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AMASYA Skip to content Karadeniz bölgesinin iç kesiminde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Deniz seviyesinden 400 m. yükseklikte, Yeşilırmak’ın açtığı iki tarafı yüksek kayalıklarla çevrili dar bir vadide kurulmuştur. Şehrin içinden geçerken batı-doğu istikametini alan nehrin solunda (kuzeyinde) yükselen dik kayalıklara oyulmuş mağara ve kral mezarları ve bunun hemen üstündeki kale dikkati çeker. Nehrin sağ kesimi (güneyi) nisbeten daha az meyilli ve düz olduğundan yerleşme daha ziyade bu yönde olmuştur.
Şehrin bilinen en eski adı Amaseia’dır. Ancak ne zaman ve kimler tarafından kurulduğu kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Bununla birlikte, Büyük İskender devrinden (m.ö. 336-323) önce de mevcut olduğu ve şehrin tarihinin Hititler dönemine kadar uzandığı sanılmaktadır. Helenistik Seleukhoslar döneminde zaman zaman Pontus krallarının başşehri oldu; milâttan önce 63 yılında da Roma Devleti sınırları içine katıldı. Milâttan sonra III. yüzyılda bir piskoposluk merkezi olarak önem kazandı. 712’de Araplar tarafından alındı ise de birkaç yıl sonra İmparator III. Leo (717-740) idaresindeki Bizans kuvvetleri şehri ele geçirdiler.
Amasya’nın Türkler tarafından ne zaman fethedildiği konusunda kesin bir bilgi yoktur. Ancak XI. yüzyıl başında Dânişmendliler’in idaresi altında olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu hâkimiyet, Dânişmendli topraklarının Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı II. Kılıcarslan (1155-1192) tarafından ilhakına kadar devam etti. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti döneminde “Dârü’l-izz” unvanı ile bilinen şehir, II. Kılıcarslan’ın saltanatının sonlarına doğru oğulları arasında yapılan taksimde Nizâmeddin Argunşah’ın payına düştü. Fakat Argunşah’ın kardeşi Tokat beyi Rükneddin Süleyman burayı zorla ele geçirdi. Şehir daha sonra Baba İshak liderliğindeki Babaî isyanlarına sahne oldu. Baba İshak yakalanarak Amasya Kalesi burçlarında idam edildi. 1243 Kösedağ Savaşı’ndan sonra Anadolu’yu işgal eden Moğollar şehri zaptettiler ve böylece şehir Moğol valileri tarafından idare edilmeye başladı. Bir ara son Selçuklu Sultanı II. Gıyâseddin Mesud’un oğlu Tâceddin Altınbaş’ın hâkimiyetine girdi. Daha sonra Sivas’ta hüküm süren Eretna’nın ve onun haleflerinin idaresinde kaldı. Eretnaoğlu Ali Bey’i yenen Emîr Hacı Şadgeldi tarafından ele geçirildi. Ardından Hacı Şadgeldi ve onun müttefiki olan Melik Ahmed ile Kadı Burhâneddin arasındaki siyasî mücadelelere sahne oldu. Şadgeldi’nin ölümü üzerine oğlu Ahmed, Osmanlı Sultanı Yıldırım Bayezid’in desteğini alarak şehri Kadı Burhâneddin’e karşı müdafaa etti. Yıldırım Bayezid bu sırada Kadı Burhâneddin’e mağlûp olmasına rağmen yeniden giriştiği mücadele sonunda Amasya’yı Osmanlı topraklarına kattı (1398); idaresini de oğlu Çelebi Mehmed’e bıraktı. 1402 Ankara Savaşı’nda Yıldırım Bayezid’in Timur’a esir düşmesi üzerine, savaşa katılan Çelebi Mehmed, kuvvetleriyle birlikte Amasya’ya çekildi. Hatta kardeşleri Îsâ ve Süleyman’a karşı burayı hareket üssü olarak kullandı. Bundan sonra ise şehir XVI. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar Osmanlılar’ın doğu sınırlarında stratejik bir merkez olarak önem kazandı. Yavuz Sultan Selim Çaldıran Zaferi’ni müteakip burada kışladı. Kanûnî de Nahcıvan Seferi dönüşü bir müddet şehirde ikamet etti. Onun bu ikameti sırasında İran ile Amasya Antlaşması yapıldı (1555). Bu sırada Avusturya elçilik heyetinde bulunan ve Osmanlılar hakkındaki mektupları neşredilen Busbecq Amasya’da Kanûnî tarafından kabul edildi.
Amasya ve çevresi, XV. yüzyıl sonları ve XVI. yüzyıl başlarında Safevî tahrikleriyle doğu bölgelerinde çıkan isyanların tesiri altına girdi. II. Bayezid’in oğulları arasındaki taht kavgalarında önemli rol oynadı. Aynı şekilde Kanûnî’nin oğulları Selim (II) ve Bayezid arasındaki mücadelede de adı sık sık geçti. Şehrin XVI. yüzyıl ortalarında taht vârislerinin bulundukları yer olma özelliğini kaybetmesi sebebiyle, Şehzade Bayezid, Kütahya’dan Amasya’ya naklini kendisinin yerine Şehzade Selim’in taht vârisi olarak seçildiği şeklinde yorumlayarak isyan etti. Ancak yenilerek İran’a kaçmak zorunda kaldı. Şehir XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında da karışıklıklar içine düştü. Zaman zaman Celâlî eşkıyası şehre hâkim oldu. Bundan sonra şehrin tarihindeki en önemli hadise Millî Mücadele yıllarında meydana geldi. Mustafa Kemal, memleketin işgaline karşı direnişi ve teşkilâtlanmayı gerçekleştirmek için burada çalışmalara başladı. Bunun neticesinde 21-22 Haziran 1919’da Millî Mücadele’nin ilk programını tesbit eden Amasya Tamimi yayımlandı. Amasya Cumhuriyet’in ilânından sonra 20 Nisan 1924’te il oldu.
Amasya, XVI. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar Osmanlı hânedanına mensup şehzadelerin idarî tecrübe kazanmak için gönderildikleri önemli merkezlerin başında yer aldı. Burada sancak beyi olarak bulunan birçok şehzade taht için kendisini en kuvvetli aday olarak gördü. Bunda, doğu sınırına yakın bir sancağın merkezi olması sebebiyle, sınır boylarında yapılacak mücadelelerde kazanılacak başarıların, şan ve şerefin taht yolunda büyük avantaj sağlayacağı şeklindeki düşüncenin rolü büyüktü. Nitekim Çelebi Mehmed’den itibaren II. Murad, Fâtih, II. Bayezid burada sancak beyi olarak bulundular. Ayrıca II. Murad’ın oğlu Alâeddin, II. Bayezid’in oğlu ve kendisini güçlü bir taht vârisi olarak gören Şehzade Ahmed, Kanûnî’nin oğulları Şehzade Mustafa ve Şehzade Bayezid de Amasya’da idarecilik yaptılar. Ancak Şehzade Mustafa’nın katlinden sonra, İstanbul’a daha yakın olan şehzade sancaklarının öneminin artması ve Amasya’nın başşehirden uzak olması sebebiyle, XVI. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren şehir bu özelliğini kaybetti; onun yerine Manisa tek şehzade sancağı olarak önem kazandı. Bundan sonra Amasya merkezden tayin edilen sancak beyleri tarafından idare edildi. XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında Ziyâ Paşa da burada kısa bir süre mutasarrıf olarak bulundu.
Zaman zaman zelzele ve sel felâketlerine uğrayan Amasya, Ortaçağ’larda bölgenin önemli büyük mâmur şehirlerinden biri idi. Osmanlılar döneminde de bu durumunu koruyan şehir, özellikle XV. yüzyıl ortalarından XVI. yüzyıl başlarına kadar fizikî bakımdan gelişme gösterdi. Amasya 1525’te beşi gayri müslim olmak üzere elli beş mahalleye sahip bulunuyordu. Nüfusu ise tahminen 8000 civarında idi (BA, TD , nr. 387, s. 353-355). Bunun 2000 kadarını gayri müslim unsurlar meydana getiriyordu. 7 Nisan 1555’te Avusturya elçilik heyetiyle Amasya’ya gelen H. Dernschwam’ın fizikî durum hakkında verdiği bilgilere göre dar bir vadide kurulmuş olan şehirde yoğun bir yerleşme vardı. Şehirdeki çoğu iki katlı ve kerpiçten yapılmış evler âdeta birbiri üzerine yığılmış gibi bir görüntü arzediyordu. Bu sırada şehrin ortasından geçen Yeşilırmak üzerinde bir tahta, üç de taş köprü mevcuttu. 14 Nisan 1555’te şehirde büyük bir yangının çıktığını yazan H. Dernschwam, yanan evlerin kısa sürede yeniden inşa edildiğini, şehirde bu sırada on bir cami bulunduğunu, şehzade sarayının etrafı bahçeli, tek katlı tuğladan yapılmış basit bir bina olup dağın eteğinde yer aldığını ve Kanûnî’nin burada ikamet ettiğini de belirtir. XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında ise şehirde yine elli beş mahalle mevcuttu ve bunun altısı gayri müslim mahallesi idi. Nüfusu ise artış kaydederek 10.000’e ulaştı. Gayri müslim nüfusu 1500 civarında olup 1525’e nisbetle düşüş kaydetmiştir (TK, TD , nr. 26, vr. 6b -17a ). Şehrin nüfusu XVII. yüzyılda da artış göstermekle beraber fizikî bakımdan büyük gelişme görülmedi. Bunda muhtemelen şehrin gelişmeye pek müsait olmayan mevkii önemli rol oynamıştır. Nitekim Evliya Çelebi, şehirde kırk sekizi müslüman, beşi gayri müslim olmak üzere toplam elli üç mahalle bulunduğunu kaydeder, nüfusu da 5000 hâne (tahminen 20.000 kişi) olarak gösterir. XVIII. yüzyılda durumunu koruyan şehir, XIX. yüzyılda fizikî bakımdan yine pek gelişme gösterememekle birlikte nüfus yönünden biraz daha kalabalıklaştı. Bu yüzyılda nüfus 25.000-30.000 civarında idi, mahalle sayısı ise otuz altı kadardı.
İlkçağ’larda Tarsus-Kayseri-Zile-Samsun ticaret yolu üzerinde bulunan Amasya, bilhassa Osmanlı döneminde ticarî ve iktisadî bir merkez olarak da dikkati çeker. XVI. yüzyılda şehirde bir boyahane, şem‘hane ve darphâne mevcuttu. İpek dokumacılığı ise yaygın bir şekilde yapılıyordu. Ayrıca şehir Azerbaycan-Bursa yolu üzerinde bulunduğundan, bu taraftan gelen İran ipeklileri için de önemli bir pazar durumunda idi. 1554-1555 yıllarında on ay içinde resmî yollarla şehre giren ve tartılan ipekli miktarı (mîzân-ı harîr) 10.632 lodraya (yaklaşık 15 ton) ulaşıyordu (BA, MAD , nr. 160, vr. 52b ). XVII. yüzyılda Evliya Çelebi’nin Amasya’da 1060 kadar dükkân ile işlek ve zengin çarşılarının bulunduğunu belirtmesi, V. Cuinet’in XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında 2500’e yakın dokumacının mevcut olduğunu yazması, buranın sınaî ve ticarî bakımdan canlı bir hayata sahip bulunduğunu gösterir. Daha sonraki yıllarda ticarî canlılığı biraz daha artan Amasya, 1863’te Mısır’dan getirilen pamuk tohumunun üretimi için seçilen pilot bölgeler arasında yer almış ve pamuk üretimi için teşebbüslerde bulunulmuştur. Şehrin ticarî canlılığının artması ve sahile oldukça yakın bulunması sebebiyle, her yıl aralık ayının 15’inde başlamak ve sonuna kadar devam etmek üzere, 1864 yılında bir de panayır kurulmuştur. Şehrin iktisadî hayatında bu dönemlerde tahıl üretimi ve meyvecilik önemli bir yer tutmuştur.
İlkçağ’da Strabon gibi büyük bir coğrafyacının yetiştiği Amasya, Türk hâkimiyeti devresinde de bir kültür merkezi olma özelliğini sürdürdü. Selçuklular devrinde birçok ilim ve sanat erbabı yetişti. Osmanlılar döneminde bilhassa şehzadelerin bulunduğu sırada pek çok âlim, sanatkâr ve şairin toplandığı büyük bir kültür merkezi haline geldi. XVI. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar şehzade sarayı canlı bir kültür faaliyetine sahne oldu. Tarihçi Şükrullah, meşhur hattat Şeyh Hamdullah, Tâcî Bey ile oğulları Câfer ve Sâdî çelebiler, ulemâdan Müeyyedzâde Abdurrahman Çelebi, Zenbilli Ali Efendi ve meşhur tabip Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin gibi tanınmış şahsiyetler burada yetişti. XVI. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren şehir bu özelliğini yavaş yavaş kaybetmeye başladı. Ancak yine de Anadolu’nun önemli bir kültür merkezi olma özelliğini korudu. 1861’de şehre gelen seyyah G. Perrot, Amasya’yı “Anadolu’nun Oxford’u” şeklinde tarif eder ve buradaki medreselerde 2000’e yakın talebenin okuduğunu yazar (Souvenirs, s. 453). XIX. yüzyıl başlarında Amasya’da yaşayan ve şehir hakkında bir eser yazan Mustafa Vâzıh Efendi de buranın bir talebeler şehri olduğunu belirtir (vr. 38b ). Bunlar gibi muhtelif müellif ve kaynaklar da Amasya için “Anadolu şehirlerinin incisi”, “Bağdâdü’r-Rûm”, “medînetü’l-hükemâ”, “medreseler şehri” gibi tabirler kullanarak bu şehrin güzelliğini ve kültür tarihimizdeki yerini dile getirmişlerdir. Halk arasında Ferhad ile Şîrin hikâyesinin geçtiği yer olarak şöhret kazanan Amasya’da, ayrıca, Amasya tarihini, tarihî yapılarını ve şehirde yetişen meşhur şahsiyetleri konu alan eseriyle tanınan Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin gibi son devrin önemli bir tarihçisi de yetişmiştir.
Eskiçağ’larda kale-şehir olarak geliştiği anlaşılan Amasya’nın yüksek bir mevkide bulunan kalesini kimin inşa ettirdiği tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Selçuklular zamanında faal bir rol oynayan ve Samsun-Tokat yolunu kontrol eden kale Osmanlılar döneminde de önemini korudu. XVI. yüzyıl başlarında kalede bir dizdar, bir kethüdâ ve elli yedi nefer muhafız bulunuyordu. Kalenin iç kısmında kerpiçten evler vardı ve kale hizmetlileri burada oturuyordu. Her gün kaleden sabah ve akşam şehre doğru borazan ve davullar çalınıyordu. Amasya Kalesi’nden bahseden Evliya Çelebi, Celâlî eşkıyasının saldırısına karşı şehir zenginlerinin kıymetli eşyalarını burada sakladıklarını belirtir. Ancak XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren kale önemini kaybederek harap olmaya başladı.
Amasya tarihî âbideleri bakımından da çok zengindir. Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemine ait eserler hâlâ şehrin tarihî havasını aksettirmektedir. Nitekim XVI. yüzyılın başlarında şehirde dokuz cami, on medrese, dört buk‘a (zâviye), altı imaret, on beş hamam vardı. Selçuklu döneminden kalan eserler genellikle ırmağın güneyinde yer almış olup şehirdeki en eski Türk yapısı, Dânişmendoğlu Melik Gazi tarafından bugünkü Şamlar Camii yerinde kalenin hemen doğusunda yaptırılan camidir. Bugüne kadar gelebilen eserler arasında ise Burmalı Minare Camii (1237-1247), Gökmedrese Camii (1266-1267), Fethiye Camii, Gümüşlü Camii (1326), Hızır Paşa Camii (XIV. yüzyıl), Saraçhane Camii (1372), Dârüşşifâ (1308), Halifet Gazi Medresesi ve Türbesi (1209-1210), Torumtay Türbesi, Sultan Mesud’a ait olduğu ileri sürülen türbe, Şadgeldi Paşa Türbesi, Beyazıt Paşa Camii (1414-1419), Yörgüç Paşa Camii (1430), II. Bayezid Camii ve Külliyesi (1486), Hatuniye Camii (1510), Şehzade Ahmed’in lalası Vezir Mehmed Paşa Camii (1486), Sofular veya Abdullah Paşa Camii (1502), Kapı Ağası Hüseyin Ağa Medresesi (1488) bilhassa zikredilmelidir.
Amasya Osmanlı idaresine girdiğinde aynı adla teşkil edilen sancağın merkezi oldu. Amasya sancağı, başta Tokat ve Sivas olmak üzere Rum eyaletinin önemli bir idarî birimi idi ve ilk zamanlarda bu eyaletin merkezi durumundaydı. Sancak, XVI. yüzyıl başlarında, Amasya merkez kaza olmak üzere Lâdik ve Merzifon kazalarından oluşmakta idi. Amasya merkez kazası bu tarihlerde altı nahiye ve 321 köye sahipti. 1576-1577’de sancağın kaza sayısı, Gümüş, Gedegra, Zeytun, Simre-i Lâdik de dahil olmak üzere yediye ulaştı. Amasya kazası ise durumunu muhafaza etti. Evliya Çelebi sancağın XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında dokuz kazasının bulunduğunu belirtir. 1076 (1665) tarihli vesikalarda on bir, 1082 (1671) tarihli vesikalarda ise on kazası olduğu görülen sancağın XIX. yüzyıl sonlarında Sivas vilâyetine bağlı olarak Amasya merkez, Merzifon, Vezirköprü, Osmancık, Gümüşhacıköy, Lâdik, Havza ve Mecidözü olmak üzere sekiz kazası vardı.
Bugünkü Amasya şehri, Anadolu’nun iç kesimlerini Samsun Limanı’na bağlayan yolların geçtiği bir yerde bulunmaktadır. 1930’da inşa edilen demiryolu burayı tabii limanı olan Samsun’a bağlar ve ulaşımı kolaylaştırır. Şehir kuruluş yerinin fizikî şartları sebebiyle büyük bir gelişme gösterememiştir. Yeşilırmak şehir içinde 4 km. kadar devam eden bir vadide akar. Yeşilırmak’ın sol kıyısında, kale kalıntıları, kral mezarları ile Yeşilırmak arasında yerleşim alanı çok dar olduğundan yerleşme bu kıyıda ince bir şerit oluşturur. Şehrin asıl yerleşim ve gelişim alanı Yeşilırmak’ın sağ kıyısında olup günümüzde bu kesimde güneydoğu ve güneybatı yönlerine doğru bir gelişme göstermektedir.
Şehirde büyük un fabrikaları, bir süt fabrikası, bir de beton yapı elemanları fabrikası bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca iki hastahane, bir de 19 Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi’ne bağlı Eğitim Yüksek Okulu mevcuttur. 1927’de 12.481 olan nüfusu 1950’de 14.470, 1970’te 36.646 ve 1985’te de 53.431’e ulaşmıştır.
Amasya şehrinin merkez olduğu Amasya ili Samsun, Tokat, Yozgat ve Çorum illeriyle çevrilmiştir. Merkez ilçeden başka Göynücek, Gümüşhacıköy, Hamamözü, Merzifon, Suluova ve Taşova adlı altı ilçeye ve on altı bucağa ayrılmıştır; sınırları içerisinde 360 köy bulunmaktadır. İlde ziraat akarsu boylarındaki Suluova, Gümüşova ve Taşova gibi verimli ovalarda yoğunlaşmakta ve başlıca ekonomik faaliyeti teşkil etmektedir. 1954’te Amasya Şeker Fabrikası’nın kurulması ve Et Balık Kurumu tesislerinin yapılması, şeker pancarı üretimini ve hayvancılığı teşvik etmiştir. Dokuma tezgâhları yanında ilde ziraî ürünleri işleyen un, yağ, yem ve meyve suyu fabrikaları da bulunmaktadır. 5520 km2 yüzölçüme sahip olan Amasya ilinin 1985 sayımına göre nüfusu 358.289, nüfus yoğunluğu ise 65 idi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 1989 yılı istatistiklerine göre, il ve ilçe merkezlerinde 132, kasaba ve köylerde de 418 olmak üzere Amasya’da toplam 550 cami bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Amasya 1973 İl Yıllığı .
P. Kappert, Die Osmanischen Prinzen und ihre Residenz Amasya im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert , Leiden 1976.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , İstanbul 1984, s. 217, 247, 333, 423, 477, 688.
S. Faroqhi, Towns and townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia , Cambridge 1984, s. 92, 143-144.
Uğur Tanyeli, Anadolu Türk Kentinde Fiziksel Yapının Evrim Süreci (11.-15. yy.) , İstanbul 1987, s. 69-71, 167.
Refet Yinanç, “Selçuklu Medreselerinden Amasya Halifet Gazi Medresesi ve Vakıfları”, VD , XV (1982), s. 5-22.
M. Tuncel – S. Doğaner, “Amasya’da Turizm: Coğrafi İmkanlar, Sorunlar ve Öneriler”, Coğrafya Araştırmaları , I/1, Ankara 1989, s. 47-68.
Hirschfeld, “Amaseia”, RE , I/2, s. 1743.
M. H. Yınanç – B. Darkot, “Amasya”, İA , I, 392-396.
Fr. Taeschner, “Amasya”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 431-432.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 1-4 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.