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ALÂEDDİN BEY Skip to content Karamanoğulları Devleti’nin tanınmış beylerinden (1361-1398).
Kitâbeler, vakfiyeler, paralar ve tarihî takvimlerle yerli ve yabancı çağdaş vekāyi‘nâmelerden çoğunun gösterdiği gibi Alâeddin, bu hükümdarın lakabı değil adıdır. Alâeddin Ali ise onun çağdaşı Eretna Devleti hükümdarının lakabı ve adı olup Alâeddin Bey’den bu şekilde (Alâeddin Ali) bahsetmek doğru değildir. Şikârî’nin ona “Ebü’l-feth” denildiğine dair sözleri (Karamanoğulları Tarihi , s. 61, 107) kitâbelerce de doğrulanmaktadır.
743’te (1342-43) doğdu. Karaman Bey’in torunu Halil Bey’in oğludur. 1352’de Karaman Devleti tahtına çıkan ağabeyi Süleyman Bey’in yanında bulunarak onun en yakın yardımcısı oldu. Bu sırada Karamanoğulları’nın idaresinde İç İl’den başka ova bölgesinde sadece devlet merkezi Lârende (Karaman) bulunuyordu. Konya, Aksaray, Niğde ve Beyşehri’ye (Beyşehir) gelince bunlar Eretnalılar’a bağlı valiler tarafından idare ediliyor ve Konya ovasının en güzel otlaklarında da dâimî bir karışıklık unsuru olan Moğol oymakları oturuyordu. Ağır başlı, iyi kalpli ve dindar bir hükümdar olduğu anlaşılan Süleyman Bey 1361 yılında hânedandan Kasım ile diğer bazı devlet erkânı tarafından öldürüldü ve yerine tahta Kasım çıkarıldı. Bundan haberdar olan Alâeddin Bey ağabeyinin öcünü almak için harekete geçti ve topladığı askerle Lârende üzerine yürüyüp karşısına çıkan suikastçıları yendi; şehri ele geçirerek Karaman Devleti tahtına oturdu. Alâeddin Bey’in Karaman Devleti tahtına 1361 veya 1362’de geçmiş olduğu kabul edilebilir. Hükümdarlığının ilk yıllarını hâkimiyetini sağlamlaştırmakla geçirdi. Bu sırada Eretna ülkesinde de önemli olaylar cereyan ediyordu. Moğollar Eretna’nın yerine geçmiş olan oğlu Mehmed Bey’i yendikten sonra Kayseri’yi alıp yağmaladılar (1364). Sivas’a çekilmiş olan Mehmed Bey ise orada beyleri tarafından öldürüldü ve yerine çocuk yaştaki oğlu Alâeddin Ali geçirildi (Ekim 1365). Devletinin sınırlarını genişletmek isteyen Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Bey, Eretnalılar’ın içine düştüğü durumu fırsat sayarak harekete geçti ve ilk olarak Konya’yı Eretna Devleti’nin valisi Ali Zerger’in elinden aldı (768/1366-67) ve şehrin idaresini kardeşlerinden Dâvud Bey’e verdi. Bundan sonra Alâeddin Bey’in Akşehir, Ereğli ve diğer bazı yerleri de topraklarına kattığı anlaşılıyor. Alâeddin Bey bu esnada (769/1367-68), Moğollar’ın Eretna Hükümdarı Alâeddin Ali Bey’in kuvvetlerine yenilerek Orta Anadolu’nun batı kesimindeki mukavemetlerinin kırılmasından da faydalanarak Ilgın, Okluk Hisarı ile İshaklu’yu fethedip devletinin sınırlarını genişlettiği gibi Niğde, Develü, Yavaş Kara Hisarı, Aksaray ve diğer bazı kaleleri de alarak başarılarını sürdürdü. Hatta 777 (1375-76) yılında Ürgüp ve Kayseri’yi bile eline geçirdi. Fakat Kayseri’deki hâkimiyeti çok sürmedi. Şehir Eretnalılar tarafından geri alındı. Şikârî’nin belirttiğine göre (a.e. , s. 106-113) Alâeddin Bey daha sonra Frenkler ile şiddetli çarpışmaların ardından Silifke kıyılarındaki küçük Körkes (Korikos) ile Lamsi (Lamas) kalelerini fethetti. Tarsus ile Gülek Boğazı’ndaki kaleleri ele geçirmek gayesiyle Çukurova’daki Üçok Türkmenleri’nin Memlükler’e karşı mücadelelerini kuvvetle destekledi ve onlara arka çıktı. Şikârî, Gülek Kalesi’nin ele geçirildiğini bildiriyorsa da (a.e. , s. 116-117), Karamanlılar’ın burayı uzun müddet ellerinde tutamadıkları şüphesizdir. Neticede Alâeddin Bey’in Üçok Türkmenleri’ni tutması ve Tarsus üzerindeki ihtirasları onu ve haleflerini Osmanlılar’a karşı kuvvetli bir hâmi olan Memlükler’den mahrum bıraktı.
Eretna Devleti Hükümdarı Alâeddin Ali Bey’in veziri Kadı Burhâneddin 782’de (1380-81) nâibliğe geçti; bir müddet sonra da Ali Bey’in oğlunu hal‘edip hükümdarlığını ilân etti. Fakat diğer birçok Eretnalı valiler gibi Kayseri Valisi Cüneyd de Kadı Burhâneddin’in hükümdarlığını tanımadı ve Kayseri bölgesini başına buyruk bir şekilde idare etmeye başladı. 1383 yılında Cüneyd, Ürgüp’ü Karamanlılar’ın elinden almak için harekete geçtiyse de onlara yenilip esir düştü. Ertesi yıl Kayseri’yi eline geçiren Kadı Burhâneddin Develü’yü de almak istedi, ancak Alâeddin Bey bunu önlemek için Cüneyd’i hapisten çıkartıp Develü’yü ona verdiğinden Burhâneddin de burayı almak arzusundan vazgeçti. 1386 yılında Alâeddin Bey’in müfrezeler göndererek oymaklarını perişan bir duruma düşürdüğünü söyleyen bazı Moğol beyleri Burhâneddin’e Karamanoğlu’nun ülkesine bir yağma akını yapılması teklifinde bulundular ve bu teklif onun tarafından kabul edildi. Develü’ye gelindiğinde Osmanlı Hükümdarı Murad Hudâvendigâr’ın Karamanoğlu’nun üzerine yürüdüğü haber alındı. Burhâneddin böyle bir durumda Alâeddin Bey’e zarar vermenin kendisinden daha çok Osmanlı hükümdarının işine yarayacağını anlayıp hareketi durdurdu. Esasen Alâeddin Bey’den gelen bir elçi de bundan böyle Moğol oymaklarının incitilmeyeceği, Kayseri yörelerine akınlar yapılmayacağı ve Cüneyd’e yardım edilmeyeceği hakkında hükümdarı adına teminat vermişti. Kadı Burhâneddin’in tarihçisi Esterâbâdî, Alâeddin Bey’in sözünde ve andında durmayıp Cüneyd’i Kayseri yörelerinin yağmalanma ve yıkılmasına tahrik ettiğini yazmaktadır (Bezm ü Rezm , s. 313-314). Karamanlı-Osmanlı münasebetleri XIV. yüzyılda karşılıklı dostluk duyguları içinde başlamıştı. Alâeddin Bey’in Murad Hudâvendigâr’ın kızıyla evlenmesi bu münasebetlerin güzel bir neticesi idi. Karamanoğlu’nun Osmanlı hükümdarına yazdığı mektupta “kalın başlık” olarak 100.000 akçe, 100 baş at, on katar deve, Türk kadifesi, Frenk kadifesi ile diğer kıymetli kumaşlar gönderildiği ifade edilmiştir (bk. Feridun Ahmed Bey, I, 104-105). Yine aynı husus ile ilgili olan nikâh akidnâmesinin 787 yılının Ramazan ayında (Ekim 1385) yazıldığı görülüyorsa da (bk. a.e. , I, 107), bunun 773’ten (1371-72) önce bir tarih olması gerekir. Çünkü tarihî takvimlerde Alâeddin Bey’in Murad Hudâvendigâr’ın kızından olan oğlu Mehmed Bey’in 773’te doğduğu bildirilmektedir. Alâeddin Bey’in bu hanımının adı Melek Hatun olup kendisine Nefîse Sultan da denilmektedir. Lârende’de yaptırmış olduğu 783 (1381-82) tarihli medrese Karamanlı mimari eserlerinin en önemlilerinden biri sayılır. Melek Hatun, Alâeddin Bey’in en büyük oğlu Mehmed ile Karaman’ın anneleri idi.
Fakat bu iyi münasebetler fazla sürmedi ve Hamîdoğulları’na ait topraklara hâkim olmak gayreti yüzünden bozuldu. Kendilerini Selçuklular’ın vârisleri sayan Karamanlılar, Osmanlılar’ın kuvvetlenmelerini ve bilhassa Anadolu’da toprak kazanmalarını istemiyorlardı. Hatta Karamanoğulları’nın Ankara şehrinin Orhan Bey’in eline geçmesinden memnun kalmadıkları, Orhan Bey’in ölümü üzerine (768/1366-67) ahîleri tahrik ederek Osmanlı muhafız kuvvetini şehirden çıkarttıklarına dair bir rivayet vardır (bk. Neşrî, I, 189-193; Hoca Sâdeddin, I, 67; Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , I, 160-161). Fakat bu rivayet doğru olsa bile Ankara’nın zaptı iki taraf arasında herhangi bir ihtilâf yaratmamıştı. Buna karşılık Murad Hudâvendigâr’ın ikna yolu veya tehdit ile Hamîdoğlu Hüseyin Bey’den ülkesine ait bir kısım toprakları satın alması, dostça münasebetlerin bozulmasına yol açtı. Alâeddin Bey, Osmanlı hükümdarının Rumeli’de seferde bulunmasını fırsat bilip Karaağaç, Eğirdir (Eğridir) ve Yalvaç şehirlerini işgal etti. Bu işgal esnasında yağmaların da yapıldığı, çok sayıda hayvan sürüldüğü anlaşılıyor. Alâeddin Bey bu yerleri evvelce Hamîdoğlu’ndan satın almış olduğunu iddia ediyordu. Karaman hükümdarının Hamîdoğlu’nun telkini üzerine bu yerleri işgal ettiği şeklinde de bir rivayet vardır ki doğru olabilir. Murad Hudâvendigâr haklı olarak bunu savaş sebebi saydı ve Karaman ülkesine sefer açtı (1386). Alâeddin Bey, Murad Hudâvendigâr’ın böyle bir harekette bulunacağını tahmin etmemişti. Barış yapmak için birbiri arkasından iki elçi gönderdi ise de Osmanlı hükümdarı verdiği karardan dönmedi. Bahar gelince ordusunun başında Karaman ülkesine yürüdü. Kalabalık (rivayete göre 70.000), bakımlı, donatımlı ve disiplinli olan bu orduda sayısı hiç de az olmayan hıristiyan hükümdarların kuvvetleri de vardı. “Beni gazâ etmekten alıkoydu” diyerek Karamanoğlu’na kızan Murad Hudâvendigâr ile çevresindeki ulemâ ve şeyhler, müslümanlara karşı sevkedilen orduda hıristiyan askerlerinin bulunmasında dinî bakımdan bir mahzur görmemişlerdi. Alâeddin Bey de kalabalık bir ordu topladı, ancak bu ordu sayıca, donatımca ve mânevî kuvveti bakımından Osmanlı ordusunun gerisinde kalıyordu. Karaman ordusunda Orta Anadolu’daki bütün Moğollar yer almışlardı. Bu Moğollar ile Turgutlu, Bayburtlu, Varsak ve diğer birçok Türkmen oymaklarına mensup çok sayıda askerden meydana gelen Karaman ordusu Osmanlı askeri tarafından kolayca bozguna uğratıldı. Muharebenin Konya’ya iki konak mesafedeki Efrenk (Frenk) Yazısı denilen yerde yapıldığı anlaşılıyor. Kazanılan zaferle ilgili olarak Celâyir Sultanı Ahmed’e gönderildiği söylenen mektupta, savaşın 5 Şevval 788 (30 Ekim 1386) Çarşamba günü yapıldığı kaydedildiği gibi (bk. Feridun Ahmed Bey, I, 111), bu sefer münasebetiyle sürsat olarak nüzül ve zahire hazırlamaları için kadılara gönderilen tevkī‘ler de 788 yılı Ramazan ayının sonlarında yazılmıştır (bk. a.e. , s. 110). Bu sefer hakkında en mufassal bilgiyi veren Neşrî de seferin tarihi olarak aynı yılı veriyor (Cihannümâ , I, 218, 219). Halbuki İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı seferin 788’de değil 789’da (1387) yapıldığını kabul ediyor (Osmanlı Tarihi , I, 249). Gerçekten, savaşın kasım ayının ortalarından sonra yapılmış olması Osmanlı savaş geleneklerine pek uygun düşmüyor. Bilindiği üzere Osmanlı seferlerinde kasım ayı girerken sefere son verilir, askerler ya ülkelerine dönerler veya kendilerine tahsis edilmiş kışlaklara çekilirlerdi. Bununla beraber elde daha kuvvetli reddedici deliller olmadığı için muharebenin kaynaklarda gösterilen tarihte yani 788 yılında yapıldığını kabul etmek daha uygun görünmektedir. Savaştan sonra Osmanlı ordusu bir müddet Konya’yı kuşattı ve Murad Hudâvendigâr kızının araya girmesiyle teklif edilen barışı kabul etti. Buna göre Beyşehri Osmanlı idaresine geçti (bk. Neşrî, I, 234). Çağdaş müellif Esterâbâdî, Osmanlı hükümdarının Karamanoğlu’na ait olan Eğirdir’i fethettikten sonra geri döndüğünü bildirir (Bezm ü Rezm , s. 312-314).
Ancak, karısı ve bilhassa şartlar dolayısıyla tehlikeyi ucuz atlatan Alâeddin Bey mücadeleyi bırakmadı. Murad Hudâvendigâr’ın Kosova’da şehid olduğunu (1389) haber alınca Beyşehri’ni zaptettiği gibi Batı Anadolu beylerini de yeni hükümdarla mücadeleye teşvik etti. Fakat Bayezid yaklaştığı zaman onunla savaşmaya cesaret edemeyip Ermenek’e çekildi ve oradan kayınbiraderine elçi gönderip barış istedi. Osmanlı hükümdarı onun bu isteğini yerine getirdi. Beyşehri’ne bağlı Köşk Bükü köyünün batısındaki yerler Osmanlılar’a ait olmak üzere barış yapıldı (1391). Buna göre Seydişehir ile Bozkır yörelerinin Osmanlılar’a verilmiş olması herhalde bahis konusu değildir. Bu arada Alâeddin Bey Kadı Burhâneddin’le de iyi geçinemedi; Kayseri yöresine düzenlenen tahrip ve yağma akınları ile Timur’a elçi gönderip bağlılığını bildirmesi, Kadı Burhâneddin’in Aksaray ve çevresindeki bazı kaleleri ele geçirmesine ve Karaman ilinde büyük bir yağmaya girmesine sebep oldu. Niğbolu Muharebesi sırasında (1396) Ankara’ya hücum eden Alâeddin Bey şehrin muhafızı Saru Temürtaş Bey’i esir aldı; ancak muharebenin kazanıldığını duyunca Osmanlı kumandanını kendi elçisiyle birlikte Bayezid’e gönderdiyse de Yıldırım Bayezid barış teklifini kabul etmeyip Karaman ülkesine yürüdü. Konya yakınlarında Akçay’da iki gün süren savaşta yenilen Alâeddin Bey Konya Kalesi’ne sığındı. Yıldırım Bayezid şehri kuşattı; kuşatmanın onuncu gününde Konyalılar, can ve mallarına bir şey yapılmaması karşılığında şehri Osmanlı hükümdarına teslim ettiler. Alâeddin Bey savaşarak kaçmaya çalıştı ise de yakalanarak kayınbiraderinin huzuruna götürüldü ve daha sonra da öldürüldü. Bu hâdisenin 800 (1397-98) yılında vuku bulduğu anlaşılıyorsa da hangi ayda olduğu hakkında bir şey söylemek mümkün değildir. Bayezid sadece Konya ile yetinmemiş, Lârende’yi aldıktan sonra Niğde’ye de yürüyüp burada bulunan Alâeddin Bey’in oğulları Mehmed ve Ali beyleri de esir alıp Bursa’da hapsettirmiştir. Bu harekât ile Karaman Devleti’nin ova bölgesindeki Konya, Lârende, Niğde, Yavaş Kara Hisarı (şimdiki Yeşilhisar), Ilgın, Said-ili (Kadınhanı), İshaklu, Akşehir, hatta belki Seydişehri, Bozkır şehir ve yöreleri Osmanlı ülkesine katılmış, İç İl denilen dağlık bölge yani Ermenek, Mut, Silifke, Gülnar, Anamur, Hâdim ve Belviran yöreleri yine Karamanoğulları’ndan Alâeddin Bey’in yeğeni ve Süleyman Bey’in oğlu Şeyh Hasan’ın idaresine bırakılmıştır. Yalnız, bazı vekāyi‘nâmelerde yazıldığı gibi, Kadı Burhâneddin’in elinde bulunan Aksaray’ın da bu sırada Osmanlı idaresine geçmiş olması kabul edilemez.
Alâeddin Bey şüphesiz cesur, enerjik, ihtiraslı bir hükümdardı; her istikamette toprak elde ederek Karaman ülkesini çok genişletmiş olduğu bir gerçektir. Bu sebepledir ki Karaman beyleri, Memlük müelliflerinin onlar hakkında yazdıkları “Anadolu dağlarının hükümdarları” vasfından kurtulmuşlardı. Ancak Alâeddin Bey’in bu başarıları, bilhassa siyasî durumun pek müsait olmasından ve karşısında kuvvetli şahsiyetlerin bulunmamasından ileri gelmişti. Görüldüğü gibi Murad Hudâvendigâr, Yıldırım Bayezid ve Kadı Burhâneddin gibi kuvvetli şahsiyetler çıkınca bunlar karşısında muvaffak olamamış, hatta aldığı yerler elinden çıkmış ve hayatını da kaybetmiştir. Alâeddin Bey’in halef ve seleflerinin çoğu gibi idare ettiği halka karşı şefkatle davrandığı söylenebilir. Şikârî’ye göre (Karamanoğulları Tarihi , s. 107, 113) Alâeddin Bey dört tekke ve yirmi bir han ile Mevlânâ’nın kabri üzerindeki Yeşiltürbe’yi yaptırmıştır. Onun birçok kaleyi zâviye haline sokup oralarda yoksullara ve yolculara sofra hazırlattığı da bilinmektedir. Alâeddin Bey, Lârende’de hisarın doğusunda bir cami ile bir türbe inşa ettirmişti. Şikârî, Osmanlı kumandanı Gedik Ahmed Paşa’nın saray yerine bir hisar yaparken malzemesinden istifade etmek için, diğer birçok camiler gibi bu camiyi de yıktırdığını ileri sürmektedir (a.e. , s. 112). Ona göre bu cami eşi görülmemiş bir eser idi. Ancak cami harap olmakla beraber 1476 yılında mevcut idi ve II. Bayezid devrinde yeniden kullanılmaya başlanmış, sonra yok olup gitmiştir (bk. Konyalı, s. 255-256). Alâeddin Bey’in güzel bir sanat eseri olduğu anlaşılan türbesi ise harap bir durumda da olsa günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Alâeddin Bey, bunlardan başka 1370 yılında bir zâviye de yaptırmıştı. Bu zâviyenin kitâbesinde, diğer kitâbelerde olduğu gibi, Ebü’l-feth unvanı ile anılmaktadır (bk. Konyalı, s. 231). Bu zâviyeye ait vakfiye de günümüze kadar gelmiştir (bk. a.e. , s. 252, 254). Alâeddin Bey babası Halil Bey gibi tahsilli bir hükümdardı. Şair Yârcânî’ye Şehnâme tarzındaki Karamannâme ’yi yazdıran odur. Kaybolmuş olan bu eserin bazı ilâveler yapılarak mensur tarzda Şikârî tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edildiği bilinmektedir. Fakat bu tahsilli hükümdarın Türk kültür ve edebiyatına eser veya eserler kazandırılmasında gayret gösterdiğine dair hiçbir delil yoktur. Para kestirip kestirmediği de kesin olarak bilinmemektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Esterâbâdî, Bezm ü Rezm (nşr. Kilisli Muallim Rifat), İstanbul 1928, bk. Dizin, s. 43, 48, 312-314.
Şikârî, Karamanoğulları Tarihi , s. 1-2, 61, 106-113, 116-117.
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat) , I, 189-193, 215-235, 315-321.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 67-68, 103-108, 128-129, 131-133.
J. Schiltberger, The Bondage and Travels of Schiltberger (trc. Hakluyt Society), London 1879, s. 32.
İstanbul’un Fethinden Önce Yazılmış Tarihî Takvimler (nşr. Osman Turan), Ankara 1954, s. 31-42.
Konyalı, Karaman Tarihi , s. 230-231, 233, 235, 252, 254, 255-256, 466.
Uzunçarşılı, Anadolu Beylikleri , s. 13-14.
a.mlf., Osmanlı Tarihi , I, 160-161, 189-193, 245-247, 249, 265, 295-298.
Halil Ethem [Eldem], “Karamanoğulları’na Dair Vesâik-i Mahkûke”, TOEM , II/11 (1327), s. 709-711.
Faruk Sümer, “Anadolu’da Moğollar”, Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi , I, Ankara 1969, s. 125-126.
a.mlf., “Karaman oğulları”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 619-625.
Nihal Atsız, “Hicri 858 Yılına Ait Takvim”, Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi , IV, Ankara 1973, s. 256, 257.
Mükrimin Halil Yınanç, “Bayezid I.”, İA , II, 369-392.
M. C. Şehâbeddin Tekindağ, “Karamanlılar”, İA , VI, 316-330.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 321-323 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.