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ÂLÎ PAŞA, Mehmed Emin Skip to content (1814-1871)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
İstanbul’da Mercan’da doğdu. Babası Ali Rızâ Efendi, Mısır Çarşısı aktarlarından olup aynı zamanda çarşının kapıcılığını da yapmaktaydı. Mahalle mektebindeki ilk tahsilinden sonra Arapça dersleri almaya başladı, ancak babasının ölümü üzerine tahsilini terketmek zorunda kaldı. 1830’da bir aile dostunun aracılığıyla Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Kalemi’ne girdi ve buradaki âdete uygun olarak kendisine, boyunun kısalığından veya güzel tavrı ve kabiliyetinden dolayı “Âlî” mahlası verildi. Daha sonra bu mahlas ile şöhret buldu. 1833’te Tercüme Odası’na girdi. 1835’te Avusturya İmparatoru I. Ferdinand’ın tahta çıkışını tebrik için gönderilen heyette ikinci başkâtip olarak Viyana’ya gitti; burada kaldığı bir buçuk yıl içinde Fransızca’sını ilerlettiği gibi diplomasi mesleğinin inceliklerini de öğrendi. 1837’de Petersburg’a gönderildi. Dönüşünde Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanlığına tayin edildi. 1838’de Londra elçisi olan Mustafa Reşid Paşa ile birlikte elçilik müsteşarı sıfatıyla Londra’ya gitti. Reşid Paşa’nın oradan Paris’e geçmesi üzerine maslahatgüzar oldu. II. Mahmud’un ölümü ve Abdülmecid’in tahta çıkması üzerine Reşid Paşa ile birlikte İstanbul’a dönerek tekrar Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanlığına başladı.
Reşid Paşa’ya intisap etmesi ve onun takdir ve himayesini kazanması, süratle yükselmesinde en önemli âmil oldu. 1840’ta, genç yaşta önce vekâleten getirildiği Hariciye müsteşarlığına kısa bir süre sonra asaleten tayin edildi. 1841’de Londra büyükelçiliğine getirildi, üç yıl kadar burada kaldı. Geri dönünce Meclis-i Vâlâ âzası oldu. Hâriciye Nâzırı Reşid Paşa’nın Paris’ten dönüşüne kadar ona vekâlet etti. Ardından Hariciye müsteşarlığına tayin edildi. Reşid Paşa’nın 1846’da sadrazam olması üzerine önce Hariciye nâzırı, bir süre sonra vezâret rütbesiyle paşa oldu (1848). Reşid Paşa sadâretten azledilince Hariciye Nezâreti’nden alındı ve Ahkâm-ı Adliyye Riyâseti’ne nakledildi. Ancak Reşid Paşa’nın aynı yıl ikinci defa sadrazamlığa getirilmesi üzerine yeniden Hariciye nâzırlığına tayin edildi. Âlî Paşa 1852 yılında, henüz otuz sekiz yaşında iken Reşid Paşa’nın yerine sadrazam oldu. Hariciye Nezâreti’ne ise arkadaşı Fuad Efendi’yi tayin ettirerek yeni bir ekip oluşturması, Reşid Paşa’dan uzaklaşmasının başlangıcını teşkil etti. Âlî Paşa’nın, sadârete geçmesi ile ilgili olarak yapılan merasimden sonra Reşid Paşa’nın Baltalimanı’ndaki yalısına giderek onun eteğini öpmek istemesi, ikisi arasındaki uzaklaşmayı önleyemedi.
Aynı yıl sadrazamlıktan azledilen Âlî Paşa, yeni sadrazam Damad Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın teklifi ile önce İzmir, ardından Hüdâvendigâr valiliğine tayin edildi (1854). Kısa bir süre sonra da valilik üzerinde kalmak kaydıyla yeni açılan Meclis-i Âlî-i Tanzîmat reisliğine getirildi. Kırım Savaşı sırasında üçüncü defa Hariciye nâzırı oldu; savaşın sonunda yapılacak barışın protokolünü tesbit için Viyana’ya gönderildi. Mayıs 1855’te ikinci defa sadrazamlığa getirildi. Kırım Savaşı sonunda Paris’te toplanan konferansta Osmanlı Devleti’ni temsil etti ve 30 Mart 1856 tarihli Paris Barış Antlaşması’nı imzaladı. Gerek bu münasebetle ilân edilen Islahat Fermanı (18 Şubat 1856) sebebiyle, gerekse konferansta devletin menfaatlerini yeterince müdafaa edemediği ithamlarıyla, özellikle Reşid Paşa tarafından ağır tenkitlere uğradı ve azledildi (Kasım 1856); yerine Reşid Paşa getirildi. Teklif edilen Hariciye nâzırlığını reddetti, ancak Ağustos 1857’de Reşid Paşa’nın azli üzerine bu vazifeyi kabul etti; böylece Reşid Paşa ile olan küskünlüğünü açıkça gözler önüne sermiş oldu. Bununla beraber, Ekim 1857’de yeniden iş başına getirilen Reşid Paşa’nın sadrazamlığında Hariciye nâzırı olarak görevine devam etmekte de bir mahzur görmedi. Reşid Paşa’nın ölümü üzerine üçüncü defa sadârete getirildi (11 Ocak 1858). Bir yıl devam eden bu görevinde devletin içinde bulunduğu ağır malî sıkıntıya bir çare bulamaması, sarayın israf ve aşırı masraflarını tenkit etmesi üzerine azledildi (18 Ocak 1859). Azlinden sonra Meclis-i Âlî-i Tanzîmat reisliğine getirildi. Sadrazam Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Paşa’nın Rumeli’ye seyahati sırasında sadâret kaymakamlığına, Hariciye Nâzırı Fuad Paşa’nın fevkalâde memuriyetle Şam’a gitmesi üzerine önce vekâleten, ardından da altıncı defa asaleten Hariciye nâzırlığına tayin edildi (1861). Abdülaziz’in tahta çıkışından kısa bir süre sonra dördüncü defa sadrazam oldu (6 Ağustos 1861), fakat çok geçmeden azledildi (22 Kasım 1861). Yerine tayin edilen Fuad Paşa, sadrazamlığı, Âlî Paşa’nın Hariciye nâzırlığını kabul etmesi şartıyla üstlenmiş olduğundan, yedinci defa Hariciye nâzırlığına getirildi ve altı yıl boyunca bu görevde kaldı. 1867’de, Girit ve Sırbistan meseleleri sebebiyle azledilen Mütercim Rüşdü Paşa’nın yerine beşinci defa sadrazamlığa getirildi (11 Şubat 1867). Bu sırada Sırbistan kaleleri konusunda uzlaşmadan yana olmuş ve tâvizkâr bir politika takip ederek kaleler üzerindeki şeklî hâkimiyetten tamamen vazgeçip meseleyi Sırplar’ın isteğine uygun olarak çözmüştür. Girit İsyanı’nın bastırılması için askerî harekâta girişilmiş olmakla birlikte, isyanın Fransa ve Rusya tarafından desteklenmesi bastırılmasını güçleştirmiş, hatta Âlî Paşa bizzat adaya giderek isyana son vermeye çalışmıştır. Bu meselede de aynı tâvizkâr politikayı takip etmiş, yabancı güçlerin destek ve müdahalelerine son vermek maksadıyla ada halkına yeni ve geniş imtiyazlarla bir çeşit muhtariyet vermiştir. Ancak kendisinin gerek Girit’teki gerekse Sırbistan’daki tâvizkâr politikası, aleyhinde çok söz söylenmesine yol açmış, Ziyâ Paşa ve Ali Suâvi gibi muhalifleri tarafından ağır şekilde tenkit edilmiştir.
Halbuki Âlî Paşa, özellikle Paris Antlaşması’ndan sonra, III. Napolyon’un milliyetçi akımları destekleyen politikasını, İngiltere politikasındaki değişme durumunu, Rusya’nın Paris Antlaşması mükellefiyetlerinden kurtulmak için fırsat kolladığını, Avrupa’nın siyasî bünyesindeki değişiklikleri sezmekte, buna karşılık devletin içinde bulunduğu zayıflığı ve âcizliği de yakından bilmekteydi. Bu sebeple dış politikada uzlaşmacı bir yol tutulması gerektiğine inanmıştı. İç politikada da Tanzimat ve ıslahat düşüncesine uygun bir politika takip etmek istemiş, ancak böyle bir işi yürütebilecek sağlam bir kadro kurmaktaki menfi tutumu ve tedbirsizliği, işlerin birkaç kişinin omuzlarına ve nihayet Fuad Paşa’nın ölümünden sonra kendi üzerine kalması gibi tehlikeli bir durumun ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bununla beraber, Mısır Valisi İsmâil Paşa’nın hak ve yetkilerini genişletmek maksadıyla saraya kadar uzanan bol rüşvetli geniş faaliyetlerine karşı kesin bir tavır alarak Mısır’ın devletten tamamen uzaklaşmasına engel olmuştur (1869). Diğer taraftan, Bulgarlar’ın Rum kilisesinden ayrılarak kendilerine mahsus bir patrikhâne (eksarhlık) kurmalarına da uzun süre karşı koymuş, eksarhlığın kabulüne yanaşıldığı anda da (12 Mart 1870) gerekli beratın verilmesini geciktirerek işin sürüncemede kalmasını ve meselenin devlet çıkarlarına en uygun şekilde halledilmesini sağlamıştır. Öte yandan, Ermeni Katolikleri’nin papalığa bağlanmak istemeleri yolundaki teşebbüslerine de karşı çıkmıştır. Demiryolu yapımı politikasını ısrarla destekleyen Âlî Paşa, Abdülaziz’in donanma politikasının karşısında yer almıştır.
Âlî Paşa, yakın mesai arkadaşı Fuad Paşa’nın ölümü üzerine (1869), Hariciye nezâretini de üzerine aldı ve bu tarihten itibaren tek söz sahibi olarak devlet idaresini ölünceye kadar sıkı bir şekilde elinde tuttu. Dış politikada İngiliz siyasetinden ayrılmayan Reşid Paşa’nın aksine Fransız politikası taraftarı idi. Bu devletin 1870 Alman savaşıyla ağır bir yenilgiye uğramasının Avrupa’da hüküm süren kuvvet dengesini bozacağını ve Osmanlı Devleti için de önemli sonuçlar doğuracağını görmüştür. Nitekim Fransa’nın ağır yenilgisi üzerine Paris Antlaşması’nın Karadeniz ile ilgili maddelerini yürürlükten kaldıran Rusya’nın (31 Ekim 1870) yakın bir gelecekte büyük bir Türk savaşına girişeceğini ve bunun getireceği tehlikeleri çok önceden sezmiştir.
Âlî Paşa memleket dahilinde nüfuz sahibi, Abdülaziz üzerinde son derece tesirli, usul, resmiyet ve teşrifata riayetkâr, Bâbıâli’nin şeref ve haysiyetinin korunmasına çok dikkat eden, Avrupa’da da tanınmış bir devlet adamıydı. Devletin dış siyasette mâruz kaldığı vahim gelişmeler, iç meselelerin büyüklüğü ve karmaşıklığı, malî sıkıntının artması, dış malî ve siyasî kontrolün ağırlığı, siyasî muhalefetin (Yeni Osmanlılar) bizzat padişahın şahsında da gözlenen tenkit ve engellemeleri ve nihayet kendisinin tek adam olma arzusu, Âlî Paşa’nın siyasî hayatının değerlendirilmesini çok tartışmalı bir hale getirmiş, hatta özel hayatının dedikodu konusu olmasına yol açmıştır. Tezkiyesine derin bir sükût ile karşılık verilecek kadar sevilmeyen Âlî Paşa, her şeye rağmen değeri öldükten sonra anlaşılan ve yokluğu hissedilen, engin tecrübesiyle devletin ileride karşılaşacağı felâketleri önleyebilecek bir devlet adamı idi. 7 Eylül 1871’de öldü ve Süleymaniye Camii hazîresine defnedildi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Cevdet, Tezâkir , II, 4, 6, 7, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
a.mlf., Ma‘rûzât , s. 22, 34, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
Ed. Engelhardt, Türkiye ve Tanzimat (trc. Ali Reşâd), İstanbul 1328, tür.yer.
Abdurrahman Şeref, Târih Musâhabeleri , İstanbul 1923, tür.yer.
Ali Fuad Türkgeldi, Ricâl-i Mühimme-i Siyâsiyye , İstanbul 1928, s. 56-140.
İbnülemin, Son Sadrıazamlar , I, 4-58.
Roderic H. Davidson, Reform in the Ottoman Empire 1856-1876 , Princeton 1963.
Belgelerle Tanzimat: Osmanlı Sadrıazamlarından Âli ve Fuad Paşaların Siyasî Vasiyetnâmeleri (trc. Engin Deniz Akarlı), İstanbul 1978.
A. H. Ongunsu, “Âli Paşa”, İA , I, 335-340.
H. Bowen, “ʿÂlī Pas̲h̲a Muḥammad Amīn”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 396-398.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 425-426 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.