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ALİ KUŞÇU Skip to content (ö. 879/1474)
Timurlular devrinde Semerkant’ta yetişmiş, daha sonra Osmanlı ülkesinde büyük bir şöhret kazanmış olan Türk astronom ve matematikçisi.
Asıl adı Alâeddin Ali, babasının adı Muhammed’dir. Doğum yeri ve tarihi tam olarak bilinmemekle beraber XV. yüzyıl başlarında Semerkant’ta dünyaya geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Babası, Uluğ Bey’in doğancıbaşısı olduğu için “kuşçu” lakabıyla anılmıştır. Kendisi de büyük bir âlim olan ve âlimleri koruyan Uluğ Bey, Ali Kuşçu’yu ya doğrudan doğruya babası vasıtasıyla veya aslen Bursalı olan ve tahsil için Mâverâünnehir’e giden Kadızâde-i Rûmî aracılığıyla tanıyarak ona ders verdi. Dolayısıyla o, matematik ve astronomi alanındaki temel bilgileri Semerkant’ta Uluğ Bey, Kadızâde-i Rûmî ve Gıyâseddin Cemşîd’den aldı. Rivayete göre, bir türlü ilme doymayan Ali Kuşçu, Uluğ Bey ve Kadızâde’den izin alamama endişesiyle gizlice Kirman’a gitti. Orada birçok kitabın yanı sıra Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Tecrîdü’l-kelâm adlı eseriyle şerhini de okuma fırsatı buldu ve daha sonra Tûsî’nin eserini Şerḥu’t-Tecrîd adıyla şerhederek Ebû Saîd Han’a takdim etti. Tekrar Uluğ Bey’in yanına döndüğünde ona Kirman’da kaleme aldığı Ḥallü eşkâli’l-ḳamer adlı risâlesini sunarak takdirini kazandı. Bundan sonra ilmini ilerletmek üzere Uluğ Bey tarafından Çin’e gönderildiği ve dönüşünde dünyanın yüzölçümünü, ayrıca meridyeni hesap ettiği bilinmektedir.
Uluğ Bey’in öldürülmesinden (1449) sonra koruyucusuz kalan Ali Kuşçu, Timurlular’ın sarayından ayrılarak hac maksadıyla Mekke’ye giderken Tebriz’e uğradı. Burada Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Uzun Hasan’dan büyük ilgi gördü ve elçilik göreviyle Fâtih Sultan Mehmed katına gönderildi. İlmine hayran olan Fâtih’in ısrarı üzerine elçilik görevini tamamladıktan sonra İstanbul’a döndü ve yol boyunca büyük törenlerle, armağanlarla karşılandı. Fâtih 1473’te Uzun Hasan üzerine yaptığı sefere birlikte götürdüğü Ali Kuşçu’yu dönüşte Ayasofya Medresesi’ne müderris tayin etti. Bu tayin İstanbul’da astronomi ve matematik alanındaki çalışmalara canlılık getirmiş, hatta Ali Kuşçu’nun derslerini ilim adamları dahi takip etmişlerdir.
Ali Kuşçu’nun Fâtih zamanında Molla Hüsrev’le birlikte Semâniye medreselerinin programını düzenlemeye memur edildiği de rivayet edilmektedir. İstanbul’un boylamını, eskiden belirlenmiş olan 60 derecelik değeri düzeltip 59 derece, enlemini de 41 derece 14 dakika olarak tesbit ettiği bilinmektedir. Fâtih Camii’nde de bir basîtesi (güneş saati) vardır. Ali Kuşçu 5 Şâban 879’da (15 Aralık 1474) İstanbul’da vefat etti ve Eyüp Sultan Türbesi civarına defnedildi. Yetiştirdiği talebeler arasında torunu Mîrim Çelebi ile Molla Lutfî meşhurdur.
Eserleri. Ali Kuşçu’nun daha çok şerh-hâşiye türünden olan değişik sahalardaki eserlerini üç grupta toplamak mümkündür:
Astronomi-Matematik. 1. Risâle fi’l-heyʾe . Astronomi ile ilgili Farsça bir risâle olup Süleymaniye (Ayasofya, nr. 2639, 2640; Esad Efendi, nr. 2033/4), Nuruosmaniye (nr. 4913) ve Köprülü (nr. I, 1582/14) kütüphanelerinde nüshaları vardır. Bir mukaddime ve iki “makale”den oluşan risâleyi Molla Pervîz Mirkātü’s-semâ adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir. Bu tercümenin bir nüshası Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (nr. 2949). Ayrıca Muslihuddîn-i Lârî’nin bu risâleye yaptığı Farsça bir şerhi de bulunmaktadır (Köprülü Ktp., nr. I, 1586/2).
2. Risâle fi’l-ḥisâb . Üç makaleden oluşan Farsça bir eserdir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Ayasofya, nr. 2733) müellif hattı bir nüshası bulunmaktadır.
3. er-Risâletü’l-fetḥiyye . Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Uzun Hasan’a karşı elde ettiği zafer münasebetiyle Fâtih’e ithaf edilmiş olan astronomi ile ilgili Arapça bir eserdir. Risâleyi Ali Kuşçu’nun torunu Mîrim Çelebi ile talebesi Sinan Paşa ayrı ayrı şerhetmişlerdir. Eserin, Kanûnî’nin emri üzerine 1548 yılında Halep’te Hulâsatü’l-hey’e adıyla Ali b. Hüseyin, 1824 yılında da Mir’âtü’l-âlem adıyla Mühendishâne-i Hümâyun başmüderrisi Seyyid Ali Paşa tarafından (bk. Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 250) yapılmış Türkçe tercümeleri de vardır. Bu eserin yukarıda adı geçen Farsça Risâle fi’l-heyʾe ’nin Arapça tercümesi olup olmadığı konusu tartışmalıdır (bk. İA , I, 323; Ünver, s. 44-45). er-Risâletü’l-fetḥiyye ’nin Süleymaniye (Ayasofya, nr. 2733/1 müellif hattı; Dârülmesnevî, nr. 340; Pertev Paşa, nr. 633/22; Hâlet Efendi, nr. 538; Lala İsmâil, nr. 292/1) ve Nuruosmaniye (nr. 2950/3) kütüphanelerinde birçok nüshası mevcuttur.
4. er-Risâletü’l-Muḥammediyye . Ali Kuşçu’nun Arapça olarak kaleme alıp Fâtih’e ithaf ettiği hesap ilmi ile ilgili bu eseri bir mukaddime ve beş makaleden ibarettir. Eserdeki makale sayısı, Farsça Risâle fi’l-ḥisâb ’dan fazladır. Bu iki risâlenin birbirinin tercümesi olup olmadığı konusu da tartışmalıdır (bk. İA , I, 23; Ünver, s. 41-42). Risâlenin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde biri müellif hattı olmak üzere (Ayasofya, nr. 2733) çeşitli yazma nüshaları vardır (Lâleli, nr. 2715/2; Pertev Paşa, nr. 623/23; Kılıç Ali Paşa, nr. 683/4).
5. Şerḥ-i Zîc-i Uluġ Beg . Farsça bir şerh olup tertip açısından bir zîc için gerekli bütün bilgileri ihtiva etmektedir. İstanbul Kandilli Rasathânesi (nr. 113) ve Râgıb Paşa (nr. 928) kütüphanelerinde birer nüshası bulunmaktadır.
6. Şerḥu’t-Tuḥfeti’ş-Şâhiyye . Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî’nin astronomiyle ilgili et-Tuḥfetü’ş-Şâhiyye adlı eserinin şerhidir (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 367-368). Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Cârullah Efendi, nr. 2060) bir nüshası tesbit edilmiştir. Şerhin Ali Kuşçu’ya ait olduğuna dair metinde herhangi bir işaret yoktur. Tabakat kitaplarında da Ali Kuşçu’ya böyle bir şerh nisbet edilmemiştir. Yalnız söz konusu nüshanın ilk varağının üst tarafında Ali Kuşçu’ya ait olduğu kaydedilmiş bulunmaktadır.
Kelâm ve Usûl-i Fıkıh. 1. eş-Şerḥu’l-cedîd ʿale’t-Tecrîd . Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin kelâm ilmi alanında pek meşhur olan, birçok şerh ve hâşiyesi bulunan Tecrîdü’l-kelâm adlı eserinin şerhi olup bunun üzerine de epeyce hâşiye kaleme alınmıştır. Celâleddin ed-Devvânî ile Sadreddîn-i Şîrâzî söz konusu şerh üzerine yazdıkları hâşiyelerle aralarında ilmî tartışmaya girmişler, bu sebeple de aynı kitaba birden fazla hâşiye yazarak itiraz ve cevap mahiyetindeki tartışmalarını sürdürmüşlerdir (bk. TECRÎDÜ’l-İ‘TİKĀD ). Şerhin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde birçok yazma nüshası bulunduğu gibi Köprülü (nr. I, 821, 822; II, 151), Nuruosmaniye (nr. 2104/2) ve Kayseri Râşid Efendi (nr. 484) kütüphanelerinde de nüshaları mevcuttur. Kitap ayrıca basılmıştır (Tebriz 1301, taş basması; bk. İÜ Ktp., nr. 74152, 82016).
2. Ḥâşiye ʿale’t-Telvîḥ . Sadrüşşerîa’nın fıkıh usulüne dair Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’ü üzerine Teftâzânî tarafından yapılan et-Telvîḥ adlı şerhin hâşiyesi olup bir tek nüshası tesbit edilebilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 1438/2).
Dil-Gramer. 1. Şerḥu’r-Risâleti’l-vażʿiyye . Adudüddin el-Îcî’nin vaz‘ ilmine dair risâlesinin şerhidir; Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde birçok yazma nüshası bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Köprülü (nr. II, 339/1), Râgıb Paşa (nr. 1285/6, 1289/3), İstanbul Üniversitesi (nr. 1532, 6035) ve Kayseri Râşid Efendi (nr. 1001/4) kütüphanelerinde de nüshaları vardır. Şerh üzerine Seyyid Hâfız tarafından bir de hâşiye yazılmıştır. Bu hâşiye, şerh ve metinle birlikte birkaç defa basılmıştır (İstanbul 1259, 1267, 1272).
2. Risâle fî vażʿi’l-müfredât . Müstakil küçük bir risâle olup birçok yazma nüshası vardır (Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki birçok nüshadan başka Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 4509/7; Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1610/35).
3. ʿUnḳūdü’z-zevâhir . Lugat, sarf ve iştikakla ilgili olan bu eser Kahire (ts.) ve İstanbul’da (1866, taş basması) basılmıştır. Ayrıca Süleymaniye (Fâtih, nr. 4676; Yenicami, nr. 1181/1; Esad Efendi, nr. 3087; Lâleli, nr. 3030/10; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2576, 2577, 2578) ve Nuruosmaniye (nr. 4512/4) kütüphanelerinde yazma nüshaları mevcuttur. Eser Müftîzâde Abdürrahim tarafından şerhedilmiştir (Şerḥu ʿUnḳūdi’z-zevâhir , İstanbul, ts., 200 sayfa; yazma nüshası için bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3070).
4. Şerḥu’ş-Şâfiye li’bni’l-Ḥâcib . Farsça bir eser olup burada eş-Şâfiye ’nin bazı yerleri şerhedilmiştir (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1021). Köprülü Kütüphanesi’ndeki (nr. I, 1598) mecmuada bulunan eş-Şâfiye ’nin sonundaki Farsça risâle muhtemelen bu şerhtir.
5. Fâʾide li-taḥḳīḳi lâmi’t-taʿrîf . Harf-i ta‘rifin bazı özellikleri üzerinde duran tek varaktan ibaret bir risâle olup Köprülü (nr. I, 1593/21) ve Süleymaniye (Reşid Efendi, nr. 1032/39) kütüphanelerinde nüshaları mevcuttur.
6. Risâle Mâ ene ḳultü . Teftâzânî’nin Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ üzerine yazdığı ve el-Muṭavvel diye tanınan şerhte geçen “mâ ene ḳultü” ibaresiyle ilgili olarak yazılmıştır. Aynı adla başka müelliflerin de risâleleri vardır (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 888). Risâle fî beyâni sebebi taḳdîmi’l-müsnedi ileyh diye de anılır (nüshaları için bk. Köprülü Ktp., nr. III, 704/3; Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 374, vr. 208-211; Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1032/30). Abdülgafûr-i Lârî bu risâle üzerine bir başka risâle yazmıştır (Risâle ʿalâ Risâle Mâ ene ḳultü , bk. Köprülü Ktp., nr. III, 704/4).
7. Risâle fi’l-ḥamd . Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin el-Ḥâşiyetü’l-kübrâ ’sında söz konusu ettiği “hamd” ile ilgili sözlerinin tahkikine dair bir risâledir (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 862). Baş tarafında Ali Kuşçu bu risâlesini el-Fetḥiyye ’den sonra yazdığını bildirmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 5384/9).
Kaynaklarda Ali Kuşçu’ya nisbet edilen, ancak nüshaları tesbit edilemeyen başka eserler de vardır: Târîḫu Ayasofya , Tefsîrü’z-zehrâveyn , Maḥbûbü’l-ḥamâʾil , Risâle fî ḥalli eşkâli’l-ḳamer , Risâle fî mevżûʿâti’l-ʿulûm , Meserretü’l-ḳulûb fî defʿi’l-kürûb (bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 286, 448, 572, 883; II, 1676; Sicill-i Osmânî , III, 486-487; Adıvar, s. 47).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi , s. 180-184.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 286, 348-351, 367-368, 448, 497, 572, 862, 883, 888, 889, 900; II, 966, 1021, 1173-1174, 1314, 1676.
Suter, Die Mathematiker , s. 178-179.
Sâlih Zeki, Âsâr-ı Bâkıye , İstanbul 1926, I, 195-199.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 736.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , II, 1281, 1531.
Sicill-i Osmânî , III, 486-487.
Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim , s. 47-49.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 305; Suppl. , II, 329-330.
A. Süheyl Ünver, Ali Kuşçî: Hayatı ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1948.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 7, 20, 31, 321.
Ali Abdullah ed-Difâ‘, el-ʿUlûmü’l-baḥte fi’l-ḥaḍârati’l-ʿArabiyye ve’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 426.
Muammer Dizer, Ali Kuşçu , Ankara 1988.
Abdülhak Adnan, “Ali Kuşçu”, İA , I, 321-323.
a.mlf., “Alī al-Ḳūsdhj ī”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 393.
F. Rahman – D. Pingree, “ʿAlī Qūšǰī”, EIr. , I, 876-877.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 408-410 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.