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AHMED RIZÂ Skip to content (1858-1930)
Jön Türk hareketi liderlerinden ve Türk siyaset adamı.
Babası, devrin İngiliz kıyafeti modasına uygun giyindiği için “İngiliz” lakabıyla tanınmış Şûrâ-yı Devlet ve Âyan Meclisi üyelerinden Ali Bey, annesi ise ihtida etmiş Avusturyalı asil bir ailenin kızı Nâile Hanım’dır.
Ahmed Rızâ, Beylerbeyi Rüşdiyesi’ni bitirdikten sonra Mahrec-i Aklâm’a, daha sonra Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi’ne devam etti. Annesinin tesiriyle küçük yaştan itibaren Batı kültürüyle yetişti, özel hocalardan dersler aldı. Bu arada şiire merak sardı ve henüz on beş yaşında iken birkaç şarkısı bestelendi. Küçüklüğünde astım hastalığına yakalandığından, çocukluğu Vaniköy sırtlarındaki çiftliklerinde avcılık yapmak ve bahçe işleriyle uğraşmakla geçti. Memuriyete Bâbıâli Tercüme Odası’nda başladı. Daha sonra istifa ederek Antalya’da sürgünde bulunan babasının yanına gitti. Anadolu’ya yaptığı bu gezide yakından gördüğü köylünün sefaleti onu, bunun sebeplerini araştırmaya yöneltti. Bu durumun, tarımın geriliğinden ileri geldiği düşüncesiyle Fransa’ya gidip ziraat öğrenimi yapmaya karar verdi. Paris’te üç yıl içinde Grignon Ziraat Mektebi’ni bitirdi ve uzman ziraatçı olarak yurda döndü (1884). Ziraat Nezâreti’nde bir memurluğa tayin edildi. Burada, devrin yeni ziraat makinelerini kullanarak bir işletme kurmaya çalıştıysa da başaramadı. Köylünün geri kalışının, onların modern tarım metotlarını bilmeyişlerinden ileri geldiği kanaatiyle Ziraat Nezâreti’nden ayrılarak Maarif Nezâreti’ne geçti. Niyeti, eğitim yoluyla köylünün aydınlanmasına çalışmaktı. Önce Bursa Mülkî İdâdî müdürlüğüne, ardından da Bursa Maarif müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. Dört yıl sonra bu alanda da bir şey yapamayacağını görerek istifa etti (1887) ve Antalya’ya babasının yanına gitti. Fransız İhtilâli’nin yüzüncü yıl dönümü münasebetiyle tertiplenen milletlerarası sergiyi ziyaret bahanesiyle Paris’e gitti (1889) ve orada kaldı.
Paris’e gitmeden önce pozitivizm ve Auguste Comte düşüncesiyle ilgilenmiş olan Ahmed Rızâ, Paris’te bir yandan Sorbonne Üniversitesi’nde târîh-i tabîî derslerine, bir yandan da Pierre Laffitte’in verdiği pozitivizm derslerine devam etti. Aynı zamanda pozitivistlerin cemiyetine üye oldu. Cemiyetin düsturu olan “Ordre et progrès” (nizam ve terakki) esasına da sonuna kadar bağlı kaldı. Bu kuruluşun yayın organı olan La Revue Occidentale ’de İslâmiyet’i tanıtıcı ve yüceliğini belirtici makaleler yazmaya başladı. Osmanlı Devleti ile ilgili olarak Fransız basınında çıkan yazılara cevap verdi. 1891’de Osmanlı kadınlarıyla ilgili bir konferansında “hürriyetperverâne” ifadeler kullandığı gerekçesiyle yurda dönmesi için Paris sefâretine merkezden emir verildi. Ahmed Rızâ buna uymadığı gibi, İstanbul’a Posta ve Telgraf Nezâreti’ne yazdığı mektupta hiçbir gizli cemiyete mensup olmadığını, vatan ve milletin menfaat ve hukukunu müdafaa gerektiği zaman bunu Paris gazetelerinde yayımlayacağı yazılarla yapabileceğini ifade etti. Bir yandan da talebeliğini sürdürebilmek için II. Abdülhamid yönetiminden maaş talebinde bulundu. Bu arada ülkelerin ilerleme ve milletlerin geri kalma sebeplerini incelemeye koyuldu. Bu incelemelerinden sonra, ülkeyi ve halkı içinde bulunduğu tehlikeli durumdan kurtarmak için eğitimden ve müsbet ilimleri yaymaktan başka yol olmadığı sonucuna vardı. Düşüncelerini bir lâyiha halinde Sultan Abdülhamid’e gönderdi (1893). Padişahın teşvik edici cevap vermesi ve fikirlerini bildirmekte devam etmesini istemesi üzerine lâyihalarını göndermeye devam etti. Aynı zamanda Sadrazam Cevad Paşa’ya da lâyihaları hakkında arîzalar takdim etti.
Ahmed Rızâ padişahı, meşrutiyet rejiminin kötü bir şey olmadığına inandırmak için şeriatın meşveret usulünü emrettiğini anlatmaya çalışıyordu. Fakat altıncı lâyihasını da gönderdiği halde hiçbir hareket göremeyince, bunlardan bir sonuç çıkmayacağına kanaat getirerek, babasının arkadaşı eski Suriye mebusu Halil Ganem ile temasa geçti ve onun yayımlamakta olduğu Fransızca La Jeune Turquie gazetesinde siyasî yazılar yazmaya başladı. Aynı zamanda Sultan Abdülhamid’e daha önce takdim etmiş olduğu reform programını Londra’da Lâyiha ve Mektub adlarıyla risâle halinde neşretti.
Ahmed Rızâ, 1889’da İstanbul’da Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye’de kurulan İttihâd-ı Osmânî Cemiyeti ile de ilgilenmekte idi. 1891 sonu veya 1892 başlarında cemiyetin ilk nizamnâme taslağının Ahmed Rızâ’ya gönderildiği ve onun bu konuda bazı eleştirilerde bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 1892’de cemiyetin ileri gelenlerinin tutuklanıp bir süre sonra serbest bırakılmalarından sonra Jön Türkler’in büyük bir kısmı Paris’te toplanmaya başlamıştı.
Ahmed Rızâ’nın yayınları, 1894’te Paris’te oluşmakta olan muhalif Türk grubu arasında büyük yankı uyandırdı. Selânikli Dr. Nâzım Bey, cemiyetin merkez komitesi adına Ahmed Rızâ Bey’e kendilerine katılmasını teklif etti. Ahmed Rızâ teklifi kabul ettiği gibi, cemiyetin adı konusunda İstanbul merkezi ile bir münakaşaya girişti ve sonuçta kendisinin Auguste Comte’tan ilham alarak teklif ettiği Osmanlı İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti adı kabul edildi. Ahmed Rızâ’nın katılmasıyla Jön Türkler’in Avrupa kamuoyundaki faaliyetleri birden hızlandı. Ahmed Rızâ, Ali Şefkatî’nin Londra’da çıkarmakta olduğu İstikbâl gazetesinde yazılarına devam etti. Bu yayımlar üzerine II. Abdülhamid, Ahmed Rızâ’nın da Jön Türkler’e katılmakta olduğunu görünce, kendisini Türkiye’ye dönmeye ikna etmesi için Paris sefiri Yûsuf Ziyâ Paşa’yı görevlendirdi. 2500 altın lira ihsan göndererek İstanbul’a geldiği takdirde önemli görevlere getirileceğini duyurdu. Ahmed Rızâ ihsanı kabul etmediği gibi, Paris Jön Türk grubunun ve İstanbul İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin yayın organı olarak yayına başlayan Türkçe Meşveret gazetesinin başına geçti (1895). Ayrıca bu gazeteye ek olarak Fransızca Mechvéret Supplément Français ’yi de çıkarmaya başladı.
Ahmed Rızâ, gazetenin ilk sayısında Doğu kültürünü Batı’dan alınacak ilim ve kültürle yoğurmayı, halkın eğitim seviyesini yükseltmeyi öne çıkaran bir program yayımladı. İlerleme uğruna şiddet kullanılmasını kınayan bir tavır ortaya koydu. İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin programını da ilk defa olarak Meşveret ’te yayımlaması, Ahmed Rızâ’yı Avrupa Jön Türkleri’nin lideri durumuna getirdi. Ancak Mizancı Murad Bey’in İstanbul’dan Mısır’a kaçarak Mîzan gazetesini orada çıkarmaya başlaması ve gazetesinin Mısır Jön Türkleri’nin mihrakı haline gelmesi, Ahmed Rızâ’nın durumunu sarstı. Esasen Ahmed Rızâ’nın kendi görüşlerini benimsemeyenlere karşı katı tavrı, laik ve pozitivist fikirleri, bazı yabancı çevrelerle kurduğu söylenen münasebetler, muhafazakâr Jön Türkler arasında şiddetli tepkilere yol açıyordu. Meşveret , İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin resmî organı olduğu halde, daha başlangıçta Ahmed Rızâ’nın şahsî malı haline gelmişti. Kendi fikirlerinden asla fedakârlık yapmaya yanaşmaması, cemiyette baş gösteren fikir ayrılıklarının esas sebebi oldu. Yabancı postahaneler kanalıyla Türkiye’ye sokulan iki cemiyet yayınından Mîzan , Meşveret ’le kıyaslanamayacak kadar fazla ilgi görüyordu. Abdülhamid’e suikast düzenlenmesine karşı çıktığı için İstanbul’daki Jön Türkler’le de arası açılmıştı. İmparatorluk içindeki Jön Türkler artık gerçek lider olarak Murad Bey’i görüyor ve gazetesi Mîzan elden ele dolaşıyordu. Murad Bey’in böyle bir ortamda Paris’e gelmesi, Jön Türkler’in muhafazakâr kanadını onun liderliği altında toplanmaya sevketti. Bir süre sonra cemiyet içinde yeni bir düzenlemeye gidilerek Ahmed Rızâ Bey’in yerine Murad Bey İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti reisliğine getirildi (Aralık 1896).
Diğer taraftan, II. Abdülhamid’in isteği üzerine Léon Bourgeois’in başkanlığındaki Fransız hükümeti Meşveret ’i kapatmaya ve Ahmed Rızâ’yı Fransa dışına sürmeye karar vermişti (1896). Fakat Fransız basınının ilk defa birleşerek kararın geri alınması için yaptığı baskılar sonucunda Fransız hükümeti, Paris’te Türkçe basılan Meşveret ’in Fransa içinde dağıtımı dışındaki yasakları geri almak zorunda kaldı. Bunun üzerine Ahmed Rızâ, Türkçe Meşveret ’i İsviçre’de çıkarmaya başladı (Mayıs 1896). İstanbul hükümeti bu sefer gazeteyi basan matbaacıdan Türkçe hurufatı satın aldığından Ahmed Rızâ gazetesini taş baskısı ile yayımlamaya çalıştı ise de bunun güçlüğü karşısında Meşveret ’i Belçika’ya nakletti (Eylül 1897).
Ahmed Rızâ Türk-Yunan Harbi (1897) sırasında gazetesinde Girit İsyanı’nı destekler mahiyette yayımladığı bir yazıyı tekzibe yanaşmaması üzerine İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nden çıkarıldı. Ayrıca pozitivistlerin takvimini kullanması delil gösterilerek dinsizlikle suçlandı. Sultan Abdülhamid Belçika hükümetine baskı yaparak gazetenin basılmasını yasaklattı (26 Ekim 1897). Belçika Parlamentosu hükümetin kararını şiddetle protesto ettiği gibi mebuslardan Georges Lorand Meşveret ’in yayımlanmasını üzerine aldı. Ancak Belçika kralı olaya müdahale ederek hem gazeteyi kapattırdı (16 Mayıs 1898), hem de Ahmed Rızâ’yı sınır dışı ettirdi (13 Aralık 1898). Meşveret ’i Türkçe olarak yayımlamaktan vazgeçen Ahmed Rızâ, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânına kadar Fransızca’sını yayımlamaya devam etti. Osmanlı hükümeti, basın yoluyla doğrudan doğruya padişahın şahsına hakaret edildiği iddiasıyla, Fransız mahkemelerinde Ahmed Rızâ aleyhine dava açtırdı. Fakat kayda değer hiçbir sonuç alınamadı ve Ahmed Rızâ küçük bir para cezası ile kurtuldu.
Damad Mahmud Celâleddin Paşa’nın 1899 sonlarında iki oğlu Prens Sabahaddin ve Lutfullah beylerle Avrupa’ya kaçmasıyla Jön Türk hareketine yeniden canlılık geldi. Prens Sabahaddin’in çağrısı üzerine Paris’te I. Jön Türk (Osmanlı Umum Muhâlifîn) Kongresi toplandı (4 Şubat 1902). Arap, Arnavut, Ermeni, Rum ve Bulgar milliyetçilerinin de katıldığı kongrede çeşitli görüşler ortaya çıktı. Ermeniler’in padişaha suikast da dahil olmak üzere şiddet hareketlerini sürdüreceklerini açıkça ifade etmeleri, Ahmed Rızâ taraftarlarını kızdırdı. Yine Ermeniler’in padişaha karşı yabancılardan, bu arada Ruslar’dan destek istenmesi hususundaki talepleri Sabahaddin Bey tarafından İngiltere ve Fransa’nın da ilâvesiyle kabul edildi. Böylece kongreye katılanlar bir tarafta Sabahaddin Bey ve Ermeniler’den oluşan “müdahaleciler”, diğer tarafta ise Ahmed Rızâ ve taraftarlarından oluşan “adem-i müdahaleciler” olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldı. Bu ayrılığı ortadan kaldırmak için Ahmed Rızâ’nın başkanlığında toplanan ikinci kongrede (1907) Ahmed Rızâ ve taraftarları azınlıkta kaldı. İsmâil Kemal’in ileri sürdüğü orduyu ayaklandırma tezi, pek çok grup tarafından benimsendi. Şiddet taraftarları Ahmed Rızâ’yı da ikna etmeyi başardı. Yine de Ahmed Rızâ, ülkeyi “ateş ve dehşete sokarak” yabancı müdahaleyi davet edecek tedhişçiliğe karşı çıkıyordu. Abdülhamid’e karşı yapılacak ihtilâle Ermeniler’in katılmasını kesinlikle istemiyordu. Ahmed Rızâ’nın fikir değiştirmesinin başlıca sebebi, Abdülhamid düşmanlığının ve meşrutiyet tutkusunun Makedonya’daki Üçüncü Ordu subayları arasında çok artmış olması idi. 1907’de Selânik’te gizli olarak Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti’ni kuran Talat, İsmâil Canbolat, Midhat Şükrü gibi İttihat ve Terakkî’nin Selânik grubu üyeleri, Ahmed Rızâ’nın Paris’teki arkadaşlarıyla birleşmişti. Jön Türkler’in en büyük başarısı 1908 Meşrutiyeti’ni gerçekleştiren Makedonyalı Türk subaylarının kendi saflarına katılması oldu. Rusya ile İngiltere arasında Reval’de yapılan görüşmelerde Osmanlı Devleti’nin parçalanacağını düşünen bu subayların 1908 Temmuzunda isyan ederek dağa çıkmalarından sonra II. Abdülhamid, 23 Temmuz 1908’de meşrutiyeti yeniden yürürlüğe koymak zorunda kaldı.
II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra “ebü’l-ahrâr” (hürriyetçilerin babası) sıfatıyla büyük törenlerle İstanbul’a dönen Ahmed Rızâ, İstanbul mebusu olarak girdiği Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’da oy birliği ile başkanlığa getirildi (17 Aralık 1908). Ancak, 31 Mart Vak‘ası’nda gazeteci Hasan Fehmi, Zeki ve Ahmed Samim beylerin öldürülmeleri gibi tedhiş hareketleri yüzünden İttihat ve Terakkî ile arası açılınca, 1910’da merkez komitesinden çıkarıldı. 18 Ocak 1912’de ilk meclisin feshinden sonraki seçimlere katılmadı ve padişah tarafından 18 Nisan 1912’de Âyan Meclisi üyeliğine getirildi. Bu dönemde İttihatçılar’ı sert biçimde eleştirdi. Bâbıâli Baskını’ndan (23 Ocak 1913) sonra İttihatçılar’la arası tamamen açıldı. Mütareke döneminde Sultan Vahdeddin tarafından Âyan Meclisi reisliğine getirildi. Bu mevkide iken vatanın kurtuluşu için Vahdet-i Millî Cemiyeti’ni kurduysa da bir sonuç alamadı. Damad Ferid Paşa ile anlaşmazlığa düşünce Mustafa Kemal’in 22 Haziran 1919’da Havza’dan kendisine yazdığı mektup üzerine Paris’e gitti. Anadolu hareketi lehine burada bir kamuoyu oluşturmaya çalıştı. İstiklâl Harbi boyunca yayımladığı broşür, makale, beyanat ve konferanslarla millî hareket lehine bir hava meydana getirmeyi başardı. Ankara hükümetiyle anlaşmak üzere Fransız temsilcisi Franclin Bouillon’un gönderilmesinde müessir oldu. Lozan Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasından sonra 1926’da yurda döndü. Vaniköy’deki çiftliğine çekilerek hâtıralarını ve İttihat ve Terakkî’nin tarihini yazmaya başladı. 26 Şubat 1930’da kaza ile düşüp kalça kemiğini kırdı; aynı gün kaldırıldığı Şişli Etfal Hastanesi’nde öldü. Cenazesi Kandilli Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Ahmed Rızâ, muhatabına hürmet telkin eden ve tesir altında bırakan bir şahsiyete, kuvvetli bir kültüre, felsefî görüşe ve ileri derecede medenî cesarete sahipti. Bazı çevrelerce dinsizlikle itham edilmesinin sebebi, şeriat hükümlerinin geçerli olduğu bir devirde dini, bir devlet nizamı değil, tamamen indî ve şahsî bir inanç olarak kabul etmesindendir. Devrinde şiddetli tepkilere yol açan bu anlayışı bir tarafa bırakılırsa Ahmed Rızâ, Fransa’da yayımlamaya başladığı ilk makalelerinden itibaren hemen bütün eserlerinde İslâm dininin dinlerin en mükemmeli, en mâkulü ve insanî olanı, sosyal hakları tanıyan ve sosyal değeri bulunan tek din olduğu gibi, “cennet anaların ayakları altındadır” diyecek kadar kadını yücelten ve insan sayan yegâne din olduğunu ısrarla belirtmiştir. Asırlar boyunca, Türk ve Osmanlı imparatorluklarının İslâm dininin esaslarından olarak benimsedikleri ahlâk, adalet ve müsamahayı, siyasetlerinin temeli kabul ettiklerini ve uygulamada bunlardan asla şaşmadıklarını, her fırsatta tarihî misalleriyle açıklamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin başına gelen bütün felâketlerin de anlayış ve müsamahadan kaynaklandığı görüşündedir. Ahmed Rızâ’nın Tolérance Musulmane isimli eseri ile yine La Faillite morale de la politique Occidentale en Orient adlı son eseri, müslümanların insanî davranışlarına karşı Batı’nın hainliklerinin misalleri ile doludur. Bu misallerin tamamı da Batılı yazarların eserlerinden derlenmiş itiraflardır.
Memleketin kalkınabilmesi ve felâketten kurtulabilmesi için halkın eğitilmesinden başka çare olmadığı kanaatindedir. Bunun için Hz. Muhammed’in, ilim tahsil etmek her müslümana farzdır, sözünde görüldüğü gibi bilgiye bu kadar önem veren başka bir din olmadığını belirtir ve idarecilerin bu uyarıyı samimiyetle benimseyip ona göre hareket etmelerini arzu eder. Sultan Abdülhamid’in yürürlükten kaldırdığı Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin tekrar yürürlüğe konulmasını, ancak daha önce elden geçirilerek devletin idareci unsuruna idarî hâkimiyet verici kısımların ilâve edilmesini ister. Azınlıklardan milliyetçilik yaparak ayrılık peşinde koşanların düşman sayılmaları gerektiğini belirtir. O, Abdülhamid’e değil, hatalı gördüğü idare sistemine ve onun her şeyi bilfiil halletmek isteyen sonsuz kudret ve salâhiyetine karşıdır. Tanzimat’tan beri Batılılar’ın bir müdahale vasıtası olarak kullandıkları ıslahat projelerinin eyaletlere ve azınlıklara göre ayrı ayrı değil, bütün memlekete şâmil olarak ele alınması fikrindedir. Hilâfet hakkındaki düşüncesi ise pek kesindir: “Hilâfet, Âl-i Osmân’ın mutlak ve meşrû hakkıdır, asla elinden alınamaz, terkedilemez.” Bırakılması demek, “Türkiye’yi kendi elimizle büyük devletlikten küçük devletliğe indirmek demek olur” der. Ordunun vazifesinin vatanı korumak olduğu, ancak memleketteki siyasî ortamın tehlike arzetmesi halinde müdahalesinin şart sayıldığı, tehlikeyi önledikten sonra da kışlaya dönmesinin zaruri bulunduğu fikrindedir.
Ahmed Rızâ’nın Islâhat , Osmanlı , Meşveret ve Şûrâ-yı Ümmet dergi ve gazetelerinde Türkçe, La Revue Occidentale ve Mechvéret dergilerinde Fransızca, Positivist Review dergisinde de İngilizce yayımladığı makalelerinden başka kitap halinde çıkan eserleri şunlardır: Vatanın Hâline ve Maârif-i Umûmiyyenin Islâhına Dair Sultan Abdülhamid Hân-ı Sânî Hazretleri’ne Takdim Kılınan Altı Lâyihadan Birinci Lâyiha (Londra 1312); Vatanın Hâline ve Maârif-i Umûmiyyenin Islâhına Dair Sultan Abdülhamid Hân-ı Sânî Hazretleri’ne Takdim Kılınan Lâyihalar Hakkında Makām-ı Sadârete Gönderilen Mektub (Cenevre 1313, 1314); Vazîfe ve Mes‘ûliyet Serisinden : 1. cüz Mukaddime, Padişah, Şehzâdeler (Kahire 1320), 2. cüz Asker (Kahire 1323), 3. cüz Kadın (Paris 1324). Eser iki defa basılmıştır. Fransızca eserleri: Tolérance Musulmane (Paris 1907); La Crise de l’Orient (Paris 1907); Echos de Turquie (Paris 1920); La Faillite morale de la politique Occidentale en Orient (Paris 1922). Batı dünyasının asırlar boyunca Hıristiyanlık taassubuyla Türkler’e ve müslümanlara karşı beslediği kin, nefret ve düşmanlık kadar yapmaktan çekinmediği korkunç zulüm ve haksızlıkları da doğrudan doğruya Avrupalı yazarlara dayanarak ortaya koyan bu eser, aslında Batı kamuoyunu uyarmak gayesiyle kaleme alınmış ve bunda da bir ölçüde muvaffak olmuştur. Aynı zamanda muhteva itibariyle de hıristiyan Avrupa’nın İslâm dünyasına bakış açısını anlatması bakımından önemli görülerek daha yayımlandığı yıl Tunuslu tanınmış gazeteci ve fikir adamlarından Sâdık ez-Zemerlî ve Mehmed Burgiba tarafından İflâsü’l-edebî li’s-siyâseti’l-ġarbiyye bi’l-meşriḳ adıyla Arapça’ya çevrilmiştir (Tunus 1922). Gördüğü ilgi dolayısıyla daha sonra da başkaları tarafından tekrar tercüme edildiği gibi, bu ilk tercüme el-Ḫaybetü’l-edebiyye li’s-siyâseti’l-ġarbiyye fi’ş-şarḳ adıyla ikinci defa da yayımlanmıştır (Tunus 1977). Eser, Batının Doğu Politikasının Ahlâken İflâsı adıyla Türkçe’ye de çevrilmiştir (trc. Z. Ebüzziya, İstanbul 1982; 2 bs. Ankara 1989). Ölümünden sonra Halûk Şehsuvaroğlu tarafından tefrika halinde neşredilen hâtıratı (Cumhuriyet , 26 Ocak 1950 – 29 Şubat 1950) kitap halinde de yayımlanmıştır (Meclis-i Mebusan ve Ayân Reisi Ahmed Rıza Bey’in Anıları , İstanbul 1988). Zengin kütüphanesi ve evrakı ise Atatürk Kültür Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Kütüphanesi’ndedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 124-127 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.