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AKLÂM-ı SİTTE Skip to content İslâm hat sanatında, aynı yazının farklı tarz ve üslûpları mânasında “şeş kalem” diye de adlandırılan altı hat.
Bunlar tevkī‘ (توقيع ) ve rikā‘ (رقاع ), muhakkak ve reyhânî, sülüs ve nesih hatlarıdır. Başta aklâm (müfredi kalem) kelimesi olmak üzere bu isimlerden bazıları hat ıstılahı olarak çok eski tarihlerden beri mevcuttur. Ancak zamanla delâlet ettikleri şeyler değişmiştir.
İslâmiyet’in doğuşu sırasında Arap yazısı, hem şekil bakımından hem de Arap dilini tesbit ve ifade edebilecek bir yazı sistemi olarak çok iptidâî seviyede idi. İslâmiyet’le yazının kazandığı ehemmiyet, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in yazı ile tesbiti, İslâm-Arap Devleti’nin muhtelif müesseseleriyle kurulup genişlemesi, Arap yazısının iki yönden gelişmesine âmil oldu: Bir yandan Arapça’yı tesbit edebilen bir yazı sistemi olması sağlandı (bk. ARAP [Yazı]), öte yandan şekil bakımından işlendi, güzelleştirildi; hatta bu medeniyetin hâlâ büyük bir canlılıkla yaşayan bir sanat şubesinin ana malzemesi oldu.
Bahsedilen devrede aynı yazının, yazı malzemesine ve kullanıldığı sahaya göre biri düz hatları ve keskin köşeleri galip vaziyette olan şekli, diğeri yuvarlak karakterli hatları ve yumuşak köşeleri galip vaziyetteki şekli olmak üzere birbirinden farklı hususiyetler kazanmaya başlayan iki tarzı doğmaya başladı.
Hat sanatında üslûp sahibi gerçek sanatkârlara, sadece yazısı güzel olanlardan ayırmak için verilen en eski sıfat muharrir dir. Bu kelimenin yerini zamanla hattat almıştır. Muharrir sıfatı ile lakaplandırılan sanatkârların en eskisi ise hat sanatı tarihinin ilk büyük merhalelerinden biri olan Kutbetü’l-Muharrir’dir (ö. 154/771). İbnü’n-Nedîm, Kutbe’nin dört kalem ihdas ettiğini söylerse de bunların mahiyetini açıklamaz (bk. el-Fihrist , s. 7). Ağız enleri birbirine nisbetle tayin edilen bu kalemlerden birincisi kalemü’l-celîl idi. Bu suretle Emevîler devrinde, muhtelif tipte vesikalara muayyen ebadda varaklar tahsisi ile bunlara uygun büyüklükte yazılar için standart kalemler ihdas edilmiştir. Daha sonra gelen sanatkârlar hünerlerini daha çok celîl kalemlerle yazılan büyük yazılarda göstermişlerdir.
Bu sanatkârlardan biri Abbâsîler devrinin başlarında, hicrî II. asır ortalarında şöhret sahibi olan ve pek çok talebe yetiştirmiş bulunan İshak b. Hammâd el-Kâtib’dir. Celîl üstadı olduğu belirtilen İshak b. Hammâd’ın talebelerinden İbrâhim es-Siczî (veya eş-Şecerî), -tûmâr kalemine nisbetle- sülüseyn ve sülüs diye adlandırdığı iki kalem ihdas etti. Kâtip ve şair olan Yûsuf Lakve, seleflerinin tesbit etmiş bulunduğu en-nısfü’s-sakīl den bir kalem çıkardı. Vezir Zü’r-riyâseteyn el-Fazl b. Sehl (ö. 202/818) bu kalemi çok beğendi ve ona er-riyâsî adını verdi. Bu kalem daha sonraları kalemü’t-tevkīât adını almıştır. İbrâhim es-Siczî’nin talebelerinden el-Ahvel el-Muharrir, yine tûmâr esas olmak üzere bazı kalemler çıkarmış, ayrıca sülüsün ve nısfın incelerine mahsus olmak üzere hafîfü’n-nısf ve hafîfü’s-sülüs ü ihdas etmiştir.
Kutbetü’l-Muharrir ile İbn Mukle (ö. 328/940) arasında gelen sanatkârların en mühimi olan el-Ahvel’e on bir kalem ve hat isnad edilir. Bunlar arasında müselsel (bütün harfleri birbirine bitişik yazı), hattü’l-muâmerât , hattü’l-kısas gibi, kaleme değil, yazı şekline veya belli bir kalemin tahsis edildiği saha veya mevzûa delâlet eden adlar da vardır.
Şu halde başlangıçta yazı yazılan malzemenin (parşömen, papirüs veya kâğıdın) ebadına uygun cesâmette yazı için kalem tesbit edilmiştir. Büyük boy malzeme üzerine yazılacak yazılar için büyük (celîl) denebilecek yazıların başlangıç noktası aranmış, buna uygun kalemin ağzı daha küçük boyları tesbit için esas kabul edilmiş, sonra da eni bunun üçte ikisi, yarısı, üçte biri vs. olan, yine varak ebadında en uygun kalemler ihdas edilmiştir. Bu farklı kalemler bazan standart büyüklükteki kaleme nisbetleriyle adlandırılmış (meselâ kalemü’s-sülüs), bazan tahsis edildiği mevzû veya kullanma sahasına göre anılmıştır (kalemü’t-tevkī‘). Muhtelif divanlara, resmî dairelere, resmî ve hususi mahiyette çeşitli saha ve mevzûlara ait vesikalara muhtelif büyüklükte varaklar dolayısıyla değişik boyda kalemler tahsis edilmiştir.
Bu kalem adlarının bir kısmı zamanla bu kalemlerle yazılan yazılar, farklı karakterler, hususiyetler kazanmaya, her kalemden değişik üslûplar doğmaya başlamıştır. Çünkü bu kalemlerle yazılan yazılar birbirinin riyâzî mânada büyüğü veya küçüğü değildi. Meselâ tûmâr kaleminin ağız eni 24 beygir kuyruğu kılı (15 mm.), elifi 24 × 24 = 576 kıl (24 × 15 = 360 mm.) boyunda idi; halbuki sülüs kalemin ağzı tûmârınkinin üçte biri, yani 24/3 = 8 kıl (8 × 0,625 = 5 mm.), buna mukabil elifinin boyu veya bazı harflerinin ufkî uzunluğu 8 × 8 = 64 kıl (8 × 5 = 40 mm.) miktarı idi.
Bu kalem adlarının bir kısmı bunlara bağlı olarak hususi karakter kazanan yazı üslûplarının, hatların da adı oldu. Hicrî I ve II. asırlarda sanatkârların zevk ve sezişleriyle buldukları birtakım nisbetlere bağlı olarak geliştirdikleri bu tarzlara aslî ve mevzun hatlar dendi. Bazı sanatkârlar bazı hatların gelişmesine daha çok hizmet etmişlerdir. Meselâ İbn Mukle’ye kadar uzanan bu devrenin büyük sanatkârlarından Zâkıf (Ahmed b. Muhammed), hususiyetle sülüs üstadı idi.
İbn Mukle ile, daha doğrusu İbn Mukle kardeşlerle -yani ikisi de vezir olan Ebû Ali Muhammed b. Ali (ö. 328/940) ve Ebû Abdullah Hasan b. Ali (ö. 338/949) ile- hat sanatı tarihinde yeni bir devir açıldı. İbn Mukle’lerin bu sahadaki hizmetleri umumiyetle bir arada mütâlaa edilmiş ve hat sanatının bu simalarla yaşadığı merhaleyi Ebû Ali İbn Mukle’nin ağır basan şahsiyeti temsil etmiştir. İbn Mukle, seleflerinin üç asırlık arayış ve tecrübeler sayesinde zevk ve sezişleriyle elde ettikleri şekillerin nizamını ve aralarındaki nisbetleri belli kaidelere bağlayan bir usul ortaya koydu. Böylece aslî ve mevzûn hattın yerini harflerinin ayrı ve bitişik hallerdeki şekillerini belli esaslara ve ölçülere dayalı nisbetlere bağlayan el-hattü’l-mensûb (nisbetli yazı) aldı. Bu usul, yazıların değerlendirilmesini ve öğretilmesini de kolaylaştırdı.
Öteden beri mensûb hattın usul ve kaidelerini tesbit eden İbn Mukle’nin Ebû Ali olduğu tekrarlanırsa da İbn Hallikân, bu büyük hizmetin onun gibi vezir ve hattat olan kardeşi Ebû Abdullah’a ait olduğunu söyler (bk. Vefeyât , III, 342, str. 6-7). İbn Mukle kardeşlerden Ebû Ali’nin daha çok rikā‘ ve tevkīe, diğerinin ise neshîye ehemmiyet verdiği de rivayet edilir.
Aklâm-ı sitte arasında anılan kalemlerden bazıları hicrî III ve IV. asırlarda işlenmeleri için çok müsait zemin ve vesileler bulmuştur.
Mimari eserlerde celîl hatlar tezyînî unsurların başında yer alırken, yüksek dereceli divanlardaki kâtipler, hususiyetle tûmâr, riyâsî, sülüseyn ve tevkī‘ boylarındaki hatları işlediler. Daha Emevîler devrinde başlayan tercüme ve telif hareketleriyle bu hareketlere muvâzî olarak büyüyen, zenginleşen kütüphaneler bir nevi enstitü veya akademi mahiyetindeki ilmî kuruluşlara doğru gelişerek Hârûnürreşîd’in ve bilhassa oğlu Me’mûn’un hilâfetinde çoğu zaman beytü’l-hikme, bazan da hizânetü’l-hikme diye anılan geniş teşkilâtlı müesseselerle beslendi. Beytü’l-hikmeleri muhtelif kültür merkezlerinde kurulan dârü’l-ilimler ve Fâtımîler’in hicrî IV. asır sonlarında Mısır’da tesis ettiği dârü’l-hikme gibi aynı veya benzeri adlar taşıyan müesseseler takip etti. Telif, tercüme ve istinsah faaliyetleriyle zenginleştirilen büyük kütüphanelerle mücehhez bu müesseseler ve diğer kütüphaneler hat sanatının gelişmesine çok müsait bir zemin hazırladılar.
Kütüphaneler, telif ve tercüme faaliyetlerine dayanan bu müesseseler, gittikçe gelişen kültür ve sanat hareketleri “kitab”a karşı rağbeti arttırdı ve zamanla kitap istinsahı yanında kırtâsî malzeme ve kitap ticareti yapan, bir kısmı belli kütüphanelerin, mühim şahsiyetlerin ihtiyaçlarını üzerine alan, hatta bazı âlimlerin belli eserlerini çoğaltıp satma hakkına sahip olan verrâk lar ortaya çıktı. Yazısının güzelliği yanında -ve belki daha çok- imlâsının doğruluğuna, tedvin, telif, rivayet ve muhtelif safhalarıyla tedris usullerinden kitaplara akseden teknik hususları iyi bilen, bunların tesbit ve naklinde uyulması gereken usullere ehemmiyet veren, içlerinde birçok büyük dil ve edebiyat âlimi bulunan bu âlim müstensihler, hususiyle kitap istinsahına mahsus verrâkī , muhakkak veya ırâkī gibi isimlerle anılan yazı tarzını işlediler.
Aklâm-ı sitte içerisinde yer alan ve nesihten ayırmak için neshî diye anacağımız bu tarz, muhakkak, reyhânî ve nesihin ortaya çıkmasını hazırlamıştır. Neshînin IV. (X.) yüzyıldan itibaren geçirdiği merhaleleri müşahedeye imkân sağlayan oldukça çok sayıda numune mevcuttur. Bunlardan biri, yazısı el-Yezîdî’nin, İbn Mukle’nin ve el-Cevherî’nin yazıları gibi, güzellikte darbımesel haline gelmiş olan âlim sanatkârlardan Bağdatlı Mühelhil b. Ahmed’in 347’de (958) istinsah ettiği bir eserdir (Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1507).
Bu tarzın daha ehemmiyetli bir vesikası, İbn Esed künyesiyle meşhur Muhammed b. Esed b. Ali el-Kārî el-Bezzâz’ın (ö. 410/1019) Ebû Abdullah İbn Mukle’nin hattı ile yazılmış bir nüshadan (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reîsülküttâb, nr. 904) 370’te (980) “nakl” ve istinsah ettiği bir eserdir. Nitekim el-hattü’l-mensûba dair müellifi meçhul bir risâlede, İbnü’l-Bevvâb’ın üstadı bulunan İbn Esed için, “Muhakkaka yakın bir nesihle şiir kitapları istinsah ederdi” denilmektedir. Onun yazısının bu kısa, fakat çok isabetli tavsifi, aynı zamanda hicrî III. asırda hususiyetle dil ve edebiyata ait eserlerin istinsahında kullanıldığını gördüğümüz neshîyi de tanıtmaktadır. Klasik şekliyle aklâm-ı sitte içerisinde yer alan muhakkakın birtakım hususiyetlerini taşıyan bu yazı, daha sonra reyhânîye ve neshe inkılâb etmiştir.
Kullanma sahalarına uygun muhtelif cesâmetlerdeki mevzûn hatlar, İbn Mukle’nin tesbit ettiği nisbetlere bağlı olarak, incelik-kalınlık, büyüklük-küçüklük dışında, belirgin hususiyetler kazandı. Bu gelişme bir ıstıfâ hareketini de beraberinde getirdi.
Hat sanatının İbn Mukle’den sonraki ilk büyük merhalesi olan İbnü’l-Bevvâb (ö. 413/1022), bu ıstıfâ hareketinin de ilk büyük mümessilidir. Mensûb hattı daha ince hendesî nisbetlere bağlayan İbnü’l-Bevvâb, çok sayıdaki kalemlerden doğan birbirlerine yakın ve benzer üslûpların ortak hususiyetlerini en bâriz şekilde taşıyanlarını seçti. Onun, kalemlerin sayısını sekize indirdiği söylenir. Daha sonraki asırlarda ise bu sayı yediye inmiştir. Yazıları üç asra yakın bir müddetle mükemmel örnekler olarak taklit edilen İbnü’l-Bevvâb’ın arkasından gidenler ona yaklaşabildikleri, onu taklitteki başarıları nisbetinde büyük sanatkâr sayıldılar.
Hat sanatı tarihinde bir dönüm noktası olan Yâkūt el-Müsta‘sımî de (ö. 698/1298) asıl yetişmesini İbn Mukle’nin ve bilhassa İbnü’l-Bevvâb’ın yazılarını yıllarca incelemiş ve farkedilemeyecek kadar başarı ile taklit etmiş olmasına borçludur. Yâkūt’un sanat kudreti yanında kalem ağzının kesilişinde yaptığı değişiklik gibi yeniliklerin aklâm-ı sittenin hepsine tesir ettiği muhakkaktır. Onun, seleflerinin koydukları kaidelere bağlı kalmakla beraber, hatta zarafet kazandırdığı ve hususi bir üslûp getirdiği kabul edilir. Yazılarını -imzasına kadar- taklit ve nakletmelerine izin verdiği talebeleri, hatta onların talebeleri ile kendisinden sonra da muhtelif yerlerde devam eden Yâkūt mektebinde aklâm-ı sitte büyük gelişme gösterdi. Fakat onun hizmeti bilhassa muhakkak ve reyhânînin mükemmelleştirilmesinde görülür.
Büyük küçük her ilim, sanat ve kültür muhitinde alâka ve hatta himaye görmekle beraber, hicrî II. asrın sonlarından VII. asrın sonlarına kadar hat sanatının gelişmesine yön veren merkez Bağdat oldu. Abbâsîler’in sukutundan (656/1258) ve Yâkūt’un ölümünden sonra Bağdat bu tesirli yerini kaybetti; ilimlerin ve sanatların hemen hemen bütün şubeleriyle alâkalı bulunan hat sanatı İslâm dünyasının her tarafında birbirleriyle yarışan kültür merkezlerindeki sanat hareketlerinin en göze çarpan rekabet sahası oldu.
Hattın Abbâsîler devrinde, Bağdat’ın sukutundan sonra muhtelif merkezlerde, hususiyetle Kahire’de ve daha sonra İstanbul’da gördüğü rağbet ve ulaştığı seviye karşısında İbn Haldûn’un (ö. 808/1406), bu sanatın, siyasî kudret ve hâkimiyete bağlı olarak refahın yükseldiği yerlerde inkişafına müsait zemin bulduğu şeklindeki görüşüne (bk. el-Muḳaddime , III, 949) katılmamak mümkün değildir.
Hat sanatı Mısır’da daha Tolunoğulları zamanında (254-292/868-905) ulaştığı yüksek seviyeyi sonraları da korudu. Tarihî bilgilerin ve mevcut eserlerin tetkiki, Kahire’nin bu sanatta VIII-IX. (XIV-XV.) asra kadar Bağdat’tan sonra ikinci mühim merkez olduğunu göstermektedir.
IX. (XV.) asrın başlarında, Mısır’da hat sanatına hâkim olan nazarî bilgileri ve bunların tatbikî numunelerini anlamamıza ve görmemize imkân veren eserler vardır. Kalkaşendî’nin (ö. 821/1418) âbidevî eseri Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ ’nın hatla ilgili kısımları, Âsârî’nin (ö. 828/1425) el-ʿİnâyetü’r-rabbâniyye ’si bunların başında gelir. Kalkaşendî Dîvânü’l-inşâ’da, zamanında kullanılmakta olan şu altı kaleme, numaralayarak altı bab tahsis etmiştir: 1. Kalemü’t-tûmâr, 2. Kalemü muhtasari’t-tûmâr, 3. Kalemü’s-sülüs (iki nevi vardır: a) Kalemü sakîli’s-sülüs veya yalnız kalemü’s-sülüs, b) Kalemü hafîfi’s-sülüs), 4. Kalemü’t-tevkī‘, 5. Kalemü’r-rikā‘, 6. Kalemü’l-gubâr.
Eserin muhtelif yerlerinde bunları sayarken müellifin farklı ifadeler kullanması, bu ıstılahlarla bir taraftan ağız enlerine göre adlandırılan kalemleri, diğer taraftan bu kalemlere bağlı olarak teşekkül eden değişik tarzlardaki hatları kastetmesindendir. Bununla beraber, hususiyetle, hat nevileri denilen tarzları kastettiği zaman “tarîka” (yol, tarz) kelimesini kullanır (meselâ tarîkatü’s-sülüs, tarîkatü’l-muhakkak vs.).
Bu iki eserde geçen hat tarz ve nevileri de şunlardır: sülüs, tevkī‘, rikā‘, muhakkak, reyhânî, nesih, müselsel, vazzâh (وضّاح ), tûmâr, mensûr. Dikkat edilirse bunlardan bir kısmının aynı üslûbun farklı kalemlerle yazılan değişik boyları olduğu görülür. Nitekim müselsel, tevkī‘in bir kolu olarak doğmuştu; vazzâh nesihin irisi, gubâr küçüğüdür. Mensûr yine nesihin küçükçe ve seyrek, havâşi meyilli satırlar halinde yazılanıdır. Reyhânî ise muhakkakın yarı büyüklüğünde bir kolu kabul ediliyordu.
Kısaca IX. (XV.) asır başında Mısır’da Dîvânü’l-inşâ’da aklâm-ı sitte sözü yukarıda sayılan kalemleri ifade ediyor ve bu kalemlerle yazılan birtakım hat nevileri doğmuş bulunuyordu. Bu tarzlardan bazılarının Bağdat’ın sukutundan sonra teşekkül eden kültür ve sanat muhitlerinde hususiyetle geliştirildiği de muhakkaktır. IX. (XV.) asrın ikinci yarısına kadar devam eden iki buçuk asırlık devrede hat, biri resmî divanların an‘aneyi korumak isteyen muhafazakâr muhitinde, diğeri yukarıda temas edilen ıstıfâ hareketinin tabii bir neticesi olarak açılan ve gittikçe aydınlık kazanan bir yönde olmak üzere iki yolda gelişti.İslâm hat sanatı, nihayet onun en yüksek seviyesini temsil eden Osmanlı mektebinin öncülerinin kaleminde bu seçilme-durulma safhasının son merhalesini yaşadı ve dokuz asırlık gelişmelerinin dayandığı uzun tecrübelerin neticelerine göre yeniden nizama kavuştu.
Bu safhadan itibaren birtakım ıstılahlar mâna değiştirmiş, bazıları unutulmuş veya bazı yeni ıstılahlar doğmuştur. Bu arada aklâm-ı sitte terkibinde görüldüğü gibi kalem artık eski mânasını geride bırakmış ve bu ıstılah altı tarz yazıyı ifâde etmiştir. Celîl ıstılahının yerini, tarz olarak küçüğü de bulunan hat nevilerinin en az serçe parmak eninde büyük şekilleri demek olan ve tek başına ayrı bir tarza delâlet etmeyen celî aldı (sülüs, celî sülüs, ta‘lik, celî ta‘lik, divanî, celî divanî vs. gibi). Bu hat nevileri klasik hususiyetlerini kazanış sırası ile tevkī‘ ve rikā‘, muhakkak ve reyhânî, sülüs ve nesihtir.
Tevkī‘ ve rikā‘ birbirine çok yakın iki tarz olup tevkīin kalemi işaret edildiği gibi kalemü’r-riyâsî ve kalemü’t-tevkīât diye, rikā‘ ise icâze diye de anılmıştır. Bunlar bütün hat nevileri içerisinde hususiyetlerini ilk kazanan tarzlar olmalıdır. Bu iki tarzın eski şekillerini ve gelişmelerinin merhalelerini müşahedeye imkân veren vesikalar vardır. Öteden beri birtakım vesikalara ilâve edilen hüküm ve mülâhazalar, kitap ve risâlelerde ferağ, mukabele, semâ, kıraat, rivayet, mütâlaa vs. kayıtları, asıl metne karışmaması için farklı ve daha işlek bir hatla yazılırdı. Tevkī‘ ve rikā‘ bu vesilelerle gelişmiş olmalıdır. Bu hatlar kitap yazısı olarak görülmez. Muhtelif seviyede divanlarda, gene muhtelif derecede ehemmiyet taşıyan vesikaların ebadına uygun olarak tevkī‘ veya rikā‘ kullanılmıştır. Vakfiyeler, kadılıklarca tanzim edilen alım, satım veya borç senetleri umumiyetle rikā‘ ile yazılırdı. İran’da kadim ta‘likin ihdâsına ve Osmanlılar’da divanînin geliştirilmesine kadar resmî vesikalarda en sık kullanılan hat rikā‘ idi.
Muhakkak ve reyhânî (veya reyhân) birbirlerine çok yakın iki tarz olup reyhânî muhakkakın küçüğüdür. Çok eski bir üslûp olan muhakkakın sanatkârane tasarruflarda bulunulmaksızın harflerin tabii şekillerini koruduğu kabul edilir. Kitap yazısı olarak müstensihlerin, verrâkların geliştirdikleri neshî dediğimiz tarz, yukarıda işaret edildiği gibi ırâkī, verrâkī, hatta muhakkak diye anılıyor ve bu tarzın bazı hususiyetlerini taşıyordu. V. (XI.) asırda mushaf istinsahında kûfînin yerini almıştır. İbnü’l-Bevvâb’ın ve onun mektebini devam ettirenlerin, Yâkūt’un ve talebelerinin en çok meşgul oldukları hat nevileri muhakkak ve reyhânîdir. Hicrî V. asırdan itibaren muhakkak yerini sülüse bıraktı. Bu iki tarz (muhakkak ve reyhânî), Selçuklular devrinde mushaflarda en sık görülen hat nevileri olmakta devam etti.
Sülüs ve nesih en çok işlenmiş hat nevileridir. Aklâm-ı sittenin adları içinde ıstılah olarak en eskisi sülüstür. Bununla beraber önceleri ağız eni tûmârınkinin üçte biri (yani 8 at kuyruğu kılı miktarı) bir kalemi ifade ediyordu. Hat nevi olarak klasik karakterini yukarıda zikredilen hatlardan sonra kazandı. Sülüs tarzı, muhakkakla beraber, büyük boy kalemlerle yazılan yazılara hâkim olmaya ve celî sülüs, mimari eserlerde tercih edilen hat haline gelmeye başladı. Baysungur b. Şâhruh b. Timur (ö. 837/1433), Esedullāh-ı Kirmânî (ö. 892/1487) gibi sanatkârların bu tarzın gelişmesindeki hizmetleri büyük ise de bu hususta Osmanlı mektebinin kuruluş safhasında gelen iki sanatkârı ayrıca anmak gerekir. Bunlar, Fâtih Camii’nde yazısı kalmış olan Edirneli Yahyâ es-Sûfî (ö. 882/1477) ile oğlu ve talebesi olup gene Fâtih Camii’nin kitâbesi, Bâb-ı Hümâyun’un üstündeki inşa kitâbesiyle aynı yerdeki müsennâ âyet-i kerîme, yazılarından numune olarak kalabilen Alî b. Yahyâ es-Sûfî’dir. Bu hattatın anılan müsennâ yazısı, sonra gelen hattatlara asırlarca celî sülüs numunesi olmuştur.
Hat sanatında en büyük merhalelerden biri olarak mektep halinde yer alan Amasyalı Şeyhoğlu Hamdullah’ın (ö. 926/1520) aklâm-ı sitteye giren bütün hatları mükemmelleştirdiği muhakkaktır. Bununla beraber Osmanlı hattatlarının muhakkak ve reyhânî tarzlarına nazaran daha çok rağbet göstererek eriştirdikleri mükemmeliyet sonunda sülüs, yazı tarzlarının esası kabul edilmiş, kitap yazısı olarak gittikçe sahası genişleyen nesih ise mushaflarda da reyhânînin yerini almıştır. Neshin bu derece ehemmiyet kazanmasında Amasyalı Şeyhoğlu Hamdullah gibi bir dehadan sonra kendisini kabul ettirebilecek derecede büyük bir sanatkâr olan Hâfız Osman’ın da (ö. 1110/1699) hissesi vardır. Esasen kolay okunan bir hat nevi olan nesih, bu safhalardan sonra matbaacılıkta da tercih edilen yazı karakteri olmuştur.
Celî ıstılahının tabii cesâmetinden büyük yazılara sıfat olduğu yukarıda geçmişti. Büyük kalemlerle yazılan yazılar için ekseriya sülüs tercih edildiğinden, zamanla celî sülüs ten kısaltılarak bunlara sadece celî denmiştir. Celî sülüs, Fâtih devri hattatlarından Alî b. Yahyâ’nın açtığı yolda gelişti. Amasyalı Şeyhoğlu Hamdullah’ın ve talebelerinin celîsülüsün gelişmesine de hizmetleri geçmiştir. Fakat bu hususta bir başka sanatkârı, Ahmed Karahisârî’yi (ö. 963/1556) anmadan geçmek mümkün değildir. Karahisârî ile oğlu ve talebesi Hasan Çelebi’nin İstanbul’da Süleymaniye ve Edirne’de Selimiye camilerindeki ve başka eserlerdeki Kanûnî devrinin azamet ve vakarını hendesenin nizamında aksettiren yazıları, celî sülüsün mimari âbideleri nasıl tamamlayan bir unsur olabildiğini gösterir. Bu sanatkârlarla celî sülüsün büyük siması Mustafa Râkım (ö. 1241/1825) arasında gelenler ve onu takip edenler, hat sanatının zirveye ulaştığı ve yolun sonuna gelindiği zannının hâkim olduğu her merhalede yeni yollar açabilmişler ve onu tasavvurların ulaşamadığı yeni ufuklara yükseltebilmişlerdir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 276-280 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.