AN ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING: THE CASE OF TRABZON, TURKEY

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 173 – 189, 31.07.2024

Ceren Ünlü Öztürk Beyza Karadeniz Cenap Sancar

Öz

Affordable Housing for low-income households has been considered an important issue in many countries’ policy agendas across the world in the past two decades. However, the debate on affordable housing is still very new in Turkey, and there have not been any official definitions and policies regarding this issue. TOKİ (Housing Development Administration of Turkey), the most active actor in Turkey in house production for low-income families since 2000, has produced projects in this scope. Discussing these projects in terms of affordable housing is important in revealing the current state of Turkey and directing the projects to be made in the future.
Within this context, the present study aims to question the affordability of the houses stated to be produced by TOKİ for low-income households. The study employed a two stage methodology consisting of a content analysis that obtained data by the semi-structured interview technique and affordability analysis. Initially parameters were defined to make an affordable housing query, and the affordability states of the houses in a sample area were questioned with the defined parameters.
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that affordability has a positive effect on satisfaction with housing. Increased transportation costs, which is one of the expenses that indirectly affect affordability. Residential areas where low-income households presently live and proximity to the city center and business areas should be considered determinant factors in location selection for affordable housing. Housing production for low-income households should not be considered solely to meet housing needs. Choosing a place for housing construction should be made by considering other living needs of individuals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Affordable Housing, Low-Income Households, Housing Policies, Urban Planning, Accessibility

Kaynakça

• Arslan, H. (2014). Türkiye’nin kentleşme sürecinde konut politikalarinin evrimi. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 40.
• Aru, K. A. (1970). Housing policy in turkey (Türkiye'de konut politikası). Istanbul: ITU Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning Institute.
• Aurand, A. (2014). Florida's planning requirements and affordability for low-income households. Housing Studies, 29(5), 677-700. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.882497
• Balkır, Z. G. (2012). Konut hakkı ve ihlalleri: Kentli hakkının doğuşu. IV. Sosyal Haklar Ulusal Sempozyumu (pp. 351-358). Muğla, Turkiye.
• Bardhan, A., Edelstein, R. H., & Kroll C. A. (2012). Global housing markets: crises, policies, and institutions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
• Beer, A., Baker, E., Wood, G., & Raftery P. (2011). Housing policy, housing assistance and the wellbeing dividend: Developing an evidence base for post-gfc economies. Housing Studies, 26(7-8), 1171-1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.616993
• Berry, M. (2003). Why is it important to boost the supply of affordable housing in Australia and how can we do it?. Urban Policy and Research, 21(4), 413–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/0811114032000147430
• Çoban, A. N. (2012). Cumhuriyetin ilanından günümüze konut politikası. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 67(3), 75-108.
• Crook, T., & Monk, S. (2011). Planning gains, providing homes. Housing Studies, 26(7–8), 997–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.619423
• Davison, G., Gurran, N., Nouwelant, R., Pinnegar S., & Randolph, B. (2012). Affordable housing, urban renewal and planning: emerging practice. Studies, 22(1), 63-81.
• Gabbe, C. J. (2018). How do developers respond to land use regulations? An analysis of new housing in Los Angeles. Housing Policy Debate, 28(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2017.1368031
• Goetz, E. G. (2008). Words Matter: The importance of issue framing and the case of affordable housing. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(2), 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360802010251
• Greenhalgh, E., & Bosman, C. (2016). Planning for the supply of more affordable housing: The case of the Queensland urban land development authority. Australian Planner, 53(3), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2016.1179656
• Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. (2011). Planning and affordable housing in australia and the UK: A comparative perspective. Housing Studies, 26(7-8), 1193-1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.618982
• Hayes, R. A. (2012). The Federal government and urban housing (3rd eds.). New York: State University of New York Press.
• Jun, H. G. (2017). The Link Between Local Comprehensive Plans and Housing Affordability: A Comparative Study of the Atlanta and Detroit Metropolitan Areas. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(3), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1321496
• Keleş, R. (1998). Kentbilim terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
• Keleş, R. (2009). Kentleşme politikası. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
• Knapp G. J., Bento A., & Lowe S. (2008). Housing market impacts of inclusionary zoning. College Park, MD: National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education.
• Lowe, S. (2011). The housing debate. Bristol: Policy Press.
• Lund, B. (2011). Understanding housing policy. Bristol: Policy Press.
• Marom, N., & Carmon, N. (2015). Affordable housing plans in london and new york: between marketplace and social mix. Housing Studies, 30(7), 993-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.1000832
• McGreevy, M. P. (2018). Housing diversity and affordability: The effects of 35 years of exclusionary land use regulations on housing affordability in Adelaide, South Australia. Urban Policy and Research, 36(3), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1476232
• Mueller, E. J. (2010). Old apartments and new plans: Reconciling planning and housing goals in two Texas cities. Community Development, 41(1), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330903548786
• Nouwelant, R., Davison, G., Gurran, N., Pinnegar S., & Randolph, B. (2015). Delivering affordable housing through the planning system in urban renewal contexts: Converging government roles in Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales. Australian Planner, 52(2), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2014.914044 NSW Government (2021, 10 May). https://www.facs.nsw.gov.au/providers/housing/affordable/about/chapters/what-is-affordable-housing
• Paris, C. (2007). International perspectives on planning and affordable housing. Housing Studies, 22, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030601024531
• Rowley, S., James, A., Gilbert, C., Gurran, N., Ong, R., Phibbs, P., Rosen, D., & Whitehead, C. (2016). Subsidised affordable rental housing: lessons from Australia and overseas. AHURI Final Report No. 267, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited, Melbourne. https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/267, doi:10.18408/ahuri-8104301
• Springler, E., & Wagner, K. (2010). Determinants of homeownership rates: housing finance and the role of the state. In Aretis, P., Mooslechner, P., and Wagner, K. (Eds.), Housing market challenges in Europe and the United States (pp 60-85). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
• TOKI. (2021, 8 Aug). https://TOKİ.gov.tr/sosyal-konutlar
• TOKI. (2021, 15 Feb). https://TOKİ.gov.tr/fairy-ozeti
• TOKI. (2021, 15 May). https://www.TOKİ.gov.tr/haber/100-bin-sosyal-konut-tanitildi
• TOKI. (2021, 15 Feb). https://www.TOKİ.gov.tr/illere-gore-projeler
• Turk-is. (2021, 15 May). http: //www.turkis.org.tr/SUBAT-2021-ACLIK-ve-YOKSULLUK-SINIRI-d488756
• Walker, B., & Niner, P. (2010). Low income working households in the private rented sector (Research Report No. 698). Birmingham: Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham.
• Whitehead, C. M. E. (2007). Planning Policies and Affordable Housing: England as a successful case study?. Housing Studies, 22(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030601024580
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 11. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yue Zhang (2020). Rightful squatting: Housing movements, citizenship, and the “right to the city” in Brazil. Journal of Urban Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1749005

Karşılanabilir Konut İçin Bir Değerlendirme Yaklaşımı: Trabzon Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 173 – 189, 31.07.2024

Ceren Ünlü Öztürk Beyza Karadeniz Cenap Sancar

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Trabzon’da düşük gelirli hane halkları için TOKİ tarafından üretilen konutların karşılanabilirlik durumunu sorgulamaktır. Çalışma, iki aşamalı bir metodolojik süreçten oluşmaktadır. İlk aşama, karşılanabilir konut değerlendirmesi için bir temel oluşturmak amacıyla geniş kapsamlı bir literatür taramasını içermektedir. İkinci aşamada ise nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak karşılanabilir konut kavramını sorgulamayı amaçlayan yarı yapılandırılmış bir görüşme uygulanmıştır. Karşılanabilirlik hakkında sorular 1. Karşılanabilirlik, ve 2. Konutta Süreklilik parametreleri ile konut maliyeti, gelir, diğer giderler ve taşınma ile konum alt parametrelerini içermektedir. Bulgular ışığında, karşılanabilirliğin konut memnuniyeti üzerinde olumlu bir etkisi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Karşılanabilirliği dolaylı olarak etkileyen giderlerden biri olan ulaşım maliyetlerinin artması da çalışmada elde edilen önemli sonuçlardandır. Düşük gelirli hanelerin şu anda yaşadığı konut alanları ile şehir merkezi ve iş alanlarına yakınlığının karşılanabilir konut seçimi için belirleyici faktörler olarak düşünülmesi gerekmektedir. Düşük gelirli haneler için konut üretimi sadece konut ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için değil, aynı zamanda bireylerin diğer yaşam ihtiyaçlarını düşünerek yapılmalıdır. Çalışma, orta büyüklükte bir kent perspektifinden elde edilen bulguları temsil etmektedir. Daha kapsamlı bir değerlendirme yapmak için örneklemin genişletilerek farklı bölgelerde test edilmesi faydalı olacaktır. TOKİ, düşük gelirli haneler için konut satın alma fırsatları sunan üretim modelleri sunmaktadır. Ancak, kiralık konuta yönelik karşılanabilir konut koşullarını temel alan kiralık konut çözümleri de üretmelidir. Planlama sürecinde karşılanabilir konut, ev-iş ilişkisinin sağlanmasıyla kentsel dokunun önemli bir katmanı olarak düşünülmelidir. Düşük gelirli haneler için karşılanabilir konut üretimi, ülkemizde en son kalkınma planı ile gündeme gelmiştir. Ancak ülkemizde karşılanabilir konut tartışması hala çok yeni olup, bu konuda resmi tanımlar ve politikalar sınırlıdır. Bu projeleri karşılanabilir konut açısından tartışmak, Türkiye’nin mevcut durumunu ortaya koymak ve gelecekte yapılacak projelere yön vermek açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karşılanabilir Konut, Düşük Gelirliler için Konut, Konut politikaları, Şehir Planlama, Erişilebilirlik

Kaynakça

• Arslan, H. (2014). Türkiye’nin kentleşme sürecinde konut politikalarinin evrimi. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 40.
• Aru, K. A. (1970). Housing policy in turkey (Türkiye'de konut politikası). Istanbul: ITU Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning Institute.
• Aurand, A. (2014). Florida's planning requirements and affordability for low-income households. Housing Studies, 29(5), 677-700. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.882497
• Balkır, Z. G. (2012). Konut hakkı ve ihlalleri: Kentli hakkının doğuşu. IV. Sosyal Haklar Ulusal Sempozyumu (pp. 351-358). Muğla, Turkiye.
• Bardhan, A., Edelstein, R. H., & Kroll C. A. (2012). Global housing markets: crises, policies, and institutions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
• Beer, A., Baker, E., Wood, G., & Raftery P. (2011). Housing policy, housing assistance and the wellbeing dividend: Developing an evidence base for post-gfc economies. Housing Studies, 26(7-8), 1171-1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.616993
• Berry, M. (2003). Why is it important to boost the supply of affordable housing in Australia and how can we do it?. Urban Policy and Research, 21(4), 413–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/0811114032000147430
• Çoban, A. N. (2012). Cumhuriyetin ilanından günümüze konut politikası. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 67(3), 75-108.
• Crook, T., & Monk, S. (2011). Planning gains, providing homes. Housing Studies, 26(7–8), 997–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.619423
• Davison, G., Gurran, N., Nouwelant, R., Pinnegar S., & Randolph, B. (2012). Affordable housing, urban renewal and planning: emerging practice. Studies, 22(1), 63-81.
• Gabbe, C. J. (2018). How do developers respond to land use regulations? An analysis of new housing in Los Angeles. Housing Policy Debate, 28(3), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2017.1368031
• Goetz, E. G. (2008). Words Matter: The importance of issue framing and the case of affordable housing. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(2), 222-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360802010251
• Greenhalgh, E., & Bosman, C. (2016). Planning for the supply of more affordable housing: The case of the Queensland urban land development authority. Australian Planner, 53(3), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2016.1179656
• Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. (2011). Planning and affordable housing in australia and the UK: A comparative perspective. Housing Studies, 26(7-8), 1193-1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.618982
• Hayes, R. A. (2012). The Federal government and urban housing (3rd eds.). New York: State University of New York Press.
• Jun, H. G. (2017). The Link Between Local Comprehensive Plans and Housing Affordability: A Comparative Study of the Atlanta and Detroit Metropolitan Areas. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(3), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1321496
• Keleş, R. (1998). Kentbilim terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
• Keleş, R. (2009). Kentleşme politikası. Ankara: İmge Yayınevi.
• Knapp G. J., Bento A., & Lowe S. (2008). Housing market impacts of inclusionary zoning. College Park, MD: National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education.
• Lowe, S. (2011). The housing debate. Bristol: Policy Press.
• Lund, B. (2011). Understanding housing policy. Bristol: Policy Press.
• Marom, N., & Carmon, N. (2015). Affordable housing plans in london and new york: between marketplace and social mix. Housing Studies, 30(7), 993-1015. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.1000832
• McGreevy, M. P. (2018). Housing diversity and affordability: The effects of 35 years of exclusionary land use regulations on housing affordability in Adelaide, South Australia. Urban Policy and Research, 36(3), 336-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1476232
• Mueller, E. J. (2010). Old apartments and new plans: Reconciling planning and housing goals in two Texas cities. Community Development, 41(1), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330903548786
• Nouwelant, R., Davison, G., Gurran, N., Pinnegar S., & Randolph, B. (2015). Delivering affordable housing through the planning system in urban renewal contexts: Converging government roles in Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales. Australian Planner, 52(2), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2014.914044 NSW Government (2021, 10 May). https://www.facs.nsw.gov.au/providers/housing/affordable/about/chapters/what-is-affordable-housing
• Paris, C. (2007). International perspectives on planning and affordable housing. Housing Studies, 22, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030601024531
• Rowley, S., James, A., Gilbert, C., Gurran, N., Ong, R., Phibbs, P., Rosen, D., & Whitehead, C. (2016). Subsidised affordable rental housing: lessons from Australia and overseas. AHURI Final Report No. 267, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited, Melbourne. https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/267, doi:10.18408/ahuri-8104301
• Springler, E., & Wagner, K. (2010). Determinants of homeownership rates: housing finance and the role of the state. In Aretis, P., Mooslechner, P., and Wagner, K. (Eds.), Housing market challenges in Europe and the United States (pp 60-85). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
• TOKI. (2021, 8 Aug). https://TOKİ.gov.tr/sosyal-konutlar
• TOKI. (2021, 15 Feb). https://TOKİ.gov.tr/fairy-ozeti
• TOKI. (2021, 15 May). https://www.TOKİ.gov.tr/haber/100-bin-sosyal-konut-tanitildi
• TOKI. (2021, 15 Feb). https://www.TOKİ.gov.tr/illere-gore-projeler
• Turk-is. (2021, 15 May). http: //www.turkis.org.tr/SUBAT-2021-ACLIK-ve-YOKSULLUK-SINIRI-d488756
• Walker, B., & Niner, P. (2010). Low income working households in the private rented sector (Research Report No. 698). Birmingham: Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham.
• Whitehead, C. M. E. (2007). Planning Policies and Affordable Housing: England as a successful case study?. Housing Studies, 22(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030601024580
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 11. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yue Zhang (2020). Rightful squatting: Housing movements, citizenship, and the “right to the city” in Brazil. Journal of Urban Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1749005

Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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