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ALİ UFKÎ BEY Skip to content (ö. 1675 [?])
Leh asıllı bestekâr ve mûsikişinas, Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’i Türkçe’ye ilk çeviren mütercim.
Aslen Leh (Polonya) mühtedisi olup asıl adı Albert Bobowski’dir. Adı Latince kitaplarda Albertus Bobovius, Batı kaynaklarında ise Hali Beigh olarak geçmektedir. Bazı kaynaklarda 1610’da Polonya’nın Lvov şehrinde doğduğu kayıtlı ise de bugüne kadar yapılan araştırmalarda hayatı, doğum, ölüm tarihi ve yeri hakkında kesin bilgiler elde edilememiştir. Ailesi, çocukluğu ve ilk öğrenimi konusunda da aydınlatıcı bilgiler yoktur. Ancak eserlerinden, muhtemelen esir olarak İstanbul’a gönderilmeden önce iyi bir tahsil gördüğü ve birkaç dil öğrendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Claes (Nicholas) Ralamb, 1657’de bizzat kendisinden dinlediğini belirterek onun 1645’te Venedikliler’le yapılan savaşta Osmanlılar’a esir düştüğünü, sarayda Enderun’a alınarak yetiştirildiğini ve burada on yıl hânendelik yaptıktan sonra padişah tarafından âzat edilerek sipahi ulûfesi aldığını nakletmektedir. Polonya kaynaklarına dayanan Franz Babinger ise önce sarayda esir olarak çalıştığını, adını belirtmediği bir Türk asilzadesinin hizmetine girdiğini, bir müddet sonra da âzat edildiğini yazmaktadır.
Bizzat kendisi, Sultan İbrâhim ve IV. Mehmed dönemlerinde sarayda görev aldığını, Enderun’da ilim, fikir ve sanat kabiliyetini geliştirdiğini, bazı genel mahiyette bilgiler yanında Doğu ve Batı dilleri ile Türk klasik ve halk mûsikisini öğrendiğini, kısa sürede santur çalmakta maharet gösterdiğini, Ufkî mahlası ile şiirler yazdığını ve besteler yaptığını anlatmaktadır. Yine kendi ifadesine göre, Enderun meşkhânesinde on yıl kadar kalmış, kabiliyet ve maharetiyle dikkati çekmiştir. Çeşitli yayınlarda, Ali Ufkî’nin başta Latince, eski Yunanca, Lehçe, İngilizce, İtalyanca, Fransızca, Arapça ve Türkçe olmak üzere on yedi kadar dil bildiği ve bu bilgisinden dolayı IV. Mehmed zamanında Dîvân-ı Hümâyun baştercümanlığında bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Muhtemelen, hayatının büyük bir kısmını geçirdiği İstanbul’da ölen Ali Ufkî’nin ölüm tarihine dair verilen bilgiler de birbirini tutmamaktadır. Çeşitli kaynaklarda 1672, 1675, 1676 veya 1680 tarihlerinde ölmüş olabileceği yolunda rivayetler vardır.
Çok yönlü bir şahsiyete sahip olan ve şöhreti IV. Mehmed devrinde iyice yayılmış bulunan Ali Ufkî eserler bestelemiş, çeşitli hâtıratlar kaleme almış ve tercümeler yapmıştır. İstanbul’da bulunduğu yıllarda dönemin önde gelen devlet adamlarıyla, Hâfız Post, Nazîm Çelebi gibi sanatçı ve mûsikişinaslarla tanışan, zaman zaman onların meclislerinde bulunan Ali Ufkî’nin yabancı sefirler, şarkiyatçılar ve Batı kütüphaneleri için yazma eser toplayanlarla buluşup sohbet ettiği, daha sonra hâtıralarını yazan bu kişilere saray teşkilâtı ve yaşayışı hakkında bilgi verdiği de bilinmektedir. Jacop Spon, Cornelio Magni, John Covel, J. B. Tavernier ve Antoine Galland bunlar arasındadır. Ayrıca dostlarından Hollanda’nın o zamanki İstanbul sefiri müsteşrik Levinus Warner’in siparişi üzerine Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’i Fransızca çevirisinden bölümler halinde Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir.
Eserleri. Ali Ufkî’nin eserlerini başta mûsiki olmak üzere birkaç grupta toplamak mümkündür.
A) Mûsiki ile İlgili Eserleri. 1. Şiir ve Şarkı Mecmuası . İçerisinde şarkılar, ilâhiler, gazeller vb. ile İtalyanca açıklamaların yer aldığı bu yazma Bibliothèque Nationale’dedir (AF 292). Kütüphaneye Antoine Galland tarafından verilmiş olan bu eseri Rızâ Nur, Ali Ufkî’ye ait olduğunu belirtmeden, Türkbilik Revüsü ’nde etraflıca tanıtmış ve tıpkıbasımını yayımlayacağını belirtmişse de bunu gerçekleştirememiştir. Şükrü Elçin bu eserin Mecmûa-i Sâz ü Söz ’ün müsveddesi olduğunu, Gültekin Oransay’ın da aynı kanaati taşıdığını belirtmektedir.
2. Mecmûa-i Sâz ü Söz . Ali Ufkî Edvârı diye de bilinen ve zamanındaki Batı notası ile Türk mûsikisine ait birçok saz ve söz eserini içine alan yazma British Museum’da (Sloane, nr. 3114) kayıtlıdır. Kendisine ait bestelerin notalarının da bulunduğu bu eseri ilim âlemine ilk defa Çağatay Uluçay tanıtmış, 1976’da da Şükrü Elçin tarafından önsöz ve notlarla eserin tıpkıbasımı yayımlanmıştır.
B) Saray ve İslâmî Âdetlere Dair Eserleri. 1. Serai Enderum Cive Penetrale dell’ Serraglio detto nuovo dei G. Stie Re Ottomani, La descrittione del loro vivere e costumi ed altri essercitii da me Alberto Bobovio… Osmanlı padişahlarının Enderun’daki yaşayışlarının, buradaki âdetlerin tasvir edildiği ve sarayın güzel bir planının da bulunduğu bu yazma British Museum’da bulunmaktadır (Harleian, nr. 3409). Türk müziği hakkında kıymetli bilgiler de ihtiva etmektedir. Devrinin diplomatik dili olan İtalyanca ile yazılan ve “Péra, 10 Mayıs 1665” tarihini taşıyan eser ilk defa Barnette Miller tarafından ilim âlemine tanıtılmıştır. Çevireni belli olmayan “İstanbul, 10 Kasım 1666” tarihli Fransızca yazma nüshası ise bugün Harvard Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nin Houghton yazma ve nâdide eserler kısmında kayıtlıdır (Count Paul Riant koleksiyonu, Ott. 3030. 4). Eser ayrıca Swabialı bir iâşe subayı olan Nicholaus Brenner tarafından Almanca’ya (Serai Enderum das ist Inwendige Beschaffenheit der Türkischen Kayserl , Wien 1667), İtalyan seyyahlarından Cornelio Magni tarafından da İtalyanca’ya çevrilmiştir (Relazione del Seraglio del Gran Signore… , Parma, 1679-1692, 2 kısım, ayrıca Parma 1685 ve 1704 tarihli baskıları da vardır). Eserde Enderun hastahanesiyle ilgili olarak yer alan bilgiler Arslan Terzioğlu tarafından Türkçe’ye aktarılmıştır.
2. A True Relation of Designes Menaged by the Old Queen, Wife of Sultan Ahmed… Ali Ufkî’nin görgü şahidi sıfatıyla kaleme aldığı, Kösem Sultan’ın IV. Mehmed’i zehirletmesiyle ilgili bir eserdir. İtalyanca aslından çevrilen bu nüsha Oxford Bodleian Kütüphanesi’ndedir (G. D. Macray, IV, sütun 444-445).
3. Tractatus Alberti Bobovii Turcarum Imp. Mohammedis IV. olim Interpretis Primarii, De Turcarum Liturgia… Türkler’de ibadet, hac, sünnet, hasta ziyaretleri vb. ile ilgili bilgiler veren bu Latince eser British Museum’dadır (nr. 790). Eser İngilizce’ye de tercüme edilmiştir (London 1712).
4. İslâmî Âdetler, Resmî Şahsiyetlere Verilen Elkāb . Latince-Türkçe olarak yazılan eser Oxford Bodleian Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 15709).
C) Dile Dair Eserleri. 1. Türkçe Gramer . 1666 yılı başlarında Latince olarak yazılan eser Oxford Bodleian Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Hyde, nr. 43).
2. Dialogues en Français et en Turc . Fransızca-Türkçe mükâleme kitabıdır. Ayrıca Türk âdetlerine, teşkilâtına dair kısa bazı bilgilere ve atasözlerine de yer verilmiştir. Eser Bibliothèque Nationale’de bulunmaktadır (AF 235).
3. Dillerin Altın Kapısı . Çek filozofu ve terbiyecisi Johann Amos Comenius’un Janua Linguarum Reserata Aurea… (Lesna 1631) adlı kitabının Türkçe tercümesidir. 1643’te İstanbul’da kaleme alınan eser Latince-Türkçe konuşmalardan meydana gelmektedir. Eserin bir nüshası Bibliothèque Nationale’dedir (Türkçe Yazmalar, nr. 216).
D) Kitâb-ı Mukaddes Tercümesi. Ahd-i Atîk, Ahd-i Cedîd ve Apokripha’dan meydana gelen bu tercümeyi Ali Ufkî Hollanda sefiri Levinus Warner’in isteği ve onun para yardımı ile yapmıştır. Ahd-i Atîk’teki Ezra ve Yeremya bölümlerinden bir kısmı eksik olan bu yazma Leiden Üniversitesi Levinus Warner koleksiyonunda bulunmaktadır (Cod. 390 Warn). 1666’da tamamlanan bu tercümenin Ahd-i Cedîd kısmı Kieffer’in tashihinden geçtikten sonra 1819’da, tamamı ise 1827’de yayımlanmıştır. Bugün kullanılan Türkçe Kitâb-ı Mukaddes Ali Ufkî’nin tercümesine dayanmaktadır.
Yukarıda sayılan eserlerden başka, İstanbul’da 1657-1658 yıllarında İsveç büyükelçiliği yapmış olan Claes (Nicholas) Ralamb’ın Ali Ufkî’den satın aldığı 137 adet minyatürün de Ali Ufkî’nin eseri olabileceği belirtilmektedir. Bu minyatürler halen Stockholm’de Kungelige Bibliothek’te (nr. 10) bulunmaktadır. Ali Ufkî’nin ayrıca Dr. Isaac Basire’e 1666’da yazdığı mektupları ile Mezmûrlar tercümesi ve besteleri tesbit edilmiştir. Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de Şark Yazmaları arasında (Suppl. Turc 472) kayıtlı bulunan eser Hz. Dâvûd’un ilk on dört mezmûrunun hece vezniyle Türkçe’ye tercümesi ile notalarından meydana gelmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
G. de Guillet, Lacédémone Ancienne et Nouvelle , Paris 1671, s. 83.
N. Ralamb, A Relation of a Journey to Constantinople (A. Churchill – J. Churchill, A Collection of Voyages and Travels içinde), London 1745, IV, 705.
P. Bayle, Dictionnaire Historique et Critique , Paris 1820, VII, 479-480.
M. J. de Goeje, Catalogus Codicum Orientalium , Leiden 1873, V, 98.
Rieu, Catalogue , s. 212-213.
F. Madan, A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library of Oxford , Oxford 1895, III, 474.
G. D. Macray, Catalogi Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae , Oxonii 1898, IV, sütun 444-445.
J. Young – P. H. Aitkin, A Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glascow , Glascow 1908, s. 479.
Ethé, Catalogue , II, sütun 1252.
B. Miller, Beyond the Sublime Porte the Grand Seraglio of Stambul , Yale 1931, s. XV, 264.
a.mlf., The Palace School of Muhammed the Conqueror , Harvard 1941, s. 47.
Blochet, Catalogue , s. 89-90, 98-99, 122.
Mohamed Abdel Halim, Antoine Galland sa Vie et son Oeuvre , Paris 1964, s. 34-35.
C. E. Wright – F. Harleiane, A Study of the Harleian Collection of Manuscripts in the British Museum , London 1972, s. 113-114.
Şükrü Elçin, Ali Ufkî, Hayatı Eserleri ve Mecmûa-i Sâz ü Söz , İstanbul 1976, Önsöz.
a.mlf., “Ali Ufkî’nin Bilinmeyen Besteleri”, TK , sy. 121 (1972), s. 48-51.
Rıza Nur, “Un manuscripts du Milieu du 17. siècle et la Poésie Turques”, Revue de Turcologie , I/2, Alexandrie 1932, s. 136-141.
F. Babinger, “Bobowski, Ali Beg”, Polski Slownik Biograficzny , II, Krakow 1936, s. 156-157.
C. V. Jacobowsky, “Var Albertus Bobovius – Ali Bec, den lärde (Palniske Turcken) miniatyrmalare?”, Svenska Orientsallskapets Arsbok , Stockholm 1937, s. 39-50.
F. Lyman Maccallum, “Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Türkçe Tercümesine Dair”, Tercüme Dergisi , III/13, İstanbul 1942, s. 59-68.
Çağatay Uluçay, “Mecmûa-i Sâz ü Söz”, TMD , sy. 4 (1948), s. 4, 24.
Mete Görün, “Ali Ufkî’nin Başına Gelenler”, MM , sy. 324 (1976), s. 4-5.
Turgut Kut, “Ali Ufkî Bey ve Eserleri Hakkında”, MM , sy. 332 (1977), s. 5-19.
Arslan Terzioğlu, “1665 Senesinden Kalma Bir İtalyanca Elyazması Nüshaya ve Bunun 1667 Senesinde Yapılan Almanca Tercümesine Göre Topkapı Sarayı’ndaki Enderun Hastanesi’nin Mimari Özellikleri ve Teşkilâtı”, AÜ Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası , XXX/2, Ankara 1977, s. 511-530.
Barbara Flemming, “Zwei Türkische Bibelhandschriften in Leiden Als Mittelosmanische Sprachdenmaäler”, WZKM , LXXVI (1986), s. 111-118.
Cem Behar, “Ali Ufkî’nin Bilinmeyen Bir Mûsikî Elyazması: Mezmurlar”, TT , sy. 47 (1987), s. 44-47.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 456-457 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.