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AKKĀD, Abbas Mahmûd Skip to content (1889-1964)
Mısırlı gazeteci, mütefekkir, şair ve edebiyat münekkidi.
Babası Mahmûd İbrâhim el-Akkād Dimyatlı, annesi ise Diyarbakırlı bir aileye mensuptur. Asvan’da doğdu. İlkokulu bitirdikten sonra Kahire’ye giderek resmî bir dairede görev aldı (1904); fakat memuriyetten hoşlanmadığı için işini bırakarak (1907) gazeteciliğe başladı. 1912-1918 yılları arasında yine memurluğa dönerek I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında öğretmenlik yaptı; savaştan sonra tekrar gazeteciliğe başladı. Dil ve edebiyat alanındaki yazılarıyla temayüz edince Arap Dili Akademisi (Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye) ve Arap İlimler Akademisi (el-Mecmau’l-ilmiyyü’l-Arabî) üyeliklerine seçildi (1940). Ayrıca, Mısır’ı İngilizler’den kurtarmak için mücadele eden Sa‘d Zağlûl Paşa’nın kurduğu Vefd Partisi’nden parlamenter ve partinin en büyük ideologu olarak siyasî hayatta önemli rol oynadı (1929-1930, 1944-1950). 1950 yılından itibaren, özellikle 1952’de cumhuriyetin kurulmasından sonra, ilerlemiş yaşının da etkisiyle siyasetten çekildi. Ölümüne kadar kendini dinî konular üzerinde araştırma yapmaya vakfetti ve bu alanda yazdığı eserleriyle büyük takdir topladı. 1960’ta Cumhurbaşkanı Cemal Abdünnâsır tarafından kendisine “Devlet Edebiyat Takdir Mükâfatı” verildi. 12 Mart 1964’te öldü ve Asvan’a gömüldü.
XX. yüzyıl Mısır kültürünün gelişmesinde önemli bir yeri bulunan Akkād gazeteci, eğitimci, polemikçi, tenkitçi, edip ve şair olarak ün yaptı. İlkokul mezunu olduğu halde kendi kendini yetiştirdi ve baskı kabul etmeyen karakterinin de etkisiyle tamamı mücadelelerle dolu bir ömür geçirdi.
Dindar bir aileden gelen Akkād fizik ve moral olarak güçlü bir yapıya sahipti. Onun çetin bir sanat ve siyaset adamı olarak yetişmesinde, o günkü Mısır’ın içinde bulunduğu şartların büyük tesiri olmuştur. Edebiyat zevkini ve mücadele ruhunu kazanmasında sohbetlerine katıldığı Ahmed el-Cedâvî’nin, millî siyaset görüş ve ahlâkını elde etmesinde Muhammed Abduh’un önemli rolü vardır. Daha dokuz yaşlarında iken edebiyata ilgi duymuş, ilk eseri Hz. Peygamber için yazdığı kasideler olmuştur. Çocukluğundan itibaren pek çok Batı kaynaklı edebiyat ve felsefe kitabı okumuş ve bu eserlerin tesirinde kalarak bir süre inkâra düşmüşse de, yazdığı dinî eserlerinden de anlaşılacağı gibi, kısa bir müddet sonra daha güçlü olarak tekrar imana dönmüştür. O, modern Arap edebiyatının en çok eser veren şair ve yazarlarından biridir. İlki 1919 yılında yayımlanan ve sayısı onu geçen divanları, bazı ünlü klasik ve modern Arap şairleri üzerine incelemeleri, dil ve edebiyatı konu alan araştırmaları ve en fazla başarı sağladığı tenkit türünde pek çok eseri bulunmaktadır. İngilizce, Almanca ve Fransızca’yı çok iyi öğrenmiş, Batı kültürünü hazmetmiş ve özellikle William Hazlitt, Mill Macaulay ve Coleridge gibi İngiliz yazarlarla Lessin, Schopenhauer ve Nietzsche gibi Alman düşünürlerin etkisinde kalmıştır.
Abbas Mahmûd, tenkidin hürriyet devrinin ürünü olduğunu belirtir. Kendisi de doğuştan tenkit kabiliyetine sahip ve Arap edebiyatının en büyük münekkitlerinden biri sayılmaktadır. Abdurrahman Şükrî ve Abdülkādir el-Mâzinî ile birlikte Medresetü’t-tecdîd veya el-Mezhebü’l-cedîd adını verdikleri bir edebiyat akımının öncülüğünü yapmış ve Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Emîrü’ş-şuarâ Ahmed Şevkī gibi eski edebiyat taraftarlarına şiddetle hücum etmiştir. Ancak edebiyatta yeniliği “taklitten kaçmak” şeklinde tanımlamış, yeni edebiyatta olduğu kadar eski edebiyatta da güzel şiirin bulunduğunu kabul etmiştir. Onun gazeteciliği sert bir milliyetçi kalem şeklinde gelişmiş, İngiliz yanlısı Nehhas Paşa hükümetini on makalede devireceğini söylemiş ve bunu dokuzuncu makalede başarmıştır. Aynı görüşle Osmanlılar hakkındaki fikrini “Türk devletinin bekasını isterim, hâkimiyetini istemem” şeklinde ifade etmiş ve II. Abdülhamid’i yalnız Meşrutiyet’in ilânında övmüştür. 1942 yılında, Hitler en güçlü döneminde iken yazdığı bir makalede, onun sonuçta mağlûp olacağını söyleyerek ileri görüşlü bir yazar olduğunu da ispat etmiştir.
Daha sağlığında hayatı, sanatı ve fikirleri üzerinde altmıştan fazla araştırma yapılmıştır (bk. Hamdi es-Sekkût, II, 799-806). Bu eserlerde Akkād bütün cepheleriyle ele alınmış, sanat ve düşünce hayatının genel bir kritiği yapılmıştır. Hamdi es-Sekkût tarafından hazırlanan ve Dârü’l-kütüb müessesesince “A‘lâmü’l-edebi’l-muâsır fî Mısr” serisinin beşinci kitabı olarak neşredilen iki ciltlik bibliyografik çalışma bunların en önemlisi sayılabilir.
Kırk bin ciltlik bir kütüphaneye sahip bulunan Akkād edebî, felsefî, dinî ve siyasî konularda yüzden fazla eser kaleme almıştır. Bazıları defalarca basılmış olan eserlerinden belli başlılarını şöyle gruplandırarak zikretmek mümkündür:
Edebî Eserleri. a) Divanları: Yaḳaẓatü’ṣ-ṣabâḥ (Kahire 1916); Vehcü’ẓ-ẓahîre (Kahire 1917); Eşbâḥu’l-aṣîl (Kahire 1921); Eşcânü’l-leyl (Kahire 1925) (bu dört divan Dîvânü’l-ʿAḳḳād adıyla bir araya getirilmiştir, Kahire 1928); Hediyyetü’l-kervân (Kahire 1933); Vaḥyü’l-erbaʿîn (Kahire 1933); ʿÂbirü’s-sebîl (Kahire 1937); Eʿâṣîrü Maġrib (Kahire 1942); Baʿde’l-eʿâṣîr (Kahire 1950) (bu beş kitap da Ḫamsetü devâvîn li’l-ʿAḳḳād adıyla yeniden yayımlanmıştır, Kahire 1973). b) Edip ve şairlerle ilgili eserleri: 1. ʿÖmer b. Ebî Rebîʿa şâʿirü’l-ġazel (Kahire 1951). 2. et-Taʿrîf bi-Shakespear (Kahire 1958). 3. İbnü’r-Rûmî ḥayâtühû min şiʿrih (Kahire 1931). Bu eser Akkād’ın edebî görüşlerini dile getirmesi bakımından önemlidir. 4. Cuḥâ eḍ-ḍâḥiki’l-muḍḥik (Kahire 1956). Bu eserinde Araplar’ın Nasreddin Hoca’sı durumunda olan Cuhâ’yı ele almakta ve gülmenin felsefesini yapmaktadır. 5. Ebû Nuvâs (Kahire 1953). Bu eser Akkād ile Tâhâ Hüseyin ve Selâme Mûsâ arasında edebî münakaşalara sebep olmuştur. c) Diğerleri: 1. Maṭlaʿu’n-nûr (Kahire 1955). 2. el-Luġatü’ş-şâʿire (Kahire 1960). Bu iki eseriyle Tâhâ Hüseyin’in Fi’ş-şiʿri’l-câhilî adlı eserini tenkit etmektedir. 3. ed-Dîvân fi’n-naḳd ve’l-edeb (Kahire 1921). İbrâhim el-Mâzinî ile birlikte yazdıkları bu eserde, eski edebiyat taraftarlarından Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî ile Ahmed Şevki tenkit edilmektedir. Buna karşılık Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî de Akkād’ın Vaḥyü’l-erbaʿîn adlı divanını, el-ʿAḳḳād ʿale’s-seffûd isimli eseri ile tenkit etmiştir (Kahire 1930). 4. Ḫulâṣatü’l-yevmiyye (Kahire 1912). Akkād’ın ilk eseri olup tenkit hakkındaki ilk görüşlerini ihtiva etmektedir. 5. el-Fuṣûl (Kahire 1922). Bu eserinde, bir taraftan Sefiller adlı kitabındaki şahısları ince bir tahlile tâbi tutmadığından dolayı Victor Hugo’yu diğer taraftan da Sefiller ’i Arapça’ya çeviren Nil şairi Hâfız İbrâhim’i tercümedeki dikkatsizliği ve metne hâkim olamayışı sebebiyle tenkit etmektedir. 6. Eştât müctemeʿât (Kahire 1963). Bu eserinde Arapça’nın diğer dillere üstünlüğünü anlatmaktadır. 7. Sâre (Kahire 1937). Yegâne romanıdır.
Siyasî Eserleri. el-Ḥükmü’l-muṭlaḳ fi’l-ḳarni’l-ʿişrîn (Kahire 1930). Bu kitabında Melik Fuâd’a dil uzattığı için dokuz ay hapse mahkûm edilmiştir. Saʿd Zaġlûl (Kahire 1936); Hitler fi’l-mîzân (Kahire 1940); Benjamin Franklin (Kahire 1956); eṣ-Ṣahyûniyyetü’l-ʿâlemiyye (Kahire 1956).
Felsefî Eserleri. eş-Şeyḫ er-reʾîs İbn Sînâ (Kahire 1946); İbnü’r-Rüşd (Kahire 1953); Bernard Shaw (Kahire 1950).
İslâmî Eserleri. 1. Allah (Kahire 1947). Tarih boyunca ulûhiyyet fikrinin kaynağı ve geçirdiği safhaları konu alan bu kitap onun en değerli eserlerinden biridir. 2. ʿAbḳariyyetü Muḥammed (Kahire 1942). Otuz yılda tamamlanan bu eserin en uzun bölümlerini, en fazla tartışılan ve hataya düşülen konular olarak Hz. Peygamber’in savaşlarına ve evlilik hayatına ayırmıştır. Ancak Batı kültürünün tesirinde kalarak, Hz. Peygamber hakkında abkariyye (deha) kelimesini kullanması, yani Hz. Muhammed’in başarısını onun ilâhî vahye mazhar oluşu yerine beşerî deha ile izaha çalışması ve mûcizeye karşı tavır takınması, haklı olarak şiddetli tenkitlere mâruz kalmasına yol açmıştır. Nitekim Şeyhülislâm Mustafa Sabri de Akkād’ın eserini takdir etmekle birlikte onu bu konuda tenkit etmiştir (bk. Mevḳıfü’l-ʿaḳl , IV, 10 vd.). Bu eser M. Said Şimşek tarafından Hz. Muhammed’in Eşsiz Deha ve Şahsiyeti (Konya 1979) adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir. 3. ʿAbḳariyyetü’ṣ-Ṣıddîḳ (Kahire 1943). Bu eser de Ali Özek tarafından Hz. Ebû Bekir’in Şahsiyet ve Dehası (İstanbul 1968) adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. “Abkariyye” serisinin diğer kitapları şunlardır: ʿAbkariyyetü ʿÖmer (Kahire 1942); ʿAbḳariyyetü’l-İmâm “ʿAlî İbn Ebî Ṭâlib” (Kahire 1943); ʿAbḳariyyetü Ḫâlid (Kahire 1945); ʿAbḳariyyetü’l-Mesîḥ (Kahire 1953); ʿAbḳariyyetü’l-ıṣlâḥ ve’t-taʿlîm Muḥammed ʿAbduh (Kahire 1963). Bu serinin Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Hâlid b. Velîd’e dair kitaplarındaki fikir ve tahlilleri, muhtelif tarihlerde on kadar müellif tarafından lise öğrencilerinin faydalanması için sadeleştirilerek neşredilmiştir (bk. Hamdi es-Sekkût, II, 799, 806). 4. Dâi’s-semâʾ… “Bilâl b. Rebâḥ” (Kahire 1945). Bilâl-i Habeşî’yi anlattığı bu eserinde İslâm’da ırk ve kölelik meselesini ele almakta, bu konuda İslâm’ın yüceliğine temas etmektedir. 5. el-Felsefetü’l-Ḳurʾâniyye (Kahire 1947). Bu eser Kur’an Felsefesi (Ankara, ts.) adıyla Ahmet Demirci tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir. 6. el-Merʾe fi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire 1960). Bu kitabında kadın hakları, evlilik, Hz. Peygamber’in evliliği, boşanma ve kadının örtünmesi gibi konuları ele almış, tesettürün İslâm ile başlamadığını, geçmiş dinlerde de örtünmenin var olduğunu Tevrat’tan delillerle ortaya koymuştur. Eser Ahmet Demirci tarafından Kur’an’da Kadın Hakları (İstanbul 1977) adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir. Kadın konusundaki diğer kitapları da el-İnsânü’s̱-s̱ânî evi’l-merʾe (Kahire 1912) ve Hâẕihi’ş-şecere ’dir (Kahire 1945). Daha sonraları bu iki kitap birleştirilerek Hâẕihi’ş-şecere ve’l-insânü’s̱-s̱ânî adıyla yeniden neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1968). el-Merʾe ẕâlike’l-luġz adlı eseri ise ölümünden sonra yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1970). 7. Mâ yuḳālü ʿani’l-İslâm (Kahire 1963). Batılılar’ın İslâm ve İslâm milletleri hakkında yazdıklarını ele aldığı bu eserinde, bunlardan iyi niyet sahiplerini takdir ederken art niyetlileri de tenkit etmektedir. Eser İslâm ve modern çağ, İslâm’da cihad, İslâm’da kölelik, psikoloji ve İslâm, tabii ilimler ve inanç meseleleri, modern çağda Kur’an’ın tefsiri ve daha birçok konuyu ihtiva etmektedir. Ölümünden sonra Mahmûd Ahmed el-Akkād tarafından neşredilen el-İslâm daʿve ʿâlemiyye (Kahire 1970) adlı kitabındaki makalelerinin birçoğu aynı konuları ihtiva etmekle beraber Hz. Peygamber, ramazan, oruç, bayramlar ve hicrete dair yazılarının muhtevası daha farklıdır. İslâm medeniyeti ile ilgili makaleleri ise Hassânî Hasan Abdullah tarafından derlenerek el-İslâm ve’l-ḥaḍâretü’l-insâniyye adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1973).
İslâmî sahadaki bu kitaplarla birlikte Akkād’ın aynı konu ile ilgili otuza yakın eseri bir araya getirilerek 1971’de Beyrut’ta Mevsûʿatü ʿAbbâs Maḥmûd el-ʿAḳḳād el-İslâmiyye adıyla beş cilt halinde neşredilmiştir. Birinci cilt Tevḥîd ve enbiyâʾ , ikinci cilt el-ʿAbḳariyyâtü’l-İslâmiyye , üçüncü cilt Şaḫṣiyyât İslâmiyye , dördüncü cilt el-Ḳurʾân ve’l-İslâm , beşinci cilt Buḥûs̱ İslâmiyye adlarını taşımaktadır. Ayrıca, bütün eserleri 1984 yılında Beyrut’ta Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Lübnânî tarafından yirmi altı kitap halinde el-Mecmûʿatü’l-kâmile li-müʾellefâti’l-üstâẕ ʿAbbâs Maḥmûd el-ʿAḳḳād adıyla yayımlanmıştır. Bu yayımda, her biri dörder cilt tutan el-ʿAbḳariyyâtü’l-İslâmiyye , el-İslâmiyyât , el-ʿAḳāʾid ve’l-meẕâhib , yedi ciltlik Terâcim ve siyer , iki ciltlik es-Sîretü’ẕ-ẕâtiyye , üç ciltlik el-Edeb ve’n-naḳd , birer citlik el-Felsefetü’l-İslâmiyye ve Ḥaḍâratü’l-İslâm serileri olmak üzere yetmiş altı kitabı yer almıştır. Hamdi es-Sekkût’un bibliyografik çalışmasında onun muhtelif dergi ve gazetelerde neşredilen 3897 araştırması ve makalesi zikredilmiştir.
Otobiyografik Eserleri. 1. Ene (Kahire 1964). Dokuz bölümden meydana gelen eserde kendi hayatını anlatmaktadır. 2. Ḥayâtü ḳalem (Kahire 1964). Sanat, edebiyat ve Arap şiiri hakkındaki görüşlerini, özellikle de gazetecilik hayatına dair makalelerini Tâhir et-Tanâhî bu adla neşretmiştir. 3 . ʿÂlemü’s-südûd ve’l-ḳuyûd (Kahire 1937). Hapishanedeki günlerini anlattığı bu eser, 1935 yılında Küllü şeyʾ dergisinde tefrika edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Akkād, es-Sîretü’ẕ-ẕâtiyye-1: Ene, ḥayâtü ḳalem (el-Mecmûʿatü’l-kâmile içinde), Beyrut 1982.
a.mlf., Rudûd ve ḥudûd , Beyrut, ts., s. 9.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , III, 139-156.
Abdülhay Diyâb, ʿAbbâs el-ʿAḳḳād: nâḳid , Kahire 1965, s. 175.
Âmir el-Akād, Lemeḥât min ḥayâti’l-ʿAḳḳād , Kahire 1968.
a.mlf., Meʿârikü’l-ʿAḳḳād es-siyâsiyye , Beyrut 1973, s. 63.
İzzeddin el-Emîn, Neşʾetü’n-naḳd , Kahire 1970, s. 155.
Ahmed İbrâhim eş-Şerîf, el-Medḫal , Beyrut 1974, s. 71.
Şevkī Dayf, el-Edebü’l-ʿArabî el-muʿâṣır , Kahire, ts., 136-145.
Mustafa Sabri Efendi, Mevḳıfü’l-ʿaḳl ve’l-ʿilm ve’l-ʿâlem , Beyrut 1401/1981, IV, 10-15.
Muhammed Mendûr, eş-Şiʿrü’l-Mıṣrî baʿde Şevḳī , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok], s. 139.
Halit Zevalsiz, Abbâs Mahmûd el-Akkād: Hayatı Eserleri ve XX. Yüzyıl Arap Edebiyatındaki Yeri (doktora tezi, 1982), MÜ İlâhiyat Fak.
Hamdi es-Sekkût, ʿAbbâs Maḥmûd el-ʿAḳḳād , Kahire 1403/1983, I-II.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , III, 266-267.
Ahmed Mâhir el-Bakarî, el-ʿAḳḳād: er-recül ve’l-ḳalem , Kahire 1404/1984.
Kehhâle, el-Müstedrek , Beyrut 1985, s. 323-325.
Muhammed Mehdî Allâm, el-Mecmaʿiyyûn fî ḫamsîne ʿâmen , Kahire 1406/1986, s. 137-140.
Sıddîka bint es-Sıddîk, ʿAbbâs Maḥmûd el-ʿAḳḳād , Kahire 1986.
Abdülkādir Rızk et-Tavîl, el-Maḳāle fî edebi’l-ʿAḳḳād , Kahire 1987.
L. Vial, “al-ʿAqqād (1889-1964)”, Arabica , XI/3, Leiden 1964, s. 213-217.
Muhammed Receb el-Beyyûmî, “el-Menḥa’l-İslâmî ʿinde’l-ʿAḳḳād”, Mecelletü’l-Ezher , LIII/6, Kahire 1981, s. 1059-1068.
R. Allen, “al-ʿAḳḳād”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.) , I, 57-58.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 267-269 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.