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ÂL Skip to content Meşhur bir kimsenin soyuna, kabilesine, hânedanına veya temsil ettiği fikirlere bağlı zümreler için kullanılan bir terim.
Âl Arapça’da “serap, dağ, dağın çevresi ve çadır direği” mânasına geldiği gibi “kişinin bizzat kendisi, ailesi, taraftarları, dost ve arkadaşları” gibi anlamlara da gelir. Bazı dilciler, “rücû etmek, yönetmek” mânalarına gelen âle fiilinden türediğini ileri sürerken bazıları da eş anlamlısı olan ehl kelimesinden geldiğini kabul etmektedir. Âl kelimesi Kur’an’da şahıs isimlerine muzaf olarak meydana getirdiği çeşitli terkiplerde (Âl-i Fir‘avn, Âl-i İmrân, Âl-i Ya‘kūb gibi) bu şahısların hânedanı, kavmi ve taraftarları mânalarını ifade eder (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “âl” md.). Bu anlamıyla âl hadislerde de çokça geçmektedir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “âl” md.).
Akrabalık veya inanç, fikir, kültür, idare vb. bağlarla bir kişiye bağlı kimseleri ifade etmek için kullanılan âl kelimesiyle İslâm kültür tarihinde Âl-i Muhammed, Âl-i Nebî veya Âl-i Resûl, Âl-i abâ gibi terkipler de yapılmıştır. Ehl-i beyt , Ehl-i abâ, Ehl-i kisâ gibi tabirler de aynı veya yakın anlamda kullanılmıştır. Daha çok Peygamber’e getirilen salâtüselâmda geçen “Âl-i Muhammed”den kimlerin kastedildiği konusunda iki görüş ileri sürülmüştür: 1. Kendilerine zekât verilmesi haram olan (aş.bk.), nesep itibariyle Peygamber’e en yakın kimseler. 2. Dinî bakımdan Hz. Muhammed’e tâbi olanlar. Buna göre Peygamber’in yolundan giden Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn, ashap ve daha sonra gelen müslümanlar Âl-i Muhammed’den sayılır. Çünkü asıl yakınlık inanç ve fikir yakınlığıdır. Nitekim kendisine ailesinin kurtarılacağının vaad edildiğini, oğlunun da ailesinden olduğunu ifade ederek iman etmeyen oğlunu tûfandan kurtarması için rabbine dua eden Hz. Nûh’a, “Ey Nûh, o senin ailenden (ehl) değildir” (Hûd 11/45-46) şeklinde cevap verilmiştir.
İslâm tarihinde ilk defa Hz. Peygamber’in yakın çevresi için kullanılan âl tabiri sonraları İslâm devletlerinin hânedanları için de kullanılmaya başlanmış ve Âl-i Abbas, Âl-i Büveyh, Âl-i Suûd gibi terkipler İslâm kültüründe bir hânedana mensubiyeti ifade eden tabirler haline gelmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in soyu, kızı Fâtıma’nın iki oğlu vasıtasıyla sonraki dönemlere intikal ederek sürmüş, bunlardan Hasan’ın soyundan gelenlere şerif, Hüseyin’in soyundan gelenlere de seyyid denilmiştir.
Kişinin yakın akrabası anlamındaki âl veya ehl in hukuk açısından hangi fertleri ihtiva edeceği hususu fakihler arasında tartışılmıştır. Meselâ âl veya ehl (ehl-i beyt) adına yapılan vasiyet veya vakıflarda bu terimlerden kastedilen ve hak sahibi kabul edilecek olan yakın akraba kimlerdir? Hanefîler’e göre kişinin âli ve ehl-i beyti aynı mânada olup o kimsenin nesep zincirine iştirak edenleri içine alır. Kişinin nesep zincirine yukarıya veya aşağıya doğru bizzat yahut da baba vasıtasıyla katılan erkek ve kadınlar âlden sayılır. Kızların çocukları, yani anneleri vasıtasıyla bu zincire iştirak edenler âle dahil değildirler. Mâlikîler’e göre âl veya ehl, kişinin asabe si ve erkek oldukları farzedildiği takdirde asabe sayılacak olan kadın akrabasıdır. Şâfiîler’e göre ise âl kişinin akrabasını, ehl ise nafakasını sağlamakla mükellef olduğu kimseleri, ehl-i beyt de akrabası ve eşini ifade eder. Hanbelî mezhebinde bazı farklı görüşler ileriye sürülmekle birlikte genel olarak âl, ehl, ehl-i beyt, akraba ve kavim kelimeleriyle aynı mânada kabul edilir. Buna göre âl kişinin kendi çocukları ve yukarıya doğru dört babasının çocuklarını ifade eder ve yalnız baba tarafından akraba olanları içine alır.
Âl-i Muhammed. Âl-i Muhammed’in fazilet ve üstünlüğüne doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak temas eden âyetler vardır (bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/61; el-Ahzâb 33/6, 28-34, 53). Birçok hadiste de onlara sevgi beslenmesi istenmiş ve bu husus Hz. Peygamber’i sevmenin bir gereği sayılmıştır (İbn Hacer el-Heytemî, s. 87-127). Bu sebeple Peygamber’in aile ve yakın akrabası müslümanların nazarında müstesna bir mevkiye sahip olmuş, onları sayıp sevmenin dinî bir vecîbe olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Âl-i Muhammed’e zekât ve sadaka verilmesinin haram kılınması da (aş.bk.) bu neslin cemiyet içinde rencide olmaması ve kendilerine olan saygının sarsılmaması gibi temel bir prensibe dayanmaktadır. Buna karşılık Âl-i Muhammed için beytülmâlin belli fonlarından pay ayrılmıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in soyundan gelen seyyid ve şeriflerin halk arasında tanınması için muhtelif devirlerde özel kıyafetler düzenlenmiş, sadece onların işleriyle uğraşan, isimlerini, şecerelerini, çocuklarını, ahlâk ve davranışlarını özel bir deftere kaydeden, menfaat sağlamak için Peygamber’e intisap iddiasında bulunanlar hakkında takibatta bulunarak onları cezalandıran teşkilâtlar kurulmuştur. Âl-i Muhammed’e son derece saygılı olan, onları vergi ve rüsûmdan muaf tutan Osmanlı Devleti’nde bu maksatla kurulan nakîbüleşraf teşkilâtı devletin yıkılışına kadar devam etmiştir.
Hz. Peygamber’in nesebi, babası Abdullah ve dedesi Abdülmuttalib yoluyla büyük dedesi Abdümenâf oğlu Hâşim’e ulaşmaktadır. Hâşim’in dört oğlundan yalnız Abdülmuttalib’in erkek çocuklarının nesli devam etmiştir. Abdülmuttalib’in on oğlundan Ebû Leheb’in akrabalığı hadisle iptal edildiği (bk. Mv.F , I, 101) ve Hamza dahil olmak üzere diğer altı oğlunun da erkek nesli devam etmediği için Âl-i Muhammed Abbas, Hâris ve Ebû Tâlib’in çocuklarından oluşmaktadır. Ancak burada söz konusu olan, Hz. Peygamber’den Hâşim’e ulaşan nesep koluna doğrudan veya baba vasıtasıyla katılan nesildir. Sadece anneleri vasıtasıyla iştirak edenler âlden sayılmaz. İmâmiyye’nin bazı âlimleri bunları da âl içinde mütalaa etmekle birlikte mezhebin çoğunluğu aksi görüşü savunmuştur. İbn Hazm ile Şâfiî âlimleri, Hâşim’in kardeşi olan Muttalib’in neslini de Âl-i Muhammed’den saymışlardır. Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde de bu doğrultuda bir görüş vardır. Ancak Hanefîler’e, Mâlikî âlimlerinin çoğunluğuna ve Zeydiyye ile İmâmiyye mezheplerine göre Âl-i Muhammed yalnız Hâşimoğulları’nı kapsar. Hâşimoğulları’nın zevceleri ittifakla Âl-i Muhammed’e dahil değildir. Âzatlı köleleri (mevâlî) ise Hanefî ve Hanbelî mezhepleri ile Şâfiî mezhebindeki hâkim kanaate ve İbn Hazm’a göre zekât konusunda Âl-i Muhammed’den sayılır. İmâmiyye’ye ve Mâlikî mezhebinin tercih edilen görüşüne göre ise sayılmazlar. Hz. Âişe’den gelen bir rivayette Hz. Peygamber’in zevceleri âl içinde mütalaa edilmiştir.
Zekât ve Sadaka Açısından Âl-i Muhammed. Hz. Peygamber’in zekât ve sadaka alması haram olduğu gibi Âl-i Muhammed çerçevesinde mütalaa edilen akrabasının da zekât alması haramdır. Fakihler bu hususta görüş birliği içinde olup konuyla ilgili olarak mânevî tevâtür derecesine ulaşacak kadar hadis mevcuttur. Ancak beytülmâlden almaları gereken payın kendilerine verilmeyişi sebebiyle, Ebû Hanîfe’nin, zamanındaki Hâşimoğulları’na zekât verilmesini câiz gördüğü rivayet edilmektedir. Mâlikî mezhebindeki hâkim kanaate göre de beytülmâlden haklarını alamayıp muhtaç duruma düşerlerse zekâtı onlara vermek tercih edilmelidir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’in görüşü ise bunun hiçbir durumda câiz olmayacağı şeklindedir. Âl-i Muhammed’in birbirine zekât vermesi veya âlden kabul edilen kimselerin zekât memuru (âmil) olarak çalışıp karşılığında zekât malından ücret alması konusunda fakihler farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bundan başka nâfile sadakalardan, kefâret ve adak sebebiyle yapılan ödemelerden, öşür ve vakıf gelirlerinden kendilerine de verilmesi bazı fakihler tarafından câiz görülmüş, bazılarınca ise kabul edilmemiştir.
Ganimet ve Fey Açısından Âl-i Muhammed. İslâm hukukunda savaş yoluyla elde edilen servete genel olarak ganimet, savaş olmaksızın düşmandan elde edilen gelirlere de fey denilmiştir. Ganimetin devlet payı olarak ayrılan beşte birinin taksim edileceği gruplar arasında Hz. Peygamber’in yakın akrabasının da bulunduğu âyetlerle sabittir (bk. el-Enfâl 8/41; el-Haşr 59/7). Söz konusu yakın akraba (zevi’l-kurbâ), Hanefî ve Şâfiî âlimleriyle Zâhirî fakihi İbn Hazm’a göre Hâşimoğulları ve Muttaliboğulları’ndan ibarettir. Mâlikî ve Hanbelî fakihlerinin bir kısmı bu görüşe katılmış, diğerleri ise Muttaliboğulları’nı hariç tutmuştur. Şâfiîler’e göre fey de devlet payı (humus) açısından ganimet gibi işleme tâbidir. Hanefî ve Mâlikî fakihleri ile Hanbelî mezhebinin tercih edilen görüşüne göre ise feyde humus söz konusu değildir.
Âl’e Salât (dua) Okumak. Namazda son teşehhüd de (selâmdan önce) Âl-i Muhammed’e salât okumak, Hanbelî ve Şâfiî mezheblerindeki bir görüşe göre vâcip, Hanefîler’e ve yine Şâfiî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe göre sünnettir. Hanbelî mezhebindeki bir başka görüş de bu yöndedir. Şiîler’de ise bütün teşehhüdlerde Âl-i Muhammed’e salât okumak vâciptir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “âl” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ehl” ve “âl” md.leri.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “âl” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “ehl” ve “âl” md.leri.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “âl” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “âl” md.
İbn Teymiyye, Ḥuḳūḳu Âli’l-beyt (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Atâ), Beyrut 1407/1987.
Âmirî, Behcetü’l-meḥâfil ve buġyetü’l-emâs̱il (nşr. Muhammed Sultan en-Nemnekânî), Kahire 1330-31, II, 398-403.
İbn Hacer el-Heytemî, eṣ-Ṣavâʿiḳu’l-muḥriḳa , Kahire 1308, s. 87-127.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , Bulak 1253, s. 68-69.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , IV, 472.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 161-173.
Ö. Rıza Doğrul, “Âl”, İTA , I, 247-251.
Kâmil Miras, “Âl-i Muhammed”, İTA , I, 252-254.
Mv.F , I, 97-107.
Mv.Fİ , I, 57-64.
Goldziher, “Âl”, İA , I, 278.
a.mlf., “Ehlülbeyt”, İA , IV, 207.
a.mlf. – C. van Arendonk – A. S. Tritton, “Ahl al-Bayt”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 257-258.
A. Haffner, “Āl”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 345.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 305-306 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.