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ALİ SUÂVİ Skip to content (1839-1878)
Siyasî mücadele ve fikir adamı, gazeteci, Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti üyesi ve ilk Türkçülerden.
1255 yılı Ramazanında (Kasım 1839) İstanbul’da Cerrahpaşa’da doğdu. Çankırı’dan gelerek İstanbul’a yerleşmiş, geçimini kâğıtçılıkla sağlayan, fakir fakat dürüst bir adam olan Hüseyin Ağa’nın oğludur. Ali Suâvi’nin tahsile ne zaman, nerede ve nasıl başladığı kesin olarak bilinmemekle beraber Ulûm gazetesinde bir kısmı yayımlanan “Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi” (nr. 15, 1 Muharrem 1287, s. 892-932) adlı hâtıratında verdiği bilgilere göre Dâvud Paşa Rüşdiyesi’ni bitirdikten sonra Bâb-ı Seraskerî’de Dersaadet Yoklama Kalemi’ne girdi ve burada iki üç yıl kadar kâtip olarak çalıştı. Âdet olduğu üzere bu sırada cami derslerine de devam etti. Muhtemelen Sâmi Paşa’nın Maarif nâzırlığı sırasında açılan bir imtihanı kazanarak Bursa Rüşdiyesi’ne muallim oldu (1856). Fakat bazı uygunsuz davranışları dolayısıyla halkın şikâyeti üzerine bir yıl sonra buradan ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. 1858 yılında Simav’daki rüşdiyede ve Kurşunlu Medrese’de hocalık yaptı. Kendi ifadesine bakılırsa on sekiz yirmi yaşlarında hacca gitti. Dönüşünde yine Sâmi Paşa’nın aracılığıyla Sofya’da ticaret mahkemesi reisliği, Filibe’de rüşdiye hocalığı ve tahrirat müdürlüğü yaptı. Azledilince tekrar İstanbul’a döndü. İstanbul’da bir yandan, başta Sâmi Paşa olmak üzere şehrin o zamanki fikir muhitlerini teşkil eden bazı paşa konaklarına devam etmeye, bir yandan da Şehzadebaşı Camii’nde vaazlar vermeye başladı (1866). Henüz Muhbir ’de yazı yazmaya başlamadan önce dinî ilimlerdeki vukufu ile dikkati çeken Ali Suâvi aynı zamanda kuvvetli bir hatipti ve kendisini dinleyenleri kolayca tesir altına alabiliyordu. Adı ve şöhreti kısa zamanda bütün şehirde duyuldu. Yine kendi ifadesine göre bu vaazlara ara sıra Sadrazam Fuad Paşa bile geliyordu.
1867 yılı başında yayın hayatına giren Muhbir gazetesinin sahibi Filip Efendi’nin teklifi üzerine bu gazetenin yazar kadrosunda yer alan Ali Suâvi, gazetede devrin çeşitli siyasî ve sosyal meseleleriyle ilgili makaleler neşretmeye başladı. Daha sonra “Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi”nde bu konuda, “Bu işe parmak sokmaktan asıl muradım, vatanımız gazetelerinin köhne inşâlarını ve mu‘tâd-ı kadîm üzre bî-ma‘nâ sitayişlerini bozmak idi. Hem lisanı bozdum, hem de memleketimize hürriyet-i aklâm soktum” diyerek gazetede devrinin yazı dilinde değişiklik yapmak bakımından oynadığı role işaret eder. Bunun yanında, bu ilk makaleleri arasında yer alan Belgrad Kalesi’nin teslimi ve Mısır’ın devlete bağlılığı meselelerinde yapmış olduğu tenkitlerle kısa zamanda dikkatleri üzerine çekti. 21 Şubat 1867 tarihli Muhbir ’de, o sırada henüz gizli olan Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti’nin hâmisi durumundaki Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın Mısır meselesi münasebetiyle Sultan Abdülaziz’e hitaben Belçika’da Nord gazetesinde neşredilen Fransızca mektubunun tercüme edilerek yayımlanması, aynı mektubun iki gün sonra Nâmık Kemal tarafından Muhbir ’den iktibas edilerek geniş bir yorumla Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’da yer alması üzerine, gizli cemiyetten hükümetle birlikte az çok efkârıumûmiye de haberdar oldu. Bunun hemen arkasından Ali Suâvi’nin Belgrad Kalesi’nin düşmesi ve Mısır meselesi hakkında Âlî Paşa’yı şiddetle tenkit eden bir makalesi üzerine, meşhur sansür nizamnâmesi Kararnâme-i Âlî çıktı. Ardından 32. sayıda Muhbir hükümet tarafından bir ay süreyle kapatıldı. Nâmık Kemal Erzurum vali muavinliğine, Muhbir ’de yazan Ziyâ Paşa Kıbrıs mutasarrıflığına tayin edilirken Ali Suâvi de Kastamonu’ya sürüldü (25 Şubat 1867). Ali Suâvi Kastamonu’da iki buçuk ay kadar gözetim altında kaldı; Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın ısrarlı daveti üzerine gizlice oradan ayrılarak İstanbul’a geldi ve Courrier d’Orient gazetesinin sahibi Jean Pietri’nin yardımıyla Avrupa’ya kaçtı (22 Mayıs 1867). Mesina’da buluştuğu Nâmık Kemal ve Ziyâ Paşa ile önce Paris’e gitti. Cemiyetin aldığı karar doğrultusunda neşriyat yapmak üzere bir süre sonra Londra’ya geçerek orada, “Muhbir doğru söylemek yasak olmayan bir memleket bulur, yine çıkar” ibaresiyle Muhbir ’i tekrar neşre başladı (31 Ağustos 1867). Ancak daha ilk sayıdan itibaren gazetenin, “Avrupa’da muvakkaten ikamet eden ve memâlik-i Osmâniyye’nin maârif-i terakkîsine çalışan bir cem‘iyyet-i İslâmiyye tarafından” çıkarıldığı şeklindeki ilândan başlayarak bazı aykırı ve geçimsiz hareketleri sebebiyle cemiyet mensubu diğer arkadaşlarıyla kısa zamanda arası açıldı. Bu arada onun tesirini ortadan kaldırmak üzere Nâmık Kemal ve Ziyâ Paşa tarafından yine Londra’da Hürriyet gazetesinin yayımına başlandı (29 Haziran 1868). Bir yandan, şahsı hakkında Muhbir ’de çıkan itham edici bazı yazılar dolayısıyla Âlî Paşa’nın Londra sefâreti vasıtasıyla yaptığı baskı, öte yandan bu sırada Fransa ve İngiltere’yi ziyaret eden Sultan Abdülaziz’le anlaşıp İstanbul’a geri dönen Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın maddî desteğinin kesilmesi üzerine 50. sayıda gazetenin yayımına son vermek zorunda kaldı (3 Kasım 1868). Bu tarihten sonra Avrupa’daki mücadelesini tek başına sürdüren Ali Suâvi Londra’dan Paris’e geçti ve Paris’te politik olmaktan ziyade ilmî ve fikrî bir muhtevaya sahip Ulûm gazetesini 21. sayıya kadar taş basması usulüyle yayımlamaya başladı (1869-1870 arasında, 25 sayı). Burada daha çok kültür tarihi, tarih, dinî konular, felsefe, eğitim ve ekonomi gibi değişik sahalarda yazılar yazdı. Ancak 1870-1871 Fransız-Alman savaşının çıkması üzerine gazeteyi Lyon’a naklederek Muvakkaten Ulûm Gazetesi Müşterilerine adıyla neşre devam etti (1870-1871 arasında, 11 sayı). Paris’te kaldığı altı yedi yıl içinde, gazeteden başka bir yandan da fikrî ve siyasî muhtevalı bazı küçük risâlelerle salnâmeler yayımladı. 1870’ten sonra Yeni Osmanlılar’la herhangi bir münasebeti kalmayan Ali Suâvi’nin 1876’da İstanbul’a dönünceye kadar kaldığı Paris’te kimlerle ve hangi çevrelerle ne gibi münasebetlerde bulunduğu yeterince bilinmemektedir.
Ali Suâvi, Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilişi ve V. Murad’ın çok kısa süren padişahlığı ardından tahta geçen II. Abdülhamid’in izni ile İstanbul’a döndü (Ekim 1876). Kendisine güven ve ilgi gösteren hükümdar dış meselelerle ilgili olarak Batı’daki neşriyatı takip ve tercüme etmek üzere Cem‘iyyet-i Mütercimîn adıyla kurmayı düşündüğü cemiyete onu da üye seçmişti. Ancak cemiyet daha ilk toplantısından hemen sonra dağıldığından burada çalışma fırsatı bulamadı. Midhat Paşa’nın azledildiği ve Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın birinci devresinin sona erdiği günlerde (Haziran 1877) Midhat Paşa ve meşrutiyet rejimi aleyhine yazdığı birkaç makale ile sarayın güvenini kazanan Ali Suâvi padişah tarafından Mekteb-i Sultânî müdürlüğüne getirildi. Fakat kısa zamanda okul idare ve disiplininin bozulması ve aslen İngiliz olan karısı ile okulda yatıp kalkması dolayısıyla çıkan dedikodular yüzünden bir yıl sonra bütün resmî görevlerine son verildi (16 Aralık 1877). Böylece Abdülhamid’in gözünden düşen Ali Suâvi’nin 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı (Doksanüç Harbi), Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın kapatılması gibi memleketin kaderini değiştiren bazı önemli olayların cereyan ettiği bu tarihten ölümüne kadar geçen süre içinde ne yaptığı yine kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. B. Lewis, onun bu sırada Üsküdar Komitesi adıyla gizli bir cemiyet kurduğunu ileri sürerken başka araştırmacılar İngiliz ve Ruslar’la sıkı münasebette bulunduğunu iddia etmektedirler.
Ali Suâvi’nin 18 Mayıs 1878 tarihli Basîret ’te şu kısa fakat oldukça anlamlı fıkrası yayımlandı: “Devlet-i Aliyye’nin hâricî politikası şu sırada birtakım müşkilâta tesadüf etmiş ise de bunun hüsn-i sûretle tesviyesi çaresi imkânsız değildir. Pazartesi günü gazeteniz ile neşredeceğim makalenin mütalaasını evliyâ-yı umûra ve umum ahaliye tavsiye ederim.” Ali Suâvi bu fıkranın çıkışından iki gün sonra, 20 Mayıs 1878 günü, Doksanüç Harbi yüzünden Balkanlar’dan İstanbul’a gelmiş Filibeli muhacirlerden topladığı yaklaşık 250 kişilik bir grupla Çırağan Sarayı’nı basarak büyük bir ihtimalle V. Murad’ı tekrar tahta çıkarmak isterken, Beşiktaş Karakolu muhafızı Hasan Ağa (daha sonra Yedisekiz Hasan Paşa) tarafından başına sopa ile vurulmak suretiyle öldürüldü. Ali Suâvi veya Çırağan Vak‘ası denilen bu olay üzerine sonraları birçok araştırma yapılmış olduğu halde, hareketin başarısızlığa uğraması dolayısıyla evindeki bütün evrakın karısı tarafından imha edilmesi yüzünden olay hâlâ tam olarak aydınlanamamıştır. Hayatı gibi ölümünün de perde arkası gizli kalan Ali Suâvi’nin, hangi gaye uğrunda olursa olsun, II. Abdülhamid’e karşı V. Murad’ı yeniden tahta çıkarmak isterken can vermesi, bir süre sonra Jön Türkler tarafından millî bir kahraman olarak benimsenmesine ve bayraklaştırılmasına yol açmıştır. Tanzimat sonrası yazar ve fikir adamlarının büyük bir kısmı kültürlü ve zengin ailelerden geldikleri halde Ali Suâvi halk tabakasından çıkmış ve kendi kendisini yetiştirmek suretiyle edebiyat ve kültür çevrelerinde yer almıştır. Klasik bir medrese tahsili ve düzenli bir eğitim görmeyen Ali Suâvi felsefeden filolojiye, tarihten coğrafyaya, edebiyattan politikaya, sosyolojiden iktisada ve dinî ilimlere kadar birçok konu ile meşgul olmuş tam mânasıyla bir “ansiklopedist” şahsiyettir. Devrin diğer yazar ve fikir adamlarının çoğu gibi o da Osmanlı birliğine inanmış ve daha çok ittihâd-ı İslâm ideolojisini savunmuştur. Büyük ölçüde Şark kültürüyle yetişmiş olan Ali Suâvi, çok sathî de olsa Batı kaynaklı bazı yeni fikirleri öğrendikten sonra kendine göre bir terkip yapmaya çalışmış, bu arada Türkçü görüşler de ileri sürmüştür. Makale ve kitapları dikkatle incelendiğinde insicamlı bir kafaya sahip olmadığı görülen Ali Suâvi’nin hayatında olduğu gibi savunduğu fikirlerde de birçok tezatlar vardır. Gençlik yıllarında camilerde halka ateşli vaazlar veren, bir ara “muhaddis” olarak tanınan, hatta Avrupa’da bulunduğu sırada bile başından sarığını çıkarmayan Ali Suâvi, meselâ “Yarım Fakih Din Yıkar” (Ulûm , nr. 17, 29 Muharrem 1287) gibi bazı makalelerinde, devlet idaresinde din ile dünya işlerinin birbirinden tamamen ayrılması gerektiğini savunarak laikliği müdafaa eder. Ona göre medenî bir devlet birtakım kelime oyunlarıyla değil coğrafya, iktisat ve ahlâk bilgisiyle idare edilebilmektedir. Bu yüzden, Osmanlılar’daki devlet yönetiminin şer‘î esaslara dayanmadığını öne sürerek hilâfet müessesesine karşı çıkarken monarşi adını verdiği mutlakiyet rejimi yerine parlamento esasına dayalı meşrutî sistemi savunur. Ancak bir zaman sonra, hâkim nüfus olan Türk unsurunun bütün nüfusun sadece yüzde otuzunu teşkil ettiği bir memlekette meşrutiyet ilân edilemeyeceğini anlayarak bu fikrinden vazgeçmiş görünür. Ali Suâvi hilâfetin ne muhafazasına ne de yıkılmasına taraftardır; çünkü ona göre hilâfet adıyla bir müessese mevcut değildir. “Kudret-i Siyâsiyye der Düvel-i İslâmiyye” (Ulûm , nr. 16, 15 Muharrem 1287) adlı makalesinde Hz. Peygamber’in hilâfet adı altında bir vekâlet makamı kurmadığını, bu yüzden hiç kimsenin “halîfe-i Resûlullah” olamayacağını, halife tabirinin “halef” mânasında yalnızca Hz. Ebû Bekir’e ait bir unvan olduğunu söyler. Monarşi dediği ferdî saltanat ve mutlakiyete karşı da cephe alan Ali Suâvi, “Demokrasi” (Ulûm , nr. 18, 15 Safer 1287) adlı makalesinde ise İslâm devletinin başlangıçta cumhuriyetle idare edildiğinden bahsederek mutlakiyet yerine “usûl-i meşveret”i istediğini açıklar.
Namazda sûrelerin Türkçe’sinin okunabileceğine cevaz verildiğini (“Lisan ve Hatt-ı Türkî”, Ulûm , nr. 3, 22 Cemâziyelevvel 1286, s. 129), hutbelerin ise Türkçe okunmasında zaruret bulunduğunu ileri süren Ali Suâvi, bununla beraber namazda sûrelerin Türkçe yerine Arapça okunmasını İslâm vahdetine riayeti sağlaması bakımından kabul eder (“Zamâne Hutbesi”, Ulûm , nr. 18, s. 1116).
Ali Suâvi’nin el attığı diğer konularda olduğu gibi tarih ve özellikle eski Türk tarihi hakkındaki görüşleri de oldukça sathî ve dağınıktır. İlk planda Comte de Gobineau ile Arthur Lumley Davids’in tesiri altında Türk tarih ve medeniyetine eğilmesi, Türk ırkının dünyanın en eski ve medenî ırklarından biri olduğunu iddia etmesi, daha sonra haklı olarak Türkiye’de Türkçülük cereyanını başlatanlar arasında sayılmasına sebep olmuştur. Meşhur “Türk” makalesinde (Ulûm , nr. 2, 7 Cemâziyelevvel 1286, s. 1-17), Türk ırkının tarih sahnesinde İskitler, Hunlar, Tukyular, Hazarlar, Uygurlar ve Osmanlılar adıyla önemli roller oynadıklarını belirterek Türkler’in zihnî ve fikrî faaliyetleriyle Osmanlılar’ın ilme yaptıkları belli başlı hizmetler üzerinde durur. Ona göre Türk ırkı askerî, medenî ve siyasî rolleri bakımından bütün ırklardan üstün ve eski bir ırktır; dünya kültür tarihinde en büyük rolü Türkler oynamış ve özellikle İslâm kültürünü onlar meydana getirmişlerdir. Aynı görüşler doğrultusunda, Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin Türkçe’nin Farsça karşısında üstünlüğünü ortaya koymak üzere kaleme aldığı Muhâkemetü’l-lugateyn ’ini de Ulûm ’da tefrika halinde yayımlayan Ali Suâvi, Türkler’le İranlılar’ın Arapça’yı müslüman milletlerin ortak kültür dili haline getirdikleri fikrini benimser. Ali Suâvi’nin özellikle Orta Asya ile ilgili yazılarında Rus tehlikesine dikkat çekmesi ve bunun İslâmiyet’e ve Türkler’e vereceği zararlar üzerinde ısrarla durması oldukça önemlidir. Bilhassa “Lisan ve Hatt-ı Türkî” (Ulûm , nr. 2-3) adlı geniş makalesinde Türk dilinin dünyanın en eski ve mükemmel dilleri arasında yer aldığını belirterek, “Osmanlıca” tabirinin ise siyasî bir muhteva taşıdığını söyler. Bu yüzden Türk diline “lisân-ı Osmânî” demenin yanlış olduğunu ileri sürenlerin başında yine o gelmektedir. İlk makalelerinden itibaren gazetelerin halkın anlayabileceği sade bir dil kullanması gerektiği üzerinde de duran Ali Suâvi, bütün bunların yanı sıra Arap harflerinin bırakılarak Latin harflerinin kabul edilmesini, ilim terimlerinin de Latince’den alınmasını teklif etmiştir.
Temelde dinî bilgilerle yetişen Ali Suâvi, aynı nesle mensup diğer arkadaşlarından farklı olarak, ele aldığı birçok konuyu dinî açıdan değerlendirmiştir. Gerek yaşarken gerekse ölümünden sonra adı etrafında büyük gürültüler kopmasına, Avrupa’da kader birliği ettiği en yakın arkadaşlarına varıncaya kadar lehinde ve aleyhinde değişik itham ve iddialarda bulunulmasına rağmen, II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra ilk Türkçüler’den küçük bir grup dışında, diğer Tanzimat sonrası yazar ve fikir adamları gibi eserleri ve fikirleriyle sonraki nesiller üzerinde uzun süreli bir tesiri olmamıştır.
Eserleri. Ali Suâvi’nin kendi ifadesine göre, Filibe’den İstanbul’a dönüşünde fıkıh, hukuk, tarih, coğrafya, edebiyat, filoloji ve biyografi alanlarında olmak üzere bir kısmının gazete sayfalarında, çoğunun risâle veya yarım kalmış tefrika şeklinde yahut yazma halinde bulunduğunu belirttiği eserlerinin sayısı 127’yi buluyordu.
Muhbir , Tasvîr-i Efkâr , Vakit , Basîret , Müsâvât , Ruznâme-i Cerîde-i Havâdis , Londra’da Hürriyet gazetesi ile kendisinin çıkardığı Muhbir , Ulûm ve Muvakkaten Ulûm Gazetesi Müşterilerine gibi devrin çeşitli gazete ve mecmualarındaki makalelerinden başka bir de tefrika halinde kalan “Ehemmiyet-i Hıfz-ı Mâl” (Tasvîr-i Efkâr ), “Ta‘rîfât” (Muhbir ), “Kaydü’l-mevcûd Saydü’l-mefkūd” (Muhbir ), “Fetâvâ-yı Cihangîrî” (Muhbir ) gibi çalışmaları bulunan Ali Suâvi’nin bunların dışında kitap veya risâle halinde yayımlanan eserleri şunlardır:
1. Kāmûsü’l-ulûm ve’l-maârif . Beş forması yayımlanabilmiş bir ansiklopedidir (Paris 1287). Ulûm gazetesinin 21. sayısından (1 Rebîülâhir 1287) 25. sayısına kadar (3 Cemâziyelâhir 1287) on altışar sayfalık ilâveler halinde yayımlanan bu eser seksen sayfadan ibarettir. Ali Suâvi buraya aldığı maddeler arasında ancak sözlüklere girebilecek birtakım kelimelere de yer vermiş, buna karşılık mutlaka alınması gereken birçok önemli maddeyi ihmal etmiştir. Almış olduğu maddeler dağınık ve teknik bakımdan zayıf olmakla birlikte dil bakımından sadedir. Gazetenin kapanmasıyla birlikte yayını sona eren ansiklopedinin son maddesi “Atabeg”dir.
2. Türkiye fî Sene 1288 (Paris 1871).
3. Türkiye fî Sene 1289 (Paris 1872).
4. Türkiye fî Sene 1290 (Paris 1873).
5. Mısır fî Sene 1288 (Paris 1871). Ali Suâvi bu salnâmelerde sadece birtakım istatistikî bilgiler vermekle kalmamış, bazı konularda çeşitli tenkitler de yapmıştır.
6. Le Khiva (Paris 1290, Türkçesi: Hive , 2. bs. İstanbul 1326). Rusya’nın Orta Asya’daki bir müslüman Türk hanlığı olan Hîve’yi zapta hazırlandığı bir sırada kaleme alınan bu eserde Ali Suâvi, Osmanlı Devleti’nin bu Türk hanlığı ile tarih boyunca iyi münasebetler kurmamış olmasını tenkit ederek devleti bu meseleye müdahale etmeye davet eder. Eserin yeni harflerle de bir baskısı vardır: Ali Suâvî’nin Hive Hanlığı ve Türkistan’da Rus Yayılması (nşr. M. Abdülhalûk Çay, İstanbul 1977).
7. Nasır-ed-din Chah d’Iran (Paris 1873). Ali Suâvi bu risâlesinde, zamanın İran hükümdarı Nasreddin Şah’ı ülkesinde gerçekleştirdiği reformlar ile değerlendiren bir portresini yapmakta, şahın mensup olduğu Kaçar hânedanına dair izahtan başka, İran’ın o günkü durumu hakkında bazı istatistikî bilgiler de vermektedir.
8. Devlet Yüz On Altı Buçuk Milyon Lira Borçtan Kurtuluyor (Paris 1292).
9. A Propos de l’Herzégovine (Paris 1875). İçinde Ali Suâvi’nin kendi eliyle yaptığı iki haritanın da bulunduğu büyük boy doksan altı sayfadan ibaret olan ve devrin siyasî konularının ele alındığı bu eser şu bölümlerden meydana gelmektedir: a) Şark Meselesi Diye Bir Şey Mevcut mudur?; b) Milliyetçilik; c) Pan-İslavizm; d) Osmanlılar-Din-Milliyet; e) Avrupa ve Beşeriyet Osmanlılar’a Neler Borçludur?; f) İstanbul ve Rusya; g) Avrupa Türkiyesi’nin Nüfusu; h) Osmanlı ve Rus Kuvvetleri; ı) Şark Meselesi İskenderiye’dedir.
10. Monténégro (Paris 1876). Karadağ’ın Osmanlılar’a ait olduğunu iddia eden ve Batı dünyasında yazılmış çeşitli eserlerden yaptığı iktibaslarla bunu ispatlayan Ali Suâvi, burada Rusya’nın Hersek ve Karadağ isyanlarını hazırlarken Avusturya ve Fransa gibi Batılı devletlerin de buna seyirci kaldığını açıklar. Sultan Abdülaziz’in hal‘i ve V. Murad’ın tahta geçişi münasebetiyle kaleme alınan eserde yeni padişahın meşrutiyete olan inanç ve bağlılığı üzerinde de durulmaktadır.
11. Defter-i A‘mâl-i Âlî Paşa (Paris, ts.). II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra Âlî Paşa’nın Siyâseti adıyla ikinci baskısı yapılmıştır (İstanbul 1325). Ali Suâvi bu risâlesinde, 1854’ten 1870’e kadar sadrazam ve hariciye nâzırı olarak idare başında bulunduğu devrede Osmanlı Devleti’nde cereyan eden Girit İsyanı, Kırım Savaşı, Islahat Fermanı, Memleketeyn Meselesi, Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye gibi birçok konudan sorumlu tuttuğu Âlî Paşa’yı insafsızca ve sert bir dille tenkit etmektedir.
12. Fransa’da Paris Şehrinde Müsâfereten Mukîm el-Hâc Ali Suâvi Efendi Tarafından Yine Paris’te Kânîpaşazâde Ahmed Rif‘at Bey’e Yazılan Mektubun Sûreti (Paris, ts.). Yeni Osmanlılar’dan Kânipaşazâde Ahmed Rifat Bey’in kendisi aleyhinde ağır ithamlarda bulunduğu Hakîkat-ı Hâl der Def’-i İhtiyâl (Paris 1286) adlı risâlesine karşılık Ali Suâvi’nin bu ithamlara cevap mahiyetinde kaleme alıp taş basması olarak yayımladığı bir risâledir.
13. Hukūku’ş-şevârî‘ (İstanbul 1324). Doğrudan doğruya şehirciliğe dair olan bu risâlede çeşitli âyet, hadis ve konuyla ilgili muteber kitaplardan yapılan bazı iktibaslarla medenî bir şehrin nasıl olması gerektiği üzerinde durulmaktadır.
Ali Suâvi’nin tercüme veya birtakım ilâvelerle yeniden neşir mahiyetindeki diğer eserleri şunlardır:
1. Arabî İbâre Usûlü’l-fıkh Nâm Risâlenin Tercümesi (Londra 1868). Ali Suâvi usûl-i fıkhın belli başlı kaidelerini ele alarak bunları kısaca açıkladığını belirttiği önsözde, böyle bir çalışma yapmaktaki maksadını da, İslâm şeriatının müslümanların XIX. yüzyıldaki ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamadığını ve müslüman toplulukların bu yüzden geri kaldığını iddia edenlere karşı hakikati ortaya koymak şeklinde açıklamaktadır.
2. Sefâretnâme-i Fransa (Paris 1288). Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi’nin sefâretnâmesinin hâşiyelerle neşridir.
3. Takvîmü’t-tevârîh (Paris 1291). Kâtib Çelebi’nin eserinin notlar ve zeyil ilâvesiyle neşridir.
4. Tercüme-i Lugaz-ı Kābis-i Eflâtun (Paris 1873). İbn Miskeveyh tarafından Yunanca’dan Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiş olduğu iddiası ile Eflâtun’a nisbet edilen bu eser aslında apokriftir. Kābis isminin Grekçe Kiyotos’un Arapçalaşmış şekli olduğunu ileri süren Ali Suâvi hâşiyeler ilâvesi ile yaptığı bu neşirde, tercümedeki Arapça hatalarını da ayrıca düzelttiğini belirtmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Basîretçi Ali, İstanbul’da Yarım Asırlık Vekāyi-i Mühimme , İstanbul 1325, s. 5860.
Mahmud Celâleddin Paşa, Mir’ât-ı Hakīkat , İstanbul 1327, III, 138-139.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 328-330.
Abdurrahman Şeref, Târih Musâhabeleri , İstanbul 1339, s. 180, 286-297.
İhsan Sungu, “Tanzimat ve Yeni Osmanlılar”, Tanzimat I , İstanbul 1940, s. 856-857.
a.mlf., “Muhbir Gazetesi”, AA , sy. 13 (1945), s. 401-404.
İsmail Hami Danişmend, Ali Suavi’nin Türkçülüğü , İstanbul 1942.
Behice Kaplan, Ali Suâvi (mezuniyet tezi, 1943-44), İÜ Ktp., nr. 957.
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a.mlf., Nâmık Kemal (Devrinin İnsanları ve Olayları Arasında) , II, Kısım 1, İstanbul 1949, s. 762-763; Kısım 2, İstanbul 1956, s. 14, 301, 595-596, 637.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Safhaları , Ankara 1949, s. 126-127, 134, 171, 174, 183-185.
a.mlf., Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 463-465.
Falih Rıfkı Atay, Başveren İnkılâpçı Ali Suâvi , İstanbul 1954.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , Konya 1966, s. 101-128.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, 19 uncu Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , İstanbul 1967, s. 204-223.
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Cavit Orhan Tütengil, “Yeni Osmanlılar”dan Bu Yana İngiltere’de Türk Gazeteciliği: 1867-1967 , İstanbul 1969, s. 31-52.
B. Lewis, Modern Türkiye’nin Doğuşu (trc. Metin Kıratlı), Ankara 1970, s. 152-154, 173-174.
Ebüzziya Tevfik, Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi (haz. Ziyad Ebüzziya), I-II, İstanbul 1973; III (1974), bk. İndeks.
M. Kaya Bilgegil, Yakın Çağ Türk Kültür ve Edebiyatı Üzerinde Araştırmalar I: Yeni Osmanlılar , Ankara 1976, s. 12, 115-117, 125-128, 136-137, 282-283.
a.mlf., Ziyâ Paşa Üzerinde Bir Araştırma , Ankara 1979, bk. İndeks.
Cemil Meriç, Mağaradakiler , İstanbul 1978, s. 230-247.
Ercüment Kuran, “Ali Suavi’nin Hive fî Muharrem 1290 Başlıklı Kitabı ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde Türkçülüğün Doğuşu”, Türkestan als historischer Faktor und politische Idee. Festschrift für Baymirza Hayıt zu seinem 70 Geburtstag , Köln 1988, s. 97-101.
İsmail Doğan, Türk Kültür ve Eğitimine Katkıları Açısından Mehmed Tahir Münif Paşa ve Ali Suavi Üzerinde Mukayeseli Bir Çalışma (doktora tezi, 1989), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Neşet Halil Atay, “Ali Suâvi Kendine Göre”, İstanbul , III/25-33, İstanbul 1944-45.
İsmâil Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Ali Suâvi ve Çırağan Sarayı Vak’ası”, TTK Belleten , VIII/29 (1944), s. 71-118.
Yahya Akyüz, “Galatasaray Lisesinin Islahına İlişkin Ali Suavî’nin Girişimlerini Gösteren Bir Belge”, TTK Belleten , XLVI/181 (1982), s. 121-128.
Nuri Akbayar, “Ali Suâvi”, TDEA , I, 116-117.
Şerif Mardin, “Tanzimat ve Aydınlar”, TCTA , I, 50-52.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 445-448 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.