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AMÂLİKA Skip to content En eski Arap kabilesi olduğu kabul edilen yarı efsanevî göçebe Sâmî topluluk.
Arap tarihçilerinin Amâlik ve İmlâku şekillerinde de kaydettikleri Amâlika Kur’an’da yer almaz; İslâmî kaynaklara Benî İsrâil rivayetlerinden geçmiştir. Eski Ahid’de şahıs ve kavim adı olarak yirmi dört defa zikredilip Yahudi milletinin ezelî düşmanı niteliğiyle tanıtılır. Tevrat’taki nesep şeceresine göre topluluğun atası, Hz. İshak’ın torunu Elifaz’ın câriyesi Timna’dan doğan oğlu Amalek’tir (Tekvîn, 36/12; I. Tarihler, 1/36). Bu hususta İslâm tarihçileri arasında ise görüş birliği yoktur ve bir kısmı, kavmin atası olan Amlâk (İmlâk, Umlûk) b. Lâvez’i (Lâvuz, Levd, Lud) Hz. Nûh’un oğlu Sâm’a, bir kısmı ise diğer oğlu Hâm’a bağlamaktadır. Muhtemelen bunun sebebi, Hz. İshak’ın torununun adı olan Elifaz (Tekvîn, 10/22; I. Tarihler, 1/17) ile Sâm’ın oğlunun ve Hâm’ın da torununun adı olan Lâvez’in (Tekvîn, 10/13; I. Tarihler, 1/11), aralarındaki ses benzerliğinden dolayı (lfz , lvẓ ) birbirine karıştırılmış olmasıdır. Tevrat’ta Amalek’in zürriyetinin verilmemesine mukabil İslâm tarihçileri Casim adlı bir oğlunun ve onun da Ezrak, Tıgār (Gifâr), Lef, Büdeyl, Râhil (Râcil), Hezâl, Erkam ve Matar adlı sekiz oğlunun olduğunu ve bunlardan türeyen Benî Matar ile Benî Ezrak’ın Hicaz’da, Benî Tıgār, Benî Büdeyl ve Benî Râhil’in Necid’de, Benî Leff’in Yesrib’de, Benî Erkam’ın Hicaz ile Teymâ arasında ve Hezâl’in oğlu Sa‘d’dan gelen Benî Sa‘d’ın da Yesrib çevresinde yaşadıklarını kabul etmektedirler (bk. Taberî, I, 203).
Tevrat’a göre Amâlika dünyanın en eski milleti olup (Sayılar, 24/20) anayurdu Akabe körfezi ile Lut gölü arasında yer alan Edom ülkesidir (Tekvîn, 36/16). Eski Ahid’in diğer kitaplarına göre de Amâlika’nın yayıldığı sahanın Lut gölünün batısındaki Necef (Neceb, Necev) çölünden itibaren Mısır’a kadar Sînâ yarımadası ve Necid dahil Kuzey Arabistan’ın tamamı olduğu kabul edilmektedir (bk. IDB , I, 101). İslâm tarihçileri ise bu alanı çok daha geniş tutmakta ve Âd, Semûd, Medyen gibi Arabü’l-âribe’den (öz Arap) saydıkları Amâlika’nın, başlangıçta Bâbil çevresinde otururken Bâbil Kulesi’nin yıkılmasından sonra Hicaz’a göç ettiklerini, oradan da Necid, Teymâ, Uman, Bahreyn, el-Cezîre (Irak), Suriye, Filistin, Mısır ve İfrîkıye (Tunus) bölgelerine yayıldıklarını kabul etmektedirler. Rivayete göre Allah, Bâbil Kulesi’nde dilleri birbirine karıştırdıktan sonra (bk. BÂBİL ) Amâlika’ya Arapça öğretmiş, böylece tekrar konuşmaya başlayan ilk millet Amâlika olmuştur. Arap tarihçileri, Benî İsrâil’e ait olan dillerin karışması efsanesine bu eklemeyi yapmak suretiyle, Tevrat’ın ilk millet dediği ve kendilerinin de öz Arap kabul ettikleri Amâlika’ya diğer milletler arasında öncelik vermişler ve buna bağlı olarak da Filistîler, Kenanlılar ve Mısırlılar gibi eski milletlerin Arap asıllı olduklarını iddia etmişlerdir. Rivayete göre Hz. İsmâil bu kavme peygamberlik yapıp Tevrat’ta Mısırlı olduğu bildirilen (Tekvîn, 21/21) ilk karısını onlardan almış ve Hz. Yûsuf da Amâlika’ya mensup bir firavun zamanında Mısır’a götürülmüştür. Yine İslâm tarihçileri tarafından kabul edildiğine göre Kudüs’ün kurucuları ve Hicaz’ın ilk sakinleri de onlardır ve son hükümdarları Semeyda b. Lâvez b. Amlîk’i Cürhümîler’in mağlûp etmesine kadar Mekke’de hüküm sürmüşlerdir; Kâbe’nin ikinci defa inşa edilişi de onların dönemine rastlamaktadır.
Tevrat’ta Amâlika’nın geçmişiyle ilgili ilk kayıtlar milâttan önce II. binyılın birinci çeyreğine tarihlenen Hz. İbrâhim’in devrine rastlamaktadır (Tekvîn, 14/1-12). Bu pasajda anlatıldığına göre birleşik düşman güçler Amâlekîler’in ve komşularının bütün arazisini ele geçirmişler ve Hz. Lût dahil pek çok insanla mallarını yağmalayıp götürmüşlerdir; ancak peşlerine düşen Hz. İbrâhim hepsini geri almıştır. Bu olaydan birkaç yüzyıl sonra Amâlekîler’in, Hz. Mûsâ’nın önderliğinde Mısır’dan çıkan İsrâiloğulları’na, bugün Sînâ yarımadasının güneyinde Tûr-ı Sînâ’nın batısında olduğu tahmin edilen Refidim’de saldırdıkları, ancak güneş batıncaya kadar devam eden savaşın sonunda mağlûp oldukları görülmektedir. Tevrat’a göre Amâlika ile İsrâiloğulları arasındaki ezelî düşmanlık bu savaşla başlamış ve Rab Yahova bu kavmin adını yeryüzünden sileceğine orada yemin etmiştir (Çıkış, 17/8-16). Ayrıca İsrâiloğulları, Allah’ın kendilerine vaad ettiği Filistin-Ürdün bölgesine (bk. ARZ-ı MEV‘ÛD ) varıncaya kadar Amâlekîler tarafından devamlı surette tâciz edilmişler ve Rab Yahova da her seferinde onları yeniden lânetlemiştir. İslâm tarihçileri, Hz. Mûsâ’nın vefatından sonra İsrâiloğulları’nın başına geçen Yûşa‘ b. Nûn’un, Arz-ı mev‘ûd’u fethedip ümmetini oraya yerleştirebilmek için bölgenin yerli halkı olan Amâlekîler’le savaştığını kabul etmektedirler (bk. İA , XIII, 443-444). Bu olayı ayrıntıları ile anlatan Eski Ahid’in Yeşû kitabında ise Amalek ismine rastlanmamakta, ancak diğer kitaplarından bu kavmin o bölgenin en kalabalık halkı olduğu açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. Daha sonra Amâlika adının Hâkimler döneminde tekrar ortaya çıktığı görülmekte ve Amâlekîler’in Ammanlılar’la birlikte Moab Kralı Eglon’un müttefiki olarak saldırıya geçtikleri, bunun sonucunda İsrâiloğulları’nın on sekiz yıl Kral Eglon’a haraç vermek zorunda kaldıkları öğrenilmektedir (Hâkimler, 3/12-14). Yine XI. yüzyıla ait olayların açıklandığı başka bir pasajda da Amâlekîler’in Medyenliler ve Kenan’ın doğusunda yaşayan diğer göçebe kabilelerle birlikte İsrâiloğulları’nın topraklarını işgal ettikleri ve onları yedi yıl süreyle dağlarda, mağaralarda yaşamaya mecbur bıraktıkları anlatılmaktadır (Hâkimler, 6/1-6, 33; 7/12).
Milâttan önce XI. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde İsrail Devleti’nin kurulması üzerine, İsrâiloğulları’nı devamlı surette tâciz ettikleri anlaşılan Amâlekîler’in tamamen ortadan kaldırılmasına karar verilmiş ve “erkekten kadına, çocuktan emzikte olana, öküzden koyuna, deveden eşeğe kadar hepsinin hiç ayırt edilmeksizin öldürülmesi” şeklinde verilen bu kararın Rab Yahova’nın emri olduğuna inanılmıştır (I. Samuel, 15/3). Bu katliam kararı yalnız semiz hayvanlar hariç tamamen uygulanmış ve ele geçirilen memedeki çocuklar dahi öldürülmüştür. Buna karşılık Amâlekîler ise onların şehirlerini ele geçirdiklerinde, “kadınlardan kimseyi öldürmemişler, küçükten büyüğe kadar hepsini esir alarak sürüp yollarına gitmişlerdir” (I. Samuel, 30/2). Açıklanan bu durum, iki milletin karakterleri arasındaki farklılık açısından fevkalâde dikkat çekicidir. II. Samuel kitabında anlatıldığına göre, son savaşında Filistîler’e mağlûp olan Kral Saul (m.ö. 1020-1000; Kur’an’daki Tâlût), yakınında bulunan bir Amâlekî’ye kendini öldürtmüş ve Saul’ün tacı ile bilekliğini Hz. Dâvûd’a (m.ö. 1000-972) getirerek müjdelik almak isteyen Amâlekî de onun emriyle öldürülmüştür (1/1-10; 4/9-10). Bu husus, Amâlekîler ile İsrâiloğulları arasında ezelî bir düşmanlık bulunmasına rağmen Kral Saul zamanında bazı Amâlika kabilelerinin İsrâil ordusuna asker verdiklerini veya ücretle katıldıklarını ortaya koymaktadır (IDB , I, 102). Daha sonra Amâlekîler’in tamamı Hz. Dâvûd tarafından İsrâil hâkimiyetine sokulmuş ve bu kavmin adı VIII. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar bir daha anılmamıştır. Son defa Hizkiya (m.ö. 716-688) zamanında adlarına tesadüf edilmekte ve topraklarının tamamının İsrâiloğulları’nın ellerine geçtiği öğrenilmektedir (I. Tarihler, 14/43).
Amâlika adına Eski Ahid dışında herhangi bir tarihî kaynakta rastlanmadığı için bu kavim hakkında kesin bir hükme varmak mümkün değildir. Ancak Sâmî ırktan oldukları, dolayısıyla Arapça’ya akraba bir dil konuştukları şüphesizdir. Bazı Arap tarihçilerinin, dünyada Arapça konuşan ilk milletin Amâlika olduğuna inanmaları gibi ilk defa Arapça yazanların da yine Edom ülkesinde oturan Medyen halkı olduğunu kabul etmeleri (bk. İA , I, 503), Amâlika ile Araplar arasında kurulan ilginin sadece rivayetlere dayanmadığını, bu rivayetlerde önemli bir gerçek payının da bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Çünkü bugün Arap yazısının menşeini sinaitik alfabenin (Sînâ yazısı) oluşturduğu ve bu yazının ilk defa Edom ülkesinde oturan Nabatîler tarafından kullanıldığı bilinen bir gerçektir. Ayrıca Araplar’ın atası Hz. İsmâil’in soyundan gelen İsmâilîler (Ishmaelites) ile annesi Hâcer’in kabilesinden geldikleri sanılan Hagrîler/Hâcerîler’in (Hagrites/Hagarites) anayurtlarının da Filistin-Ürdün olduğu (Tekvîn, 21/13-21; IDB , I, 101; a.e. , II, 511; a.e. , II, 748-749) ve yahudilerin özellikle son yıllarda bir defa daha ortaya koydukları gibi dünyada en fazla Filistinli Araplar’a karşı ezelî bir kin ve nefret hissi besledikleri bilinen diğer hususlardır. Öte yandan Amâlekîler ile Medyenliler tarihte bilinen ilk develi muhariplerdir (IDB , I, 490-491). Eski Ahid, milâttan önce XI. yüzyılda İsrâiloğulları’nı yedi yıl süreyle dağlarda yaşamaya mecbur bırakan Amâlekîler ile diğer göçebelerin (yk.bk.) nasıl kalabalık olduklarını anlatırken, bunların kendilerinin de develerinin de sayıya gelmediklerini yazmaktadır (Hâkimler, 6/5; 7/12). Bu devirden yaklaşık iki yüzyıl sonraya ait Asur çivi yazılı belgelerinde ise Aribu /Aribi (Arap) kavim adı ilk defa ortaya çıkarken aynı şekilde deveyle birlikte zikredilmekte ve Araplar’ın, III. Shalmaneser’in (m.ö. 858-834) ordusuna 1000 kişilik bir develi muharip birliğiyle katıldıkları bildirilmektedir (Luckenbill, I, 611).
XX. yüzyılın başlarında bazı ilim adamları, ilk defa milâttan önce XXIV. yüzyıl Akkad çivi yazılı belgelerinde görülen Meluhha ülke adını, aralarındaki şekil benzerliğine dayanarak Amalek ile birleştirmişler (bk. İA , I, 486-487, bibl.), fakat ortaya kuvvetli delil koyamadıklarından ve daha sonraları başka hipotezler de ileri sürüldüğünden şüpheyle karşılanmışlardır (bk. IDB , I, 101). Ancak, tipik bir Sâmî kelime olan meluhha nın, Akkad diline göre tahlil edildiğinde kökünün mlh “tuz” (Ar. milh, İbr. melah) ve lugat mânasının da “tuz ülkesi” olduğu görülmektedir (Erdem, s. 5). Bu durum ise delilsizliğinden dolayı şüpheyle karşılanan eski tezi desteklemektedir. Çünkü Eski Ahid, Amalek kavminin anayurdu olan Edom ülkesinde adı Ge Amelah (Ge ha-Melah, “tuz vadisi”) olan önemli bir vadiden bahsetmekte (II. Samuel, 8/13; I. Tarihler, 18/2 ve tür.yer.) ve bugün de yine aynı bölgede yerli Araplar’ın Vâdi’l-milh (tuz vadisi) dedikleri bir vadi bulunmaktadır. Edom’un kuzeyinde yer alan Lut gölünün (Ölüdeniz) yine Eski Ahid’de kullanılan en eski adı ise Yam Amelah (Yam ha-Melah ) “tuz denizi”dir (Tekvîn, 14/3; Sayılar, 34/3 ve tür.yer.; IDB , IV, 168; İA , VII, 91) ve dünyanın en tuzlu suyuna (% 25) sahip olan bu denizin çevresi de arkasına bakan Hz. Lût’un karısının tuzdan direk haline gelmesi gibi efsanelerin (Tekvîn, 19/26) doğmasına sebep olan, çeşitli şekillerde billurlaşmış tuz kümeleriyle kaplıdır. Dil bilimi açısından aynı kelime oldukları şüphe götürmeyen meluhha ile amalek (bk. İA , I, 487), amelah ile birleşmekte ve Kızıldeniz çevresi gibi tuzlu yerlerde aranması gerektiği ileri sürülen (Erdem, s. 3-9) Meluhha’nın Edom dolayları olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum ise Arap tarihi açısından büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Çünkü III. binyıl çivi yazılı tabletlerinde “kara başlı adamlar” şeklinde tanımlanan Meluhhalılar’ın çöl güneşiyle yanmış bedevî Amâlekîler olduklarının ortaya konulması, Araplar’ı dünyanın en eski milletlerinden biri durumuna getirecek ve bugün kendilerine üzerinde yaşama hakkı tanınmayan Filistin’in de anavatanları olduğunu gösterecektir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , I, 78, 125, 141, 218, 345.
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H. H. Rowley, Bible Atlas , London 1967, s. 16.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , I, 345-347.
D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia , New York 1968, I, 611.
Mahmud Esad, İslâm Tarihi , s. 40, 80-81, 122-123, 329, 349.
Sargon Erdem, “Kazıklar Sahibi Firavun”, Zafer , sy. 114, İstanbul 1986, s. 3-9.
M. Seligsohn, “Amâlik”, İA , I, 392.
F. Hommel, “Arabistan (Tarih)”, a.e ., I, 486-487.
B. Moritz, “Arabistan (Yazı)”, a.e. , I, 503.
Besim Darkot, “Lut Gölü”, a.e. , VII, 91-93.
Ahmet Suphi Furat, “Yûşa”, a.e. , XIII, 443-444.
“ʿAmālīq”, CEAC , s. 37.
G. M. Landes, “Amalek”, IDB , I, 101-102.
A. Jeffery, “Arabians”, a.e ., I, 181-184.
J. A. Thompson, “Camel”, a.e. , I, 490-492.
R. F. Schnell, “Hagrite”, a.e. , II, 511.
G. M. Landes, “Ishmaelites”, a.e. , II, 748-749.
S. Cohen, “Salt, Valley of”, a.e. , IV, 168.
W. H. Morton, “Salt Sea”, a.e. , IV, 168.
S. Abramsky – E. E. Halevy, “Amalekites”, EJd. , II, 787-791.
M. Avi-Yonah, “Dead Sea”, a.e. , V, 1391-1394.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1989 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 2. cildinde, 556-558 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.