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AHMED ŞEVKĪ Skip to content Ahmed Şevkī b. Alî b. Ahmed Şevkī (1868-1932)
Son devir Arap şairlerinin en meşhuru.
Kahire’de doğdu. Adını taşıdığı dedesi Ahmed Şevkī, Mehmed Ali Paşa devrinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kahire’de yüksek seviyedeki memurlarından biriydi. Üç yaşında iken İbrâhim Paşa’nın âzatlı câriyelerinden olan anneannesi tarafından Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’nın himayesine verildi ve onun sarayında büyüdü.
İlk ve orta tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra 1885 yılında Kahire’de yeni açılan Hukuk Fakültesi’ne girdi; fakat hukuktan hoşlanmadığı için aynı fakültenin Tercüme Bölümü’ne geçerek 1887 yılında bu bölümü bitirdi. Doğuştan sahip olduğu şiir kabiliyetinin gelişip ortaya çıkmasına, Arapça hocası ve aynı zamanda şair olan Şeyh Muhammed el-Besyûnî yardımcı oldu. el-Veḳāʾiʿu’l-Mıṣriyye gazetesinde Hidiv Tevfik Paşa’yı metheden ilk şiirleri yayımlanmaya başladıktan sonra Ali Mübârek Paşa’nın delâletiyle sarayda bir memuriyete tayin edildi. Bu göreve başladıktan kısa bir süre sonra Hidiv Tevfik Paşa tarafından, yarım bıraktığı hukuk öğrenimini tamamlamak üzere Fransa’ya gönderildi (1888) ve dört yıl süreyle Montpellier ve Paris üniversitelerinde hukuk ve edebiyat tahsil etti. Bu suretle Batı edebiyatını yerinde ve yakından tanıma fırsatını da bulmuş oldu. Öğrenimi sırasında İngiltere ve Cezayir’i ziyaret etti. Tahsilini tamamlayıp Mısır’a döndükten sonra Hidiv Abbas Hilmi Paşa’nın divanında Frenk Kalemi müdürlüğüne getirildi. 1894 yılında Cenevre’de toplanan Müsteşrikler Kongresi’ne Mısır temsilcisi olarak katıldı.
I. Dünya Savaşı çıktığında İstanbul’da bulunan Hidiv Abbas Hilmi Paşa’nın İngilizler tarafından azledilerek İngiliz sömürgeciliğine karşı faaliyette bulunan milliyetçilerin sürgüne gönderilmesi sırasında Hidiv Abbas Hilmi Paşa taraftarı olan Ahmed Şevkī de İspanya’ya sürüldü (1915). 1919 yılı sonlarına kadar kaldığı İspanya’da Endülüs İslâm medeniyetini, Arap ve Batı edebiyatını derinliğine inceleme imkânını buldu. Mısır’a dönünce bir kahraman gibi karşılandı. 1927’de Mısır Âyan Meclisi (Meclisü’ş-şüyûh) üyeliğine seçilen Ahmed Şevkī 13 Ekim 1932’de Kahire’de öldü ve resmî törenle defnedildi.
Arap edebiyatının uzun bir durgunluk devresinden sonra gelen ve modern Arap nazmına mükemmel şeklini veren en büyük şair olarak kabul edilen Ahmed Şevkī’nin şiirlerini, muhteva itibariyle, sürgünden önce, sürgün sırasında ve sürgünden döndükten sonra yazdığı şiirler olmak üzere üç grupta incelemek mümkündür.
Sürgünden önceki şiirlerinde, bir saray şairi olarak geleneğe uygun bir şekilde klasik Arap nazmının hicviye dışındaki bütün türlerini denemiş, ancak insanlarla iyi münasebetler içinde bulunmayı düstur edindiği için hicviye yazmamıştır. Gazel tarzında yazdığı şiirlerde ise fazla başarılı sayılmamaktadır.
Maddî menfaat sağlamak için methiye söylemeye karşı olan Ahmed Şevkī, yapılmamasını tavsiye ettiği bu işi kendisi yapmıştır. Ancak sürgünden önceki methiyeleri ile sürgünden sonrakiler mahiyet bakımından farklı olmuştur. Sürgün dönüşü saraya bağımlı olmaktan kurtulduğu için kendisini daha serbest hissetmiş, bu dönemdeki methiyelerini daha sade ve aşırı övgülerden uzak olarak kaleme almıştır. Sürgün esnasında eski konuları işlemekle beraber bunların yanında vatan ve aile hasretini dile getiren şiirler de yazmıştır. Sürgünden döndükten sonra halktan yana bir tavır takınmış, şiirlerinde günlük olayları, dinî, siyasî ve tarihî konuları Mehmed Âkif gibi millî şuurla işlemiş, cemiyetin dikkatini İslâm dünyasındaki sosyal ve ahlâkî çalkantılara ve modern Batı’nın sömürgeciliğine çekmeye çalışmıştır. “Milletler ahlâkları ile yaşarlar, ahlâkı olmayan millet çöküntüye uğrar” anlamındaki darbımesel haline gelen beyti onun bu devredeki hâkim düşüncesini gösterir. Bu dönemde yeni nazım türlerinde de eser veren Ahmed Şevkī, Abdülhak Hâmid tarzında manzum piyesler, hikâyeler ve fabller yazmış, La Fontaine, Victor Hugo ve Shakespeare gibi Avrupalı şair ve ediplerin etkisinde kalmıştır.
Sarayda bulunduğu zamanlardaki siyasî, dinî ve sosyal konulara ait görüşleriyle sürgün dönüşü sarayla ilişkisinin kopmasından sonraki fikirleri çelişkilidir. Önceleri sarayın görüşüne uygun olarak İngilizler’in Mısır siyaseti aleyhinde bir şey söylemediği halde daha sonra İngilizler’e karşı çıkmış, yine önceleri, Mısır’da ve İslâm dünyasında feminist hareketin öncülerinden olan Kasım Emîn’e karşıyken sürgünden sonra onu desteklemiştir. Ancak hilâfetin ve İslâm dünyasının liderliğinin Türkler’in elinde kalması gerektiği konusundaki siyasî kanaatlerinde değişiklik olmamış, bu fikirlerini sonuna kadar savunmuştur. Her vesile ile halifeyi, hilâfet makamını öven kasideler yazmış, Türk İstiklâl Savaşı’nı dikkatle takip etmiş, bazı şiirlerinde bu savaşın kumandanlarına ve Türk gençlerine takdir ve şükranlarını dile getirmiştir (bk. eş-Şevḳıyyât , I, 52, 280-281). Şiirlerinde birçok dinî konuyu samimiyetle işleyen Ahmed Şevkī, dinî olayları ve peygamber kıssalarını malzeme olarak bol bol kullanmıştır. Bûsîrî’nin meşhur Ḳaṣîde-i Bürde ’sine Nehcü’l-Bürde , Hemziyye ’sine de el-Hemziyyetü’n-nebeviyye adıyla eş-Şevḳıyyât içinde basılmış bulunan iki nazîre yazmıştır. Ömrünün sonlarına doğru tiyatro ile de ilgilenmiş, altısı trajedi biri de komedi olmak üzere yedi tiyatro eseri yazmıştır. Klasik Fransız tiyatrosunun tesirinde kalmakla beraber romantizmden de faydalanan Ahmed Şevkī piyeslerinde zaman-mekân-konu birliğine pek bağlı kalmamıştır. Tiyatro eserlerinde fazla başarılı olmasa bile modern Arap edebiyatına tiyatroyu sokmak suretiyle bu alanda da hizmet etmiş sayılır. Yazdığı piyeslerin çoğu hem şairin sağlığında hem de ölümünden sonra Mısır’da defalarca oynanmıştır. En başarılı tiyatro eseri Maṣraʿu Kleopatra ’dır.
Ahmed Şevkī sürgünden sonra dinî, millî ve sosyal meselelerle diğer Arap ülkelerindeki olayları konu edinen şiirler yazmaya başlayınca bütün Arap dünyasında tanınıp sevildi. 1927’de, eş-Şevḳıyyât adını verdiği divanının birinci cildini yeniden düzenleyerek yayımlaması münasebetiyle yapılan ve çeşitli Arap ülkelerinden gelen heyetlerin de katıldığı bir törende edip ve şairler tarafından kendisine “emîrü’ş-şuarâ” unvanı verildi. Arap edebiyatı tarihinde ilk defa bir şaire böyle bir unvanın verilmesi çeşitli tepkilere yol açtı ve Akkād, Tâhâ Hüseyin, Mâzinî gibi Ahmed Şevkī’ye muhalif şairler, gençliğinde saray şairi olduğunu ileri sürerek ona bu unvanın verilmesine karşı çıktılar. Ancak Ahmed Şevkī günümüzde de bu unvanla anılmaktadır.
Ahmed Şevkī’nin başlıca eserleri şunlardır: 1. eş-Şevḳıyyât . Dört cilt halindeki divanıdır. Kahire’de 1898’de basılan birinci cildi Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel’in bir mukaddimesiyle birlikte 1927 yılında ikinci defa yayımlanmış, diğer ciltleri de 1930, 1936 ve 1943’te Kahire’de basılmıştır. Divanın Kahire’de 1970’te yapılmış yeni bir baskısı daha vardır.
2. Maṣraʿu Kleopatra (Kahire 1929).
3. Mecnûn ve Leylâ (Kahire 1931).
4. Ḳambîz (Kahire 1931).
5. ʿAlî Bek el-Kebîr (Kahire 1932).
6. ʿAntere (Kahire 1932).
7. Düvelü’l-ʿArab ve ʿuzamâʾü’l-İslâm (Kahire 1933). Bu eserlerin divan dışında kalanları trajedi tarzında manzum piyeslerdir.
8. es-Sittü Hüdâ (Kahire, ts.). Bu eser de komedi tarzında manzum bir piyestir (eserin genişçe bir tanıtımı için bk. Ali Ahmad Mahmoud, Journal of Arabic Literature , XIX/2, s. 183-191).
9. Emîretü’l-Endülüs (Kahire 1933). Trajedi tarzında mensur bir piyestir.
10. Esvâḳu’ẕ-ẕeheb (Kahire 1932). Sosyal konulara dair makalelerinden meydana gelmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed Şevkī, Muḳaddimetü’l-cüzʾi’l-evvel mine’ş-Şevḳıyyât , Kahire 1898.
a.mlf., eş-Şevḳıyyât , Kahire 1925-30.
Tâhâ Hüseyin, Ḥâfıẓ ve Şevḳī , Kahire 1933.
Ahmed Ubeyd, Ẕikra’ş-şâʿireyn: Şâʿirü’n-Nîl ve Emîrü’ş-şuʿarâʾ , Dımaşk, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-Arabiyye).
M. Saîd el-Uryân, Muḳaddimetü’l-cüzʾi’r-râbiʿ mine’ş-Şevḳıyyât , Kahire 1943.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , III, 21-48.
Şevkī Dayf, Şevḳī: Şâʿirü’l-ʿaṣri’l-ḥadîs̱ , Kahire 1953.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , I, 133-134.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , I, 246-250.
Ahmed Kabbiş, Târîḫu’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1971, s. 74-85.
Fevzi Atâvî, Aḥmed Şevḳī: Emîrü’ş-şuʿarâʾ , Beyrut 1973.
Ahmed Muhammed el-Havfî, Vaṭaniyyetü Şevḳī , Kahire 1978.
Butrus el-Bustânî, Üdebâʾü’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1979, III, 273-357.
Muhammed Kürd Ali, el-Muʿâṣırûn (nşr. Muhammed el-Mısrî), Dımaşk 1401/1980, s. 59-94.
a.mlf., “Ḥayâtü Aḥmed Şevḳī”, MMİADm. , XIII/2 (1933), s. 69-77.
Hannâ el-Fâhûrî, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut, ts. (el-Matbaatü’l-Bûlisiyye), s. 970-1013.
Muhammed Ali el-Mağribî, el-İslâm fî şiʿri Şevḳī , Cidde 1404/1984.
Mâhir Hasan Fehmi, Aḥmed Şevḳī , Devha 1985.
“Müẕekkirâtü Şevḳī”, RAAD , XIII (1928), s. 69-113.
Fuṣûl , III/1, Kahire 1982; III/2 (1983) [bu iki sayı Ahmed Şevkī ile Hâfız’a ayrılmıştır].
Ali Ahmad Mahmoud, “Ahmad Shauqi’s al-Sitt Huda as a Satirical Comedy of Manners”, JAL , XIX/2 (1988), s. 183-191.
TA , XXX, 265.
J. A. Haywood, “Aḥmed Şevḳī”, UDMİ , II, 135-137.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 136-138 numaralı sayfalarda “AHMED ŞEVKİ” başlığıyla yer almıştır.