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ALİ ABDÜRRÂZIK Skip to content Alî b. Hasen b. Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Abdirrâzık (1888-1966)
el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm adlı kitabıyla tanınan Mısırlı düşünür ve siyasetçi.
Minyâ vilâyetine bağlı Ebûcirc köyünde ilim ehli, varlıklı ve nüfuzlu bir ailenin çocuğu olarak doğdu. Dedesinin dedesi Abdürrâzık’a nisbetle Âlü Abdürrâzık diye bilinen aile aslen Behnesâ bölgesinden olup kadılık makamını babadan oğula ellerinde bulundurmaktaydılar (Mustafa Abdürrâzık, s. 5-7, 13). Muhammed Abduh’un arkadaşlarından olan babası Hasan b. Ahmed de Ezher mezunu olup siyasî çevrelerde tanınmış bir şahsiyettir. Ali Abdürrâzık temel eğitimini köyündeki mektepte aldı. On yaşında Kahire’ye giderek Ezher’e kaydoldu. Burada okurken ayrıca 1908’de açılan Mısır Üniversitesi’ne devam etti ve Batı’nın modern disiplinlerini Carlo Alfonso Nallino, David Santillana, Enno Littmann gibi şarkiyatçılardan edindi. Babasının Muhammed Abduh’la olan yakın ilişkisi dolayısıyla sohbetlerinde ondan yararlandı, Ezher’deki öğrenim hayatının bir kısmında talebesi oldu. 1912’de Ezher’den “âlimiyye” diplomasıyla mezun oldu. Bir süre Arap dili dersleri verdikten sonra aynı yıl içinde Oxford Üniversitesi’nde ekonomi öğrenimi görmek için İngiltere’ye gitti. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlaması üzerine 1915’te Mısır’a döndü ve Mansûre Şer‘î Mahkemesi’ne kadı olarak tayin edildi. 1925’te yazdığı el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm adlı kitabı sebebiyle kendisine yöneltilen suçlamaların ardından Ezher’in “ulemâ” kategorisinden çıkarıldı ve aynı yılın eylül ayında kadılık görevine son verildi (Ali Abdürrâzık’ın muhakeme sürecine dair resmî kayıtlar için bk. M. İmâre, Maʿreketü’l-İslâm , s. 86-151). Ağabeyi Mustafa Abdürrâzık 1945’te Ezher şeyhi olunca âlimlik unvanı iade edildi. Daha sonra bir müddet İngiltere’de ve Kuzey Afrika’da bulundu. Aktif siyasî hayata Hizbü’l-ahrâr ed-düstûriyyîn’e katılarak başladı. Partinin yayın organı es-Siyâse dergisinde yazılar kaleme aldı. Mısır Parlamentosu’na milletvekili seçildi, ardından senatör oldu. İbrâhim Hâdî Paşa hükümetinde Evkaf bakanlığı yaptı (1948-1949). 1948’de Kahire’deki Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye’ye üye seçildi. Amerikan Üniversitesi’nde edebiyat tarihi okuttu. Kahire Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi’nde seri konferanslar verdi. Haftalık ve aylık yayın organlarında çok sayıda yazı yazdı. 23 Eylül 1966’da Kahire’de vefat etti.
Görüşleri. Ali Abdürrâzık, İslâm’da siyasî otoritenin mahiyetine dair el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm adlı kitapta ortaya koyduğu fikirleriyle tanınmıştır. Türkiye’de hilâfetin kaldırılmasından bir yıl sonra, Mısır’da Kral Fuâd’ın himayesinde düzenlenmeye çalışılan hilâfet kongresine denk gelen bir zaman diliminde kaleme alınan kitapta İslâm’ın bir devlet nizamı öngörmediği iddia edilmiş, klasik literatürde şer‘î bir gereklilik olarak görülen hilâfetin dinî ve aklî bir dayanağının olmadığı tezi işlenmiştir. Hilâfet meselesinde geleneksel algının bütünüyle karşısında yer alan Ali Abdürrâzık’a göre İslâm dini, siyaset alanında herhangi bir düzenleme öngörmez. İnsan toplulukları için siyasî bir idarenin gerekliliği çok açık olmakla birlikte bu gereklilik dinî bir karakter taşımaz. Bu açıdan onun klasik algıya yönelik temel itirazı mevcut külliyatta tek bir şer‘î yönetim türü olarak hilâfetin öne sürülmesinedir. Ali Abdürrâzık’ın hilâfetle ilgili değerlendirmeleri esas itibariyle otoriter ve mutlak hâkim bir halife tasavvuru etrafında döner. Özellikle V. (XI.) yüzyıldan sonra ulemânın melik ve sultanlara insan üstü bir makam atfetmesiyle halifelerin bu vasfı temellendirilmiş, hilâfet kaynağını Allah’tan alan bir üstün makam olarak kabul edilmiştir. Halbuki hilâfetin gerekliliğine yönelik âyet, hadis ve icmâ dahil sahih hiçbir delil yoktur. Konuya dair telmihlerde bulunan hadislerin sahih sayılması durumunda bile bunlar hilâfetin dinî gerekliliğini ortaya koymamakta, bu ifadeler en fazla devlet başkanının varlığını bir olgu olarak göstermektedir. Mevcut hilâfet algısı ve hilâfetin her zaman silâhlı güce dayanarak varlığını kabul ettirmeye çalışması İslâm toplumlarında siyasî ilimlerin gelişmesini de engellemiş, Hz. Ebû Bekir’den itibaren hilâfet makamı sürekli karışıklık ve isyanlarla yüz yüze gelmiştir. Ali Abdürrâzık hilâfet kavramını istibdat ve zulüm kavramlarıyla anmakta, hatta hilâfetin İslâm ve müslümanlar için bir felâket sebebi, şer ve fesat kaynağı olmaya devam ettiğini söylemektedir. Hilâfetin gerekliliğini savunanlar tarafından öne sürülen hususlar arasında Hz. Peygamber’in konumu merkezî bir yer alır. Halbuki nübüvveti döneminde bütçe, divan kayıtları, siyasî sistemin esasları gibi devletin temel unsurlarının bulunmaması, onun melik ve sultanların tebaaları üzerindeki yetkisine benzer bir yetkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir. Peygamberliğin ümmet üzerindeki otoritesinin ruhanî boyutla ve kalbin imanıyla alâkalı olması bu otoriteyi bedenin itaatine dayanan siyasî otoriteden farklı kılmaktadır. Hidayet ve irşadı esas alan velâyet dinî karakterde olup Allah’a aittir, hayatın genel yararlarına göre şekillenen ve yeryüzünün imarını hedefleyen velâyet ise dünyevîdir. Bu alan tamamıyla insanlara aittir. Kitap, Sünnet ve akıl deliliyle risâlet kavramının delâleti Hz. Peygamber’in müminler üzerindeki velâyetinin risâlet velâyeti olduğunu, ayrıca siyasî bir velâyetinin bulunmadığını göstermektedir.
Hayatı boyunca İslâm devletine yönelik bir işarette bulunmayan Hz. Peygamber ardında bir halife bırakmamıştır. Daha sonra Şîa’nın Hz. Ali’nin, bazı Sünnîler’in Hz. Ebû Bekir’in halife tayin edildiğine dair iddiaları mesnetsizdir. Hz. Peygamber din tamamlandıktan sonra vefat etmiştir, dolayısıyla onun vefatından sonra siyasî liderliğin dinî bir boyutu ve bağlayıcılığı yoktur. Ardından kurulan devlet bir Arap devletidir ve İslâm’ın evrensel boyutuna uzak bir yapı arzetmektedir. Tarih boyunca hilâfetin dinî bir makam olduğu fikri kralların kendi konumlarını pekiştirmek, insanların kendilerine mutlak itaatini sağlamak için kullandıkları bir söylem olmanın ötesinde bir anlam ifade etmez. Allah dünya işlerini düzenleme hususunda insanları serbest bırakmıştır. İnsanlar dünyevî konuları akıl, bilgi, tecrübe ve toplumun genel yararları uyarınca düzenleyeceklerdir. Eser, bütün müslümanlara güncelliğini yitirmiş hilâfet nizamını terketmeleri, insan aklının ortaya koyduğu en modern yönetim şekillerini esas alarak devletlerinin dayanacağı ilkeleri yeniden kurmaları yönünde bir çağrıyla sona erer. Dönemin hâkim söylemi olan kaynaklara dönüş vurgusunun açık biçimde işlendiği kitapta dayanak olarak daha ziyade İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’si kullanılmakta, nâdiren Muḳaddime ile birlikte aralarında Seyyid Bey’in Hilâfetin Mâhiyyet-i Şer‘iyyesi adlı eserinin Abdülganî Senî Bey tarafından yapılan Arapça çevirisi dahil olmak üzere bazı yeni kaynaklar iç içe girebilmektedir. Hilâfet meselesini ele alan kelâm ve fıkıh kitaplarına doğrudan atıflar ise yok denecek kadar azdır. Zaman zaman Batı siyaset düşüncesinin temsilcilerine de göndermeler yapılır (Locke ve Hobbes’a atıflar için bk. s. 22).
el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm , bir yandan uzun yıllara yayılmış bir projenin ürünü olduğu izlenimini verirken (s. 38) öte yandan hilâfetin ilgası üzerine mevcut şartlara bir cevap niteliğinde aceleyle yazılmış, eksiklikleri daha sonra giderilecek bir çalışma özelliği taşımaktadır (s. 4). İslâm tarihi boyunca süregelen muteber bir kurumu bütünüyle reddetmeye yönelik seküler çağrışımları olan bu iddialar, Ezher mezunu bir âlim tarafından ileri sürüldüğünden özellikle Mısır’da büyük yankı uyandırmış ve İslâmcı kesimi temsil eden çevreler tarafından tepkiyle karşılanarak reddiyeler kaleme alınmıştır. Hilâfet konusunda müstakil bir kitap yazan ve buradaki görüşleri Ali Abdürrâzık tarafından eleştirilen M. Reşîd Rızâ’nın eser aleyhinde tavır alınması yönünde Mısır kamuoyuna yaptığı çağrı etkili olmuş ve Ezher yönetimi soruşturma açarak Ali Abdürrâzık’ı, “İslâm şeriatını sırf ruhanî bir din olarak takdim edip dünya işleriyle alâkalı görmemesi, Hz. Peygamber’in İslâm davetini tebliğ için değil dünyevî kaygılar sebebiyle cihad ettiğini öne sürmesi, onun dönemindeki siyasî düzenin kapalılıklar içeren, birtakım eksikliklerle mâlûl olduğunu iddia etmesi, yine Hz. Peygamber’in bütün vazifesini şeriatı tebliğden ibaret görüp bir devlet başkanı tayin edilmesinin gerekliliğine dair sahâbe icmâını inkâr etmesi, yargının şer‘î bir vazife olduğunu reddetmesi, Hz. Ebû Bekir’in ve diğer üç halifenin siyasî yönetiminin laik bir karakter taşıdığını ileri sürmesi” sebebiyle suçlu bularak âlimlik sıfatını geri almıştır. Benzer şekilde kitaba reddiye yazan müellifler arasında Muhammed Hıdır Hüseyin, Memdûh Hakkı, Mustafa Sabri Efendi, Muhammed Bahît el-Mutîî, Muhammed Tâhir İbn Âşûr, Abdürrezzâk Ahmed es-Senhûrî, Muhammed Ziyâeddin er-Reyyis ve Muhammed İmâre öne çıkar. Tâhâ Hüseyin, Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel ve Ahmed Emîn gibi liberal-seküler görüşü temsil eden müellifler ise Ali Abdürrâzık’ı desteklemiştir. Eseri Türk inkılâbının bir ürünü olduğu düşüncesiyle Türkçe’ye çeviren Ömer Rıza Doğrul’u da bu ikinci kategoride görmek mümkündür.
Kitaba yöneltilen başlıca eleştirilerden biri usul açısından içerdiği problemlerle ilgilidir. Bu çerçevede özellikle hilâfetin gerekliliği konusundaki icmâ delilini reddetmesi önemli bir problem teşkil etmektedir. Yine klasik literatürün algısını İbn Haldûn üzerinden yorumlamaya çalışıp kelâm ve fıkıh literatürünü göz ardı etmesi, İslâm tarihinden verdiği örneklerde son derece seçmeci davranarak Yezîd’in Ehl-i beyt kanı dökmesi gibi olumsuz hilâfet uygulamalarını öne çıkarıp tarihî hadiseleri tek boyutlu görmeye kalkması, kaynaklara dönüş söyleminin etkisiyle dinî nasları, içinde bulunulan zaman diliminden hareketle ve modern algılar doğrultusunda yorumlamaya çalışması bu problemler arasındadır. Bazı eleştirilerde ise onun iktibas ettiği metinleri bağlamından kopardığı, mevcut siyasî tartışmalarda Kral Fuâd karşıtı liberal akımın savunusunu yaptığı ve bu eseri Türkiye Cumhuriyeti benzeri bir siyasî modeli desteklemek üzere kaleme aldığı vurgulanır. Reşîd Rızâ ise kitabın Mısır’da parasız dağıtılmasından hareketle Protestanlık destekli bir projenin ürünü olduğu iddiasında bulunur (el-Menâr , XXVI/2, s. 101-102). Batı siyasî tecrübesini İslâm tarihine uygulama çabası olarak da görülmesi mümkün olan eser, İslâm ve sekülerlik tartışmalarında Ezherli kimliğiyle yer alan Ali Abdürrâzık’ı liberal-seküler akımın temsilcileri arasına yerleştirmiştir. Öte yandan Muhammed İmâre’nin Abdürrâzık’ın büyük oğlu Muhammed’den aktardığı bilgiye göre müellif hayatının sonlarına doğru bu kitabın yerine yeni bir kitap yazmaya başlamış, fakat ilk üç sayfasını yazdığı bu metni tamamlayamadan ölmüş, bahsi geçen sayfalar ise kaybolmuştur (Maʿreketü’l-İslâm , s. 27).
Eserleri. 1. Emâlî ʿAlî ʿAbdirrâzıḳ fî ʿilmi’l-beyân ve târîḫihî (Kahire 1330). Müellifin Ezher’den mezuniyetine yakın bir dönemde kendi isteğiyle vermeye başladığı, daha sonra Kahire Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde sürdürdüğü beyan ilmine dair derslerin notlarından oluşur. Eserde özellikle bu alanda Ezher muhitinde farklı bir yaklaşıma sahip olan Muhammed Abduh’un metodu benimsenmiş, Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî’nin görüşleri Sekkâkî’nin görüşlerine tercih edilmiştir. 2. el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm: Baḥs̱ fi’l-ḫilâfe ve’l-ḥükûme fi’l-İslâm (Kahire 1343). Ali Abdürrâzık’ın çağdaş İslâm siyaset düşüncesinde geniş tartışmalara yol açan en önemli eseridir. Müellif, 1915 yılında kadı olarak tayin edilmesi üzerine İslâm yargı tarihini araştırmaya yöneldiğini, yargının İslâmî hükümetin bir rüknü olarak görülmesinden dolayı konunun incelenmesine İslâm’da hükümet meselesiyle başladığını söyler. Bu sebeple eser, İslâm yargı hukuku tarihine dair kapsamlı bir projenin ilk aşaması olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Liberal-seküler bir bakış açısının hâkim olduğu kitap her biri üç alt başlıktan oluşan üç ana bölümden meydana gelir. “Hilâfet ve İslâm” başlıklı birinci bölümde “Hilâfetin Doğası”, “Hilâfetin Hükmü”, “Hilâfetin Sosyal Açıdan Durumu”; “Hükümet ve İslâm” başlıklı ikinci bölümde “Hz. Peygamber Döneminde Siyasî Rejim”, “Peygamberlik ve Siyasî İdare”, “Siyasî İdare Değil Peygamberlik, Devlet Değil Din”; “Tarih Boyunca Hilâfet ve Hükümet” başlıklı üçüncü bölümde “Dinî Birlik ve Araplar”, “Arap Devleti”, “İslâmî Hilâfet” alt başlıkları yer almaktadır. Ömer Rıza (Doğrul) kitabı önce Vakit gazetesinde özet çeviri şeklinde tefrika etmiş, ardından İslâmiyet ve Hükümet adıyla ve birtakım tasarruflarla Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir (İstanbul 1346/1927). Abdülfilâlî Ensârî (Abdou Filali-Ansary) (l’Islam et les fondements du pouvoir , Paris 1995) ve Léon Bercher (“l’Islam et les bases du pouvoir par ʿAlī ʿAbdurrāziq”, REI , VII/3 [1933], s. 353-391; VIII/2 [1934], s. 163-222) kitabı Fransızca’ya, Emîr Rızâvî Farsça’ya (İslâm ve Mebânî-yi Ḳudret , Tahran 1380 hş.), Meryem Lutfî (Maryam Loutfi) İngilizce’ye (Islam and the Foundations of Political Power , Edinburgh 2012) çevirmiştir. Ali Abdürrâzık ve bu eseri hakkında çok sayıda makale ile bazı eserler kaleme alınmıştır (bk. bibl.). Bunların içinde Suâd (Souad) T. Ali’nin telif ettiği eser önemlidir. 3. el-İcmâʿ fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye (Kahire 1366). Kahire Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi’nde verdiği konferanslardan derlenen kitapta icmâın hakikati, vukuunun imkânı, hüccet oluşu, hükmü ve fıkıh usulü delilleri arasındaki yeri incelenir. Ali Abdürrâzık, ağabeyinin es-Süfûr ve es-Siyâse dergilerinde yayımlanan makalelerini ve seyahat notlarını derleyip onun hayatını, başta Muhammed Abduh olmak üzere dönemin önde gelen şahsiyetleriyle olan ilişkilerini de ele alan uzun bir giriş (s. 5-77) ve arkadaşı Hasan Âmir el-Fezârî’nin hâtıratından ağabeyiyle ilgili notlar (s. 78-121) ekleyerek Min Âs̱âri Muṣṭafâ ʿAbdirrâzıḳ adıyla ve Tâhâ Hüseyin’in takdimiyle yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1377).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Ali Abdürrâzık, el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm (nşr. Ammâr Ali Hasan), Kahire 1433/2012, tür.yer.; M. Bahît, Ḥaḳīḳatü’l-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm , Kahire 1344; M. Hıdır Hüseyin, Nakżü kitâbi’l-İslâm ve uṣûli’l-ḥükm , Kahire 1344; M. Tâhir İbn Âşûr, Naḳdün ʿilmiyyün li-kitâbi’l-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm , Kahire 1344; Abdürrezzâk Ahmed es-Senhûrî, Uṣûlü’l-ḥükm fi’l-İslâm , Kahire, ts. (el-Hey’etü’l-Mısriyyetü’l-âmme li’l-kitâb); Mustafa Abdürrâzık, Min Âs̱âri Muṣṭafâ ʿAbdirrâzıḳ (nşr. Ali Abdürrâzık), Kahire 1957, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-77; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939 , London 1962, s. 183-192; M. İmâre, el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm li-ʿAlî ʿAbdirrâzıḳ , Beyrut 1972; a.mlf., Maʿreketü’l-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm , Kahire 1989, tür.yer.; M. Ziyâeddin er-Reyyis, el-İslâm ve’l-ḫilâfe fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-ḥadîs̱: Naḳdü kitâbi el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm , Kahire 1976; Hamîd İnâyet, Arap Siyasi Düşüncesinin Seyri (trc. Hicabi Kırlangıç), İstanbul 1991, s. 202-211; a.mlf., Çağdaş İslami Siyasi Düşünce (trc. Yusuf Ziya), İstanbul 1995, s. 116-129; Dominique Urvoy, “L’apport philosophique de ʿAlî ʿAbd Al-Râziq”, En hommage au père Jacques Jomier (ed. Marie-Therese Urvoy), Paris 2002, s. 227-234; Souad Tagelsir Ali, Religion, Not a State: Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq’s Islamic Justification of Political Secularism , Salt Lake City 2005, tür.yer.; M. Reşîd Rızâ, “el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm baḥs̱ fi’l-ḫilâfe ve’l-ḥükûme fi’l-İslâm bel daʿve cedîde ilâ nesfi binâʾihâ ve taḍlîli ebnâʾihâ”, el-Menâr , XXVI/2, Kahire 1343/1925, s. 100-104; M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd, “el-Üstâẕ ʿAlî ʿAbdürrâzıḳ”, MMLA , sy. 22 (1967), s. 252-253; İbrâhim Medkûr, “el-Üstâẕ ʿAlî ʿAbdürrâzıḳ”, a.e. , s. 256-263; Mehmet Görmez, “İslam Dünyasında Laiklik Tartışmasını Başlatan Bir Kitap ve Bu Kitabın Serencamı”, İslâmî Araştırmalar , VIII/3-4, Ankara 1995, s. 223-231; Mehmet Azimli, “Hilafet Karşıtı Bir Kişi Olarak Ali Abdurrazık ve Kitabı ‘el-İslâm ve Usûlu’l-Hukm’ Üzerine Bazı Mülahazalar”, Marife , I/3, Konya 2002, s. 55-66; Talip Türcan, “Hilâfet Karşıtı Bir Ezher’li: Ali Abdurrâzık (1883-1967)”, İslam Hukuku Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 6, Konya 2005, s. 409-426; E. Davis, “ʿAbd al-Rāziq, ʿAlī”, The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Modern Islamic World (ed. J. L. Esposito), Oxford 1995, I, 5-7; Abdou Filali-Ansary, “ʿAbd al-Rāziq, ʿAlī”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three , Leiden 2009, fas. 1, s. 14-17.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 74-77 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.