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ANADOLU ve RUMELİ MÜDÂFAA-i HUKUK CEMİYETİ Skip to content Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra istilâcılara karşı kurulan mahallî cemiyetlerin Sivas Kongresi’nde birleştirilmesiyle oluşan siyasî teşkilât.
30 Ekim 1918’de imzalanan Mondros Mütarekesi’nin yedinci maddesine dayanarak İtilâf devletlerinin Osmanlı topraklarını işgale başlamalarıyla birlikte çeşitli yerlerde mahallî direniş teşkilâtları kurulmaya başladı. “Müdâfaa-i Hukuk” ve “Redd-i İlhak” adını taşıyan bu cemiyetler Yunanlılar’ın İzmir’i işgal etmelerinden sonra daha da arttı.
Erzurum Kongresi’nde (23 Temmuz 1919) Vilâyât-ı Şarkiyye Müdâfaa-i Hukuk-ı Milliyye Cemiyeti’nin Erzurum şubesi ile Trabzon Muhâfaza-i Hukuk-ı Milliyye Cemiyeti feshedilerek bu iki cemiyetin yerine Şarkî Anadolu Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti kuruldu ve Mustafa Kemal’in başkanlığında dokuz kişilik bir temsil heyeti seçildi. Sivas Kongresi’nde (4-11 Eylül 1919) kabul edilen nizamnâme gereğince, Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra Osmanlı ülkesinin çeşitli bölgelerinde kurulan, fakat aralarında organik bir bağ bulunmayan bütün millî mukavemet teşkilâtları Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti adıyla tek bir idare altında birleştirildi. Temsil Heyeti’nin üye sayısı da on altıya çıkarıldı.
Mustafa Kemal’in Temsil Heyeti adına 11 Eylül 1919’da Sivas valiliğine müracaat etmesiyle cemiyet resmen kurulmuş oldu. Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti Hey’et-i Temsîliyyesi, cemiyetin en yüksek idare organı ve çeşitli yerlerde kurulmuş olan müdâfaa-i hukuk ve redd-i ilhak cemiyetleri de bunun birer şubesi sayıldılar. Ana amacı Osmanlı Devleti’nin dağılma tehlikesine karşı “İslâm halifeliği ve Osmanlı saltanatının varlığını korumak” (Nizamnâme, md. 3) olan Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti’nin Sivas Kongresi’nde tesbit edilen nizamnâmesine göre, Hey’et-i Temsîliyye vatanın bütününü temsil edecek (md. 7/VII), eğer Osmanlı hükümeti İtilâf devletlerinin baskısıyla anayurdun bir parçasını bırakmak zorunda kalacak olursa, Temsil Heyeti mukaddes halifelikle Osmanlı saltanatına olan bağlılığını sürdürerek vatanı Rum ve Ermeni ayakları altında çiğnetmemek için derhal geçici bir yönetim kuracak, kongrenin aldığı kararları Türk milletine, İstanbul hükümetine ve yabancı devletlere duyuracaktı. Bu şekilde Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti, vatanın bütünü adına konuşmak ve iş görmek yetkisine sahip meşrû ve millî bir teşkilât haline geldi.
Temsil Heyeti ilk iş olarak İstanbul ile kesik olan irtibatı yeniden kurmak için faaliyete başladı. Düşmanla iş birliği yaparak kongreyi basmaya kalkışan Damad Ferid Paşa hükümetinin istifasında ısrar etti. O ana kadar kendisine yanlış bilgi verilen padişah, Mustafa Kemal ile telgraf başında sekiz saat süren bir konuşma yapan (25 Eylül 1919) Abdülkerim Paşa’dan Temsil Heyeti’nin gerçek niyetini öğrenince Damad Ferid’i iktidarda tutmaktan vazgeçti. 2 Ekim 1919’da Damad Ferid kabinesi lağvedilerek yerine Ali Rızâ Paşa hükümeti kuruldu. Millî Mücadele taraftarlarından Mersinli Cemal Paşa Harbiye, Sâlih Paşa Bahriye, Hâdi Paşa Ticaret ve Ziraat nâzırlıklarına, Cevat Paşa da Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliğine getirildiler.
Yeni kabinenin açıklanmasından sonra ilk adımı atan Mustafa Kemal, Ali Rızâ Paşa’dan Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerinde alınan kararlar doğrultusunda hareket edilmesini istedi. Ancak iki taraf arasında milletin temsili konusunda ihtilâf çıktı. Harbiye Nâzırı Cemal Paşa, devletin dışarıya karşı itibarını yeniden sağlamak için millî iradeye ve Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’ye dayanacağını, ancak Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’nin içeride ve dışarıda milletin tek temsilcisi görüntüsünü bırakarak hükümete yardımcı durumunda kalması gerektiğini bildirdi. Mustafa Kemal de bunu olumlu karşılayarak 6 Ekim 1919’da merkezî hükümetle millî teşkilât arasında tam bir anlaşmaya varıldığını ilân etti. Her iki taraf aralarındaki anlaşmazlıkları çözmek için bir araya gelmeye karar verdiler. Toplantıya İstanbul hükümeti adına Bahriye Nâzırı Sâlih Paşa, Hey’et-i Temsîliyye adına da Mustafa Kemal, Hüseyin Rauf ve Bekir Sâmi beyler katıldılar. 20 Ekim 1919’da Amasya’da başlayan toplantı üç gün sürdü. Başlıca konu Sivas Kongresi bildirisi oldu. Bildiride yer alan sınırların tesbitinin sağlanması gereği kabul edildi. İşgalcilerin Kilikya’da tampon bir devlet kurmak istedikleri belirtilerek bu toprakların hiçbir şekilde Türkiye’den ayrılmasının kabul edilemeyeceği, Aydın ilinin de aynı şekilde ülkenin bölünmez parçası olduğu, Edirne ve Meriç arasının hiçbir şekilde terkedilemeyeceği ilkesi kabul edildi. Görüşmeler sonunda bazı gizli maddeler taşıyan beş protokol düzenlendi. İmzasız olan beşinci protokol barış konferansına gidebilecek kişilerin adlarını gösteriyordu.
Sâlih Paşa bu protokolleri hükümetine danışmadan imzaladığı için 25 Ekim’de İstanbul’a dönünce merkezî hükümetle Hey’et-i Temsîliyye arasında yeniden anlaşmazlıklar görülmeye başladı. Sâlih Paşa, İtilâf devletlerinin baskısı yüzünden Amasya protokolünü olduğu gibi kabul etmeye hükümetini ikna edemiyordu. En önemli anlaşmazlık seçilecek olan meclisin toplanma yeri ile ilgiliydi. Merkezî hükümet meclisin İstanbul’da, Hey’et-i Temsîliyye ise Anadolu’da toplanmasını istiyordu. Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’nin bütün uyarılarına rağmen sonunda meclisin İstanbul’da toplanması kararlaştırıldı. Anlaşma gereğince meclis görevlerini tam bir güvenlik içinde yerine getirebileceği zamana kadar Hey’et-i Temsîliyye çalışmalarını sürdürecekti. Paris Barış Konferansı Türkiye için olumsuz bir karar alırsa derhal millî iradeye başvurulacaktı. Fakat bu tarihten itibaren İstanbul’la Sivas (27 Aralık’tan sonra Ankara) arasındaki ilişkiler devamlı iniş çıkışlar gösterdi. Bu arada Anadolu’da yapılan seçimler bu ilişkileri bir kat daha sarstı. Çünkü milletvekilliklerinin çoğunluğunu milliyetçiler kazandı. Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı 12 Ocak 1920 günü yetmiş iki mebusun katılması ile İstanbul’da açıldı. Hüseyin Rauf başkanlığındaki milliyetçi grup, Ankara ile İstanbul arasındaki anlaşmazlıkları düzeltmek için çalışmaya başladı. İlişkiler olumlu yönde gelişti ve 28 Ocak 1920 günü Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan, Sivas Kongresi’nde belirlenen “misâk-ı millî”yi resmen kabul etti. Harbiye Nâzırı Cemal Paşa’nın teşebbüsü ile Sultan Vahdeddin, 4 Şubat 1920 tarihli irâde-i seniyye ile, “idâreten tardolunan” Mustafa Kemal’in nişan ve madalyalarını geri vererek onun askerlikten çekilmiş olduğunu ilân etti. Diğer taraftan padişah milliyetçi milletvekillerinden Mazhar Müfid’i kabulü sırasında, “Hey’et-i Temsîliyye benim tâc-ı saltanatımın pırlantasıdır. Allah sizden râzı olsun; vatan ve milleti, saltanat ve hilâfeti kurtardınız” diyordu.
İstanbul ile Ankara’nın arasının düzelmesi işgalcilerin hoşuna gitmedi. Tekrar Damad Ferid’i iş başına getirmek için Ali Rızâ Paşa hükümeti aleyhine yoğun bir faaliyete giriştiler. Ali Rızâ Paşa 3 Mart 1920’de istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. Bu sırada Damad Ferid de tekrar sadrazam olmak için İngilizler’le sıkı temas halinde bulunuyordu. Padişah ise Damad Ferid’in sadârete gelmesiyle İstanbul’la Anadolu arasındaki münasebetlerin tamamen kopmasından endişe ediyordu. Bundan dolayı sadârete Ali Rızâ Paşa kabinesinin Bahriye Nâzırı Sâlih Paşa’yı tayin etmek zorunda kaldı. Padişahın Ankara ile münasebetlerini kesmemesi ve milliyetçilerin işgal güçlerine karşı başlattıkları askerî direniş, İtilâf devletlerinin Londra’da toplanarak İstanbul’u resmen işgale karar vermelerine yol açtı (10 Şubat 1920). İstanbul Limanı’nda demirli bulunan işgal kuvvetleri 16 Mart 1920’de İstanbul’u işgale başladılar. Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın işgalciler tarafından basılarak dağıtılması üzerine Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti’ni kurarken verdiği kararı uygulamaya ve idareyi ele alarak milleti silâha sarılmaya çağırdı. İstanbul’daki Sâlih Paşa kabinesi işgalcilerin baskıları sonunda 3 Nisan 1920 günü çekildi. Padişah 5 Nisan’da Damad Ferid’i tekrar sadârete getirmek zorunda kaldı.
Damad Ferid’in ilk işi, “fitne ve fesat” olarak nitelendirdiği ve isyan saydığı Millî Mücadele’yi çökertmek için bir beyannâme neşretmek oldu. Şeyhülislâm Dürrîzâde Abdullah Efendi de aynı gün kaleme aldığı fetvada, “padişahın emri olmadan asker toplayanların ve Osmanlı memleketinin muvâsala, münâkale ve muhâberesini kesenlerin öldürülmelerinin şer‘an câiz olduğunu” ilân etti. Hey’et-i Temsîliyye de karşı faaliyete girişerek Ankara müftüsü Börekçizâde Mehmed Rifat Efendi başta olmak üzere 153 müftünün imzaladığı bir fetva ile şeyhülislâmın fetvasını etkisiz hale getirmeye çalıştı (16 Nisan 1920). Öte yandan İstanbul’dan gelen mebuslarla Anadolu’da yeniden yapılan seçimlerde hemen hepsi Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti adayı olan yeni milletvekilleri 23 Nisan 1920 günü Büyük Millet Meclisi üyesi olarak Ankara’da toplandı. Hey’et-i Temsîliyye başkanı Mustafa Kemal oy birliği ile meclis başkanlığına seçildi. Böylece Hey’et-i Temsîliyye’nin o güne kadar birleştirici ve idare edici görevi Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne geçti. Hükümetin dayandığı Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti ise bütün teşkilâtıyla iktidar partisi halini aldı.
Damad Ferid Paşa milliyetçileri yok etmek için, başta Anzavur İsyanı olmak üzere İzmit, Bolu ve Trabzon’da millî direnişe karşı başlayan hareketlerden de faydalanmak amacıyla İngilizler’den yardım talep etti. Kuvâ-yi İnzibâtiyye adıyla bir teşkilât kurarak Anadolu’daki hareketi bastırmaya yöneldi. İstanbul’da Nemrut Mustafa Paşa başkanlığında kurulan askerî mahkeme, Mustafa Kemal Paşa ile arkadaşlarını (Kâzım Karabekir Paşa hariç) gıyaben ölüme mahkûm etti (11 Mayıs 1920). Karar padişah tarafından da imzalandı (24 Mayıs 1920) ve sadrazam tarafından bir genelge ile halka duyuruldu. Damad Ferid’in bu tutumu, Millî Mücadeleciler’i İstanbul yönetiminden iyice uzaklaştırdı. Büyük Millet Meclisi de Ankara’da kurduğu İstiklâl Mahkemesi’nde Damad Ferid ve arkadaşlarını vatana ihanet suçundan gıyaben ölüme mahkûm etti (5 Temmuz 1920). Tamamı Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti mensubu olan Birinci Büyük Millet Meclisi milletvekilleri, 18 Temmuz 1920’de Erzurum ve Sivas kongrelerinde tesbit edilen ve İstanbul’daki son Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ınca da kabul edilen misâk-ı millîye sadık kalacaklarına dair ant içtiler. Fakat zamanla fikir ayrılıkları yüzünden gruplaşmalar oluşmaya başladı. Mustafa Kemal işe el koyarak Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Grubu adıyla bir grup kurdu. Misâk-ı millî esasları içinde bir program hazırlayarak bütün milletvekillerinin fikirlerini sordu. 10 Mayıs 1921 günü grup ilk resmî toplantısını yaptı. Toplantıya katılan 133 milletvekili Mustafa Kemal’i başkanlığa seçti. Tartışmalar sonunda grup tüzüğü kabul edildi ve grup tam bir parti disiplini içinde çalışmaya başladı. 16 Temmuz 1922’de yapılan tüzük değişikliğiyle idare heyetine, aynı zamanda bütün Müdâfaa-i Hukuk teşkilâtının merkez heyeti görev ve yetkisi tanındı. Bu grup dışında kalan milletvekillerine ise “ikinci grup” adı verildi.
İstiklâl Savaşı kazanıldıktan sonra siyasî parti kurmaya karar veren Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Grubu’nu yeni partiye temel yaparak 9 Eylül 1923’te Halk Fırkası’nı kurduğunu açıkladı. Buna dair karar bu tarihte açıklanmakla birlikte Halk Fırkası’nın resmen kuruluşu 11 Eylül 1923’te gerçekleşti.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti , Sivas 1335, s. 1-8.
Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Nutuk , Ankara 1927, s. 19.
Kâzım Karabekir, İstiklâl Harbimiz , İstanbul 1962, s. 210-214.
Y. Hikmet Bayur, Türkiye Devletinin Dış Siyasası , Ankara 1973, s. 43-44.
Salâhi R. Sonyel, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Dış Politika , Ankara 1973, I, 113-147, 205-214.
Uluğ İğdemir, Sivas Kongresi Tutanakları , Ankara 1969.
Bekir Sıtkı Baykal, Heyet-i Temsiliye Kararları , Ankara 1974.
Alev Er, “Millî Mücâdele’de Siyasal Kuruluşlar”, TCTA , IV, 1136.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 145-147 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.