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AHMED RÂSİM Skip to content (1865-1932)
Gazeteci, değişik konularda çeşitli kitapların müellifi ve bestekâr.
Babası Bahâeddin Efendi Kıbrıs’tan Ermenek’e gelip yerleşen bir ailenin çocuğudur. Posta ve telgraf memuru olması dolayısıyla çok dolaşan ve her gittiği yerde yeniden evlenen, ayrılırken de evlendiklerini terkeden Bahâeddin Efendi, Ahmed Râsim’in annesi Nevber Hanım’la İstanbul’da evlendi; ancak bir süre sonra Tekirdağ’a tayin edilince karısını ve çocuğunu bırakıp İstanbul’dan ayrıldı. Bu yüzden Nevber Hanım çocuğunu güç şartlar altında büyütmek zorunda kaldı. Ahmed Râsim ilk tahsiline Sofular’daki mahalle mektebinde başladı; sonra sırasıyla Kırkçeşme’de Tezgâhçılar, Haydar’da Çukurçeşme, Sarıgüzel’de Hâfız Paşa mekteplerinde okudu. Himayesine girdiği eniştesi miralay Mehmed Bey’in konağında Yâkub Hoca adındaki bir muallimden yazı ve Arapça dersleri aldı. Tahsil hayatından sonra da bu hocanın derslerine devam etti. 1876’da Dârüşşafaka’ya girdi, burada devrin edebî ve fikrî akımlarına karşı büyük bir ilgi duydu ve dirayetli hocalardan faydalandı. Bir yandan Fransızca öğrenerek Fransız yazar ve şairlerini tanıdı, diğer yandan da bilhassa Şinâsi, Nâmık Kemal, Ziyâ Paşa ve Ahmed Midhat Efendi’nin eserlerini okudu; biraz da onların tesiriyle şiir ve makaleler yazmaya başladı. 1883’te okulu birincilikle bitirdikten birkaç ay sonra diğer Dârüşşafaka mezunları gibi Posta ve Telgraf Nezâreti’ne memur olarak girdi. Bu yıllarda beş vakit namazını kıldığını ve düzenli bir hayat sürdüğünü belirten Ahmed Râsim, tanıştığı bir Ermeni berberin kendisini içkiye alıştırması ile eğlence ve hovardalık âlemlerine girip çıkmaya, kendi tabiriyle “yavaş yavaş olmaya” başladı.
Binbaşı Bilâl Bey’in kızı Sadberk Hanım’la evlenen Ahmed Râsim memuriyeti bir türlü benimseyemediği için hayatını yazı yazarak kazanmak hevesine düştü. Fransızca’dan çevirdiği bazı yazıları Ahmed Midhat Efendi’ye götürdü ve gördüğü ilgi üzerine Tercümân-ı Hakîkat ’te yazı hayatına girdi (1885). Baba Tâhir vasıtasıyla Cerîde-i Havâdis ’te de fennî konularla ilgili yazı ve tercümeleri yayımlanmaya başladı.
Ahmed Midhat Efendi’den gördüğü takdir ve teşvikle güveni artan Ahmed Râsim memuriyeti bıraktı ve kendisini büsbütün gazeteciliğe verdi. Muallim Nâci’nin, arkadaşlarıyla birlikte Tercümân-ı Hakîkat ’ten ayrılmasının ikinci günü Ahmed Midhat Efendi tarafından övgü dolu bir dille matbuat âlemine takdim edildi. 1885-1908 yılları arasında Şafak , Gülşen , Hamiyyet , Sebat , Berk , Envâr-ı Zekâ , Maârif , Resimli Gazete , Hazîne-i Fünûn , Mekteb , Mecmûa-i Ebüzziyâ , Pul , Musavver Fen ve Edeb , İrtikā ve Servet-i Fünûn dergileriyle Tercümân-ı Hakîkat , İkdam , Sabah , Basîret ve Saâdet gazetelerinde makaleler, tercümeler ve şiirler yayımladı. Hüseyin Rahmi ile birlikte Boşboğaz ile Güllâbi adlı bir mizah gazetesi çıkardı (1324). Bu arada okullar için yazdığı tarih, dil bilgisi, imlâ ve aritmetik gibi çeşitli konulardaki eserlerini kitap halinde bastırdı. Menâkıb-ı İslâm adlı kitabı dolayısıyla II. Abdülhamid’den Mecîdî nişanı aldı.
1898’de Alman İmparatoru Wilhelm’in Suriye gezisi sırasında Ma‘lûmât gazetesi tarafından Suriye’ye, 1916’da da Sabah gazetesince harp muhabiri olarak Romanya cephesine gönderildi. 1927’de İstanbul’dan milletvekili seçildi. Üçüncü ve dördüncü dönem milletvekili olarak Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde bulundu. 21 Eylül 1932’de Heybeliada’daki evinde öldü; cenazesi adadaki Abbas Paşa Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Hayatı boyunca durmadan yazan Ahmed Râsim’deki hâkim özellik, ansiklopedist tavırlı bir gazeteci karakteridir. Türkiye’ye Batı’dan gelen yenilikleri, mahallî hayatı ve asırlar boyu teşekkül eden millî zevki gözden uzak tutmadan benimsemenin doğru olacağına inanan Ahmed Râsim, kendi ifadesiyle “mutavassıt” (orta yolu benimseyen) bir kimse idi. Onun edebiyat anlayışı ve dil zevkini doğrudan doğruya bu düşünce şekillendirmektedir. Bir devrin İstanbul’unu, sürdürülen yaşayış tarzı, çeşitli hayat tezahürleri, insanı, ses ve rengiyle en ince ayrıntılarına kadar anlatan Ahmed Râsim, yazılarıyla Türkçe’nin insana has hal ve görüşleri anlatmada kıvraklık kazanmasına ve zenginleşmesine de hizmet etmiştir.
Daha çok bir nesir yazarı olarak tanınan Ahmed Râsim’in şiirleri de vardır. Bir kısmı divan edebiyatı yolunda, bir kısmı da kendi tabiriyle “alafranga tarzda” yazılan bu şiirlerin yalnız eski tarzda olanlarını bazı dergilerde yayımlamış, diğerlerini Abdülhak Hâmid’e yapılan hücumları göz önünde bulundurarak yayımlamaktan çekinmiştir.
Hâfızasını bir ses ve resim kayıt cihazı gibi kullanan Ahmed Râsim, kendisinden söz ederken yaşadığı dönemin özelliklerini, çeşitli insan ve tipleriyle gözler önüne sermiştir. Zaman zaman kendi çocukluğunu ve gençliğine ait hâtıraları dile getiren yazar, okuyucu karşısına hayat tecrübelerine dayanan bir hüviyetle çıkmasını da bilmiştir.
Onun yazı kaynakları arasında müşahede önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Şehir Mektupları çevresinde toplanabilecek yazıları doğrudan doğruya böyle müşahede mahsulüdür. Ahmed Râsim ele aldığı konularla Türk gazeteciliğinin ufkunu genişletmiş, dikkatleri bilhassa mahallî hayat üzerine çekmiştir. Her türlü eğlence yerlerinden evlerin içlerine, sokakların manzarasından aile hayatına kadar devrinin hemen her şeyi onun eserlerinde tesbit edilmiş durumdadır. Müşahede, hâtıra ve incelemeye dayanan çeşitli eserleri yanında roman ve hikâyeyi de denemiştir. Ahmed Râsim’in sayısı yirmi beşi bulan romanlarının, üç cilt olan Kitâbe-i Gam (İstanbul 1315-1316) hariç, hemen hepsi birer büyük hikâye sayılabilir. Kenan Akyüz’ün değerlendirmesine göre, modern Fransız romanıyla temas kuramamış ve hemen hemen Ahmed Midhat ile Nâmık Kemal’in roman ve hikâyelerini okuyarak yetişmiş olan Ahmed Râsim’in “cep romanları” genel adı ile yayımlanan bu eserlerinde daha çok Nâmık Kemal tarzında, marazî bir hassasiyetle acıklı gönül maceraları ele alınmıştır. Kahramanları genellikle, Nâmık Kemal’in İntibah romanında olduğu gibi hayat tecrübesi olmayan erkeklerle onları baştan çıkaran aşüfte kadınlardır. Romanlarında teknik son derece zayıftır. Zaten basit tutulan vak‘anın bazan kaybolur derecede silikleştiği ve arada Ahmed Midhat tarzında bilgiler verildiği görülür. Dil ve üslûpta da belli bir düzen yoktur. Konuşmaların çok tabii olan diline karşılık tasvirlerin dili hem ağır hem de sübjektif bir karakter taşır. Psikolojik tahlil ise hemen hemen yok gibidir.
Devrinde şarkı bestekârı olarak da tanınan ve sevilen Ahmed Râsim, ilk mûsiki derslerini Dârüşşafaka’daki talebeliği sırasında okulun mûsiki muallimi bestekâr Mehmed Zekâi Dede’den aldı. Mezuniyetini takip eden yıllarda, aynı zamanda Eyüp’te Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi kudümzenbaşılığı yapan hocasının mevlevîhânedeki meşklerine devam etti. Ondan pek çok dinî ve din dışı eser öğrendi. Sonraları, katıldığı çeşitli mûsiki toplantılarında bestekâr Şevki Bey, Kemanî Tatyos Efendi ve Kemençeci Vasilaki gibi saz, söz sanatçısı ve bestekârlardan oluşan devrin ileri gelen mûsikişinasları ile tanışarak dostluklar kurdu. Ünlü şarkı bestekârı Şevki Bey’in pek çok bestesini ona okuyup tenkitlerini alması, Ahmed Râsim’in mûsikideki kudretini göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Sadece şarkı formunda eserler besteleyen, ancak nota bilmeyen Ahmed Râsim’in bestelediği şarkıların notaya alınmasında ve bu eserlerin devrin pek müsait olmayan şartları içinde geniş bir yayılma sahası bulmasında, meşhur mûsikişinaslarla olan yakın münasebetlerinin büyük tesiri vardır. Ahmed Râsim’in, hassas ve ağır başlı karakterini aksettiren, neşe ile karışık hüzün ifadeli, sanat göstermek gayretinden uzak, sade ve zarif bir mûsiki üslûbu vardır. Güfteleri de kendisine ait olmak üzere altmış beş kadar şarkı bestelemiştir. Bunlarda başta sûzinak, uşşak, mâhur, rast, segâh ve hüzzam makamları olmak üzere yirmiye yakın makam kullanmıştır. Torunu bestekâr Osman Nihat Akın mûsiki terbiye ve zevkini doğrudan doğruya ondan almıştır. Mûsiki ile yakın ilgisi dolayısıyla çeşitli kitap ve makalelerinde devrin mûsiki hayatını çok güzel aksettiren Ahmed Râsim’in doğrudan müşahedelerine dayanarak verdiği bu bilgiler devri için birinci derecede kaynak niteliğindedir.
Eserleri. Tarih, coğrafya, seyahat, gramer gibi çok değişik konularda yüzden fazla eser veren ve son derece velûd bir yazar olan Ahmed Râsim’in geniş bir okuyucu kitlesi arasında şöhret kazanmasına yol açan yazıları daha çok deneme, musâhabe, fıkra ve hâtıralarıdır. Deneme, musâhabe ve fıkralarında çoğunlukla şehir hayatının ve kendi çevresinin yaşayışı, insanları, alışkanlıkları, giyinişleri, hayat ve dünya görüşleri bütün ayrıntılarıyla ve kuvvetli bir gözlemle anlatılmıştır. Ahmed Râsim’in bu tarz eserleri, Türkiye’nin 1890’dan sonraki kırk yıllık sosyal hayatını inceleyecek olanlar için ihmal edilemeyecek kaynaklar arasındadır. Bu yazıların dil ve üslûbunda da konuşma dilinin ve üslûbunun birçok özelliklerini bulmak mümkündür.
Onun bu türdeki belli başlı eserleri şunlardır: Makalât ve Musâhabât (İstanbul 1325). Ahmed Râsim’in Abdülhamid döneminin son yıllarında kaleme aldığı bu yazıların ortak özelliği, sansürün dikkatini çekmeyecek konularda olmalarıdır. Bunlar dönemin yaşama tarzını aksettirmeleri bakımından önemlidir. Şehir Mektupları (İstanbul 1316; I-IV, İstanbul 1328-1329). Bu kitap yazarın bazıları kendi adı ile, bazıları da takma adlarla gazetelerde çıkan makalelerinden meydana gelmektedir. Bunlarda, zaman zaman mizahî bir dikkatle, İstanbul’da sürdürülen hayat çeşitli yönleriyle konu edilmekte, basın çevresi ile ilgili kişi ve olaylar ele alınmakta ve o devre ait alışkanlıklar, gelenekler, hâtıralar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Eserin I. cildi Ahmet Kabaklı tarafından sadeleştirilerek günümüz Türkçe’siyle yayımlanmıştır (Ankara 1969). Târih ve Muharrir (İstanbul 1329). II. Meşrutiyet öncesinde ve sonrasında kaleme alınmış makalelerden meydana gelmiştir. Dönemin bazı sosyal olaylarını konu alan bu makaleler müşahededen çok araştırma mahsulüdür. Eşkâl-i Zaman (İstanbul 1334). Bu kitaptaki yazılar I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’da yayımlanmıştır. Yazıldıkları dönemin siyasî durumuyla ilgili politik konu ve şahısları, günlük hayatın akışı içinde dikkati çeken bazı durumları, zamanın kabadayı, külhanbeyi ve züppelerinin tavır, hareket ve konuşmaları yazarın kendine has bir anlatım tarzıyla gözler önüne serilmiştir. Eser Orhan Şaik Gökyay tarafından açıklamalarla yeniden yayımlanmıştır (Ankara 1969). Cidd ü Mizâh (İstanbul 1336), Gülüp Ağladıklarım (İstanbul 1340) ve Muharrir Bu Ya (İstanbul 1926) bu türdeki diğer önemli eserleri olup Gülüp Ağladıklarım Ahmet Sevinç tarafından (Ankara 1978), Muharrir Bu Ya ise Hikmet Dizdaroğlu tarafından açıklama ve notlarla günümüz Türkçe’sine çevrilerek yayımlanmıştır (Ankara 1969).
Ahmed Râsim’in hâtıralarını toplayan eserleri de şunlardır: Gecelerim (İstanbul 1312, 1316) ve Falaka (İstanbul 1927) çocukluk hâtıralarının anlatıldığı eserlerdir. Falaka Sedit Yüksel (Ankara 1969), Gecelerim ise M. Sabri Koz tarafından (İstanbul 1987) günümüz Türkçe’siyle yayıma hazırlanmıştır. Fuhş-ı Atîk, Fuhş-ı Cedîd (I-II, İstanbul 1340), eski zevk âlemlerinin, Beyoğlu hayatının ve baskınların hâtıra tarzında yazılmış realist bir panoramasıdır. Kitapta her türlü eğlence yerine, mesirelere girip çıkmaya, aşüfte kadınları tanımaya, Galata-Beyoğlu başta olmak üzere kadınlı erkekli eğlencelerin tertiplendiği yerleri iç yüzleriyle farketmeye başlayan genç yazarın heyecanları, şaşkınlıkları ve müşahedeleri anlatılmaktadır. Yeni harflerle de basılan (İstanbul 1958) eseri Nuri Akalioğlu günümüz Türkçe’sine Dünkü İstanbul’da Hovardalık adıyla çevirip yayımlamıştır (İstanbul 1987). Muharrir, Şâir, Edib (İstanbul 1342) adlı eserde edebiyat heveslisi, gazete yazarı olmaya istekli genç Ahmed Râsim’in basın hayatına girişi, o devrin basın organları ve edebî muhitleriyle olan münasebeti anlatılmaktadır. Eser Kâzım Yetiş tarafından sadeleştirilerek bir indeks ilâvesiyle neşredilmiştir (İstanbul 1980).
Doğrudan doğruya tarihle ilgili eserleri olarak da şunlar sayılabilir: Resimli ve Haritalı Osmanlı Târihi (I-IV, İstanbul 1326-1328). Bu eserde Türkler’in Anadolu’ya gelişlerinden Abdülaziz devrine kadar geçen olaylar anlatılmaktadır. Sayfa altlarına “Fayda” başlığıyla eklenen hâşiyelerde, eski tarih kitaplarından yapılan iktibaslar veya hulâsalar vasıtasıyla, Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki askerî ve idarî teşkilât, teşrifat usulleri, tarihî terimler, eğlenceler, düğünler ve oyunlar hakkında medeniyet tarihi bakımından son derece önemli bilgiler verilmiştir. Eserden seçilen bazı bölümler Osmanlı Tarihi (Seçmeler) adıyla İsmet Parmaksızoğlu tarafından günümüz Türkçe’siyle yayımlandığı gibi (İstanbul 1968) tamamını da H. Dursun Yıldız Osmanlı Tarihi adıyla neşretmiştir (İstanbul 1969). İki Hâtırat Üç Şahsiyet (İstanbul 1332). XIX. yüzyılın sonu ile XX. yüzyılın başlarında defalarca sadrazam olan Said ve Kâmil paşaların yayımladıkları hâtıralarından hareketle kaleme alınan bir eserdir. Kitapta II. Abdülhamid’in ve meşhur iki sadrazamı Said ve Kâmil paşaların şahsiyet ve hususiyetleri belirtilmeye çalışılmıştır. Eser İbrahim Olgun tarafından günümüz Türkçe’siyle yayıma hazırlanmıştır (İstanbul 1976). İstibdattan Hâkimiyyet-i Milliyyeye (I-II, İstanbul 1342). Bu eser Osmanlı Devleti’nde yenilik hareketlerinin tarihini, siyasî hadiseler arkasındaki gelişmelere yer vererek anlatmayı hedef almıştır. Gayesi fikrî olgunlaşmamızın merhalelerini gözler önüne sermek, devre hâkim ihtirasları kendi çerçevesi ve şartları içinde ele almaktır. Eserin I. cildi I. Abdülhamid’in ölümü ve III. Selim’in padişah oluşu ile başlar, Kırım Savaşı’na kadar cereyan eden olaylarla biter. II. cilt Kırım Savaşı’ndan başlayarak Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilmesi ve I. Meşrutiyet’e kadar gelen olaylarla sona erer. Eser bu haliyle, daha geniş olarak düşünülmüş bir çalışmanın giriş kısmı gibidir. Eserin I. cildi H. Veldet Velidedeoğlu tarafından Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Reform Çabaları İçinde Batış Evreleri adıyla sadeleştirilerek yayıma hazırlanmıştır (İstanbul 1987). Târîh-i Muhtasar-ı Beşer (İstanbul 1304) ve Terakkiyât-ı İlmiyye ve Medeniyye (İstanbul 1304) bu konudaki diğer önemli eserleridir.
Bunlardan başka, II. Meşrutiyet’i takip eden yıllarda İslâm dini ve tarihi konularında yazdığı makalelerini topladığı Menâkıb-ı İslâm (I-II, İstanbul 1325-1326) ile seyahat yazılarını topladığı Romanya Mektupları (İstanbul 1333), Türk basın tarihine ait kısa bilgilerle Şinâsi’nin hayatının anlatıldığı ve eserlerinden örnek parçaların yer aldığı İlk Büyük Muharrirlerden Şinâsi (İstanbul 1927) onun önemli eserlerindendir. Romanya Mektupları ’nı Rıdvan Yakın günümüz Türkçe’siyle yayıma hazırlamıştır (İstanbul 1988). Ahmed Râsim’in Ramazan aylarında çeşitli gazetelerde neşrettiği sohbetler de Ramazan Sohbetleri adıyla Muzaffer Gökman (İstanbul 1967) ve Reşat Ekrem Koçu (İstanbul 1974) tarafından iki ayrı kitapta toplanmış ve sadeleştirilerek yayımlanmıştır.
Ahmed Râsim aynı zamanda Türk basınında kendisinden en çok bahsedilen kişilerden biridir. Muzaffer Gökman’ın hazırladığı Ahmet Rasim (I-II, İstanbul 1989) adlı geniş çalışmada, Ahmed Râsim’in kitap halinde yayımlanan eserleriyle çeşitli başlıklar altında tasnif edilen makaleleri ayrı ayrı ele alınarak tanıtılmış, kitaba ayrıca makale, kitap ve konu başlıklarına göre bir indeks konulmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , III, 1344-1348.
R. Ekrem Koçu, Ahmed Rasim: Hayatı Seçme Şiir ve Yazıları , İstanbul 1938.
Ergun, Türk Şairleri , I, 337-352.
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Muzaffer Gökman, Ahmet Rasim (İstanbul’u Yaşayan ve Yaşatan Adam): Hayatı ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1989, I-II.
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Ney Dede [Osman Nihat Akın], “Ahmed Rasim ve Şarkıları I-III”, TMD , sy. 6 (1948), s. 4, 13; sy. 8 (1948), s. 5, 19; sy. 9 (1948), s. 5, 19.
Muharrem Giray, “Ölümünün 30’uncu Yıldönümünde Üstad Ahmet Rasim”, Yakın Tarihimiz , III/30, İstanbul 1962, s. 116-118.
Burhanettin Ökte, “Ahmed Rasim Bey”, MM , sy. 191 (1964), s. 298-300.
Öztuna, TMA , I, 22-23.
Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil, “Ahmed Rasim”, İA , I, 200-202.
W. Björkmann, “Aḥmad Rāsim”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 293-294.
Hasan Aksoy, “Ahmed Rasim”, TDEA , I, 71-73.
[Ahmed Râsim’in Türk mûsikisi ile ilgisi ve bestekârlığı hakkındaki bilgiler Nuri Özcan tarafından ilâve edilmiştir].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 117-119 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.