. Tolun’un Suriye ve Filistin’i zaptetmesi ve hemen ardından kendi adına para bastırması Muvaffak’ı harekete geçirdi. Muvaffak Tolunoğulları’nın Suriye Valisi Lü’lü’e tesir ederek onu kendi tarafına çekmeyi başardı. Buna karşılık Ahmed de Halife Mu‘temid’e tesir ederek onu Mısır’a gelmeye ikna etti. Halife bir av bahanesiyle Sâmerrâ’dan ayrılarak Musul üzerinden Mısır’a gitmeye karar verdi. Fakat onun hareketini haber alan Muvaffak Musul Valisi İshak b. Kündacık’a bir mektup göndererek halifenin Mısır’a gitmesine engel olmasını ve onu merkeze geri döndürmesini emretti. Böylece Ahmed’in Muvaffak’ı yıpratma teşebbüsü de neticesiz kalmış oldu. Halife Mu‘temid’in Sâmerrâ’ya geri getirilmesinden sonra Muvaffak, hiçbir tesirinin olmayacağını bildiği halde Ahmed b. Tolun’u Mısır valiliğinden azledip yerine İshak b. Kündacık’ı tayin ettiğini açıkladı. Ancak ne İshak ne de Muvaffak Mısır’ı ele geçirmek için teşebbüse geçtiler. Buna karşılık İbn Tolun da bölgenin ileri gelen âlimlerini Dımaşk’ta toplayarak Muvaffak’ı veliahtlıktan azlettirdi. Halife Mu‘temid, muhtemelen Muvaffak’ın baskıları neticesinde bir ferman çıkararak Ahmed’i lânetlediğini bildirdi ve hutbelerde onun tel‘in edilmesini emretti. Bu iki amansız rakip arasındaki münasebetlerin tehlikeli bir şekilde gelişmesine rağmen her iki taraf da kuvvet yoluyla rakibini bertaraf etmeye cesaret edemedi.
Halifenin Mısır’a gelme teşebbüsünün başarısızlığa uğramasından sonra Ahmed b. Tolun Mekke’yi ele geçirmek için buraya kuvvet gönderdi. Ancak Muvaffak’ın, zamanında yardımcı birlikler sevketmesi sonucu Mısır birlikleri mağlûp olarak geri çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Bu sırada Dımaşk’ta bulunan Ahmed, Suriye halkının sevgisini kazanmak gayesiyle, Abbâsîler tarafından tahrip edilmiş olan Emevî Halifesi Muâviye’nin mezarını tamir ettirdi. Bundan sonra Tarsus’taki karışıklıkları ortadan kaldırmak ve Yâzmân ile arasındaki ihtilâfı halletmek üzere bizzat Tarsus’a hareket etti. Adana’da birkaç gün birliklerini dinlendirdikten sonra Tarsus’u kuşattı. Fakat Yâzmân’ın aldığı tedbirler neticesinde muhasarayı kaldırmak zorunda kaldı. Tarsus’ta uğradığı yenilgi Ahmed b. Tolun’a çok ağır geldi. Adana’dan Misis’e gelince hastalandı, yolda hastalığı iyice ağırlaştı. Sedye ile Farama’ya götürüldü, oradan da gemiyle hükümet merkezine döndü. Gösterilen bütün gayretlere rağmen iyileşemedi ve Mart 884 tarihinde elli yaşında öldü. Naaşı büyük bir merasimle Mukattam dağı eteğinde toprağa verildi.
Ahmed b. Tolun’un, devrinin hükümdarları arasında seçkin bir yeri vardır. On beş yıllık idareciliği zamanında Mısır, tarihinin en parlak devirlerinden birini yaşamıştır. Şuurlu ve memleketinin hayrına olan idaresiyle isim yapmış büyük bir hükümdardır. Âdil, cömert ve çok cesur idi. Mütevazi olmasına rağmen bilhassa emirlerine aykırı hareket edenlere ve devlet otoritesini zayıflatmak isteyenlere karşı sert davranırdı. Devlet işlerinde önemli kararları kendisi alır ve uygulardı. Memleketin işlerini ve ihtiyaçlarını tayin hususunda takdire değer görüşleri vardı. Ülke halkı arasında ırk, din ve mezhep farkı gözetmeden herkese eşit muamele etmiştir. Zamanı refah, imar, ilim ve irfan devri olmuştur.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 141-143 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.