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ANAPA Skip to content Kuzey Kafkasya’da Kuban nehri havzasında eski bir sınır kalesi ve şehir.
Adı Eski Grekçe’de “burun” mânasına gelen “Ana-pa”dan gelir. Tarihî kayıtlara göre XIII ve XIV. yüzyıllarda önce Gorkipaya adlı Bizans kolonisi iken bu tarihten sonra Cenevizliler’in ticaret iskelesi ve kalesi oldu. Ceneviz ve Venedikliler’in Napa olarak adlandırdıkları bu şehre, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed döneminde Gedik Ahmed Paşa’nın Kırım’a düzenlediği sefer neticesinde Osmanlı ilgisi giderek artmaya başladı. Kırım Hanlığı’nın Osmanlı himayesi altına girmesinin ardından Anapa’nın da yer aldığı Kuzey Kafkasya kesimi Kırım hanlarının nüfuz alanı haline geldi. XVIII. yüzyılın son çeyreğine gelindiğinde bölgede askerî ve siyasî şartlar değişti; Ruslar’ın Kırım Hanlığı’nı ilhakı, Osmanlılar’ın Kuzey Kafkasya sahillerinin stratejik önemini farketmelerine yol açtı. Kırım’ın Ruslar’ın elinden kurtarılması için Kuzey Kafkasya’da yeni askerî istihkâmlar oluşturuldu. Ruslar’ın Kuban yöresine asker yığmaları ve Osmanlı idaresi altındaki Çerkezler’le Abazalar üzerinde baskı uygulamaları üzerine Osmanlılar, Kuzey Kafkasya savunma hattını kuvvetlendirme planını devreye soktular. Kuban nehrinin Azak denizine döküldüğü yerde, hem Kızıltaş Boğazı’na hem de önemli bir askerî üs haline getirilmiş olan Soğucak Kalesi’ne yakın mesafede Karadeniz sahilindeki Anapa burnuna tıpkı Soğucak Kalesi gibi bir kale yapılmasına karar verdiler. Soğucak muhafızı olarak bölgede bulunan Ferah Ali Paşa’ya kalenin yapılacağı yerin incelenmesi emri yollandı. Anapa burnuna giden Ferah Ali Paşa, Taman’la sınır olması sebebiyle Rusya sınırına da yakın olan bölgenin Ruslar tarafından zaptedilmesi halinde Soğucak, Gelincik ve Sohum kalelerinin tehlike altına gireceği kanaatine vardı. Ayrıca burası Ruslar’a karşı korunma talebinde bulunan bölge kabilelerinin merkezi konumundaydı.
Hazırlanan keşif defteriyle maliyeti 196.349 kuruş olarak hesaplanan kalenin yapımına Soğucak’tan gönderilen çeşitli malzemelerle başlandı. Ayrıca o yörede yaşayan Nogaylar’ın ve Tatarlar’ın iş gücünden faydalanıldı. Kazılacak hendek, tabya ve kapı yerlerinin planları yapıldı. Öte yandan Taman, Temrük, Açe ve Açu kalelerinin Kuban nehrinin kuzeyinde Rusya’da kalması sebebiyle bu bölgenin askerleri ve sivil halkı, taşıyabilecekleri kadar eşya ile birlikte Kuban nehrini geçerek Osmanlı topraklarının başlangıç noktası olan Anapa’ya sığındı. Ferah Ali Paşa onları Abaza kabilelerinin yaşadığı bölgeye yerleştirdi. 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus savaşında Kili, İsmâil, Tulça, Babadağı, Bazarcık ve Kozluca gibi yerlerde Ruslar’a büyük kayıplar verdiren, sayıları 40.000’i bulan Bucak Tatarları da Kuban nehrini geçip Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığındıklarında Anapa civarında kabilelerin yaşadığı bölgelere sevkedilmişlerdi. Böylece bölge nüfus ve askerî bakımdan da güçlendirilmiş oldu.
Askerî amaçlı inşa edilmekle birlikte Anapa Kalesi, kısa zamanda artan nüfusu ve geçirdiği fiziksel değişimle âdeta bir şehir haline dönüştü. Kalede hanlar, hamamlar, kütüphane, fırın, değirmen ve 250’nin üzerinde dükkân bulunuyordu. Dışarıdan aldığı göçle birlikte 10.000’in üzerinde olan nüfusu savaş döneminde (1787-1792) 30.000’e yaklaştı. Kale inşaatı sürerken hem burası hem de Çerkez kabilelerinin yaşadıkları bölgelerde yapılacak kalelere yerleştirilmek üzere on adet top ve çeşitli askerî mühimmat yollandı. Ayrıca inşaatta çalışacak işçilerin bir bölümü İstanbul’dan gemilerle bölgeye sevkedildi. 1783-1786 yıllarında malî sıkıntı yüzünden zaman zaman duraklasa da İstanbul ve Anadolu’dan gerek mühimmat gerekse işçi sevkiyatıyla Anapa’da inşa edilen kale ve binalar büyük ölçüde tamamlandı. Bu arada savaş hazırlıklarının bir parçası olarak Soğucak Kalesi’nin istihkâmları kuvvetlendirildi, bölgenin en önemli ticarî ve askerî lojistik üssü olan Gelincik Limanı çevresine de tabyalar yapıldı. 1784 yılından itibaren Rus işgali sonrası Temrük, Açe ve Açu kalelerinden gelen 817 yerli yeniçeriyle Anapa Kalesi’nin askerî teşkilâtlanması hemen hemen sağlanmış oldu.
Bütün bu faaliyetlerin yanı sıra Hatukay ile Jane bölgesine yerleştirilen Nogay kabilelerini korumak için toprak kale inşa edildi. Anapa Kalesi’nin inşası ve Kuban nehrine yapılmakta olan kaleler bölgede yaşayan kabilelerin güvenlik endişesini giderdi. Taman yarımadasında Kuban nehrinin Rusya tarafında kalan kısmında yer alan Açe Kalesi, Ruslar tarafından tahkim edildiğinden karşısına uygun bir yere toprak kale yapımına karar verildi. Demirköy’de de bir toprak kale inşasına başlandı. Ferah Ali Paşa’nın idaresi ve öncülüğünde Anapa’da devam eden imar faaliyetleri sadece bir askerî istihkâm oluşturmak değil yeni bir yerleşim sahası ve şehir kurma düşüncesini de ortaya koyuyordu. Kenarı sur ve hendeklerle çevrili, içinde iç kalesinin yanı sıra han, hamam, medrese, kütüphane gibi tesislerle yüzlerce dükkân ve konutlar inşa edildi. İskelede yeniden düzenlenen gümrük kapısıyla birlikte ticaret gelişti ve birkaç yıl içerisinde Anapa cazibe merkezi haline geldi. Anapa İskelesi’nin bulunduğu yere bir toprak kale daha yapıldı. Soğucak civarındaki Gelincik Limanı’na kale yapılırken bugün Gürcistan sınırları içinde kalan Faş Kalesi de bu sırada tahkim edildi, buraya top ve mühimmat sevkiyatı yapılarak 1255 asker görevlendirildi.
Ferah Ali Paşa’nın 1785’te ölümü ve halefleri Bîcanzâde Ali Paşa ile İpeklizâde Mustafa Paşa zamanlarında da Anapa’nın tahkimatına devam edildi. Fakat 1787’de başlayan savaş sırasında Osmanlılar hem Rumeli kesiminde hem Kafkasya tarafında yenilgiye uğradılar. Savaş süresince Ruslar tarafından üç defa kuşatılan Anapa üçüncü kuşatma sonunda 26 Temmuz 1791’de işgal edildi. Ancak Yaş Antlaşması ile (10 Ocak 1792) Kafkasya’da eski sınırlar kabul edildiğinden Osmanlı Devleti’ne geri verildi. Harap vaziyette teslim alınan kale-şehirde yeniden imar ve tamirat faaliyetleri başlatıldı. Anapa’nın daha önce topraktan yapılan surları ve kalesi bu defa tamamen kâgir olarak inşa edildi, tabya sayısı arttırıldı ve eskisinden çok daha müstahkem hale getirildi. Kısa süre sonra yeniden başlayan savaş sırasında 1809 sonbaharında Anapa Ruslar tarafından tekrar saldırıya mâruz kaldı. Karadan ve denizden yapılan hücumlar sonucu yaklaşık 6000 Rus askeri kaleye girdi. Ancak Çerkez kabilelerinin de yardımıyla bunlar geri püskürtüldü. Bununla birlikte Ruslar Faş, Kemhal, Sohum, Anagra ile Gürcistan’da bulunan Açıkbaş, Göril, Şehriban gibi kaleleri işgal ettilerse de Rusya ile yapılan Bükreş Antlaşması ile (16 Mayıs 1812) Kafkasya’daki Osmanlı-Rus hududu yine Kuban nehri oldu.
Anapa Kalesi teslim alındığında Ruslar’ın içerideki binaları tahrip ettikleri görüldü. Bir kayda göre cami, mescid, han, hamam, dükkânlar tamamen yıkılmış, Mihrişah Camii de taşlarına varıncaya kadar bütünüyle tahrip edilmişti. Savaşın sona ermesiyle birlikte Anapa Kalesi’nde yeniden geniş çaplı tamirat yapıldı. Osmanlılar ayrıca nüfus nakline de çalıştı. Abhazya, Sinop ve Trabzon yöresinden 400 asker ailesi buraya yerleşti, varoş kısmı da yeni gelecek göçmenler için hazırlandı. 1826’da muhtemel Rus tehdidine karşı kale asker ve mühimmat bakımından takviye edildi. 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus savaşına kadar Anapa’ya gönderilen muhafızlar kale ile ilgilenmedi, hatta görev mahalline bile gitmemeye başladı. Bu yıllarda bir Rus subayı Anapa’nın tahkimatı hakkında dikkat çekici bilgiler verir. Ona göre I. Abdülhamid döneminde Fransız mühendislerince müstahkem hale getirilen kalenin tek giriş yeri olan doğu yönünde tabyalar bulunur ve bunlar altı kale burcu ve kuru hendekle korunurdu. Deniz tarafı kıyıya dik şekilde uzanır. Kuzey tarafındaki tahkimat kuşağı dört burçludur. Kale 4500 adım genişliğindedir. Deniz kenarında kuzeydoğu burcundan 1000 adımlık yerdeki küçük bir akarsu (Bugur çayı) Karadeniz’e dökülür.
Ruslar’ın Anapa’ya saldırısı sırasında kalede bulunan Osman Paşa 4000 askerle Ruslar’a karşı direndi. Ancak Osman Paşa’nın etkili mücadelesi ve savunması beklenen yardımın gelmemesi üzerine zayıfladı. Kale içinde göğüs göğüse yapılan çarpışmalar sonucu asker sayısı 1400’e kadar indi. Neticede Osman Paşa 24 Haziran 1828’de Ruslar’a teslim oldu. Ruslar, Kafkaslar’la birlikte Anadolu’yu Erzurum’a kadar işgal ettiler. 1829 Edirne Antlaşması ile de Anapa ve Kafkasya Osmanlı hâkimiyetinden çıktı. 1853-1856 Kırım savaşı esnasında kale müttefikler (Türkiye, İngiltere, Fransa) tarafından yıkıldı. Anapa günümüzde Rusya Federasyonu’nda Krasnador oblastına (idarî birim) bağlı, Karadeniz’in kuzeydoğu sahilinde yer alan bir turizm şehridir. 2010 yılı nüfus sayımına göre şehirde 147.184 kişi yaşamaktaydı. Nüfusu Rus, Abhaz, Tatar, Başkırt, Rum ve Ukraynalılar’dan meydana gelmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
BA, A.DVN.DVE (1), 17-73; BA, AE, Abdülhamid I, nr. 10398; BA, A.RSK, nr. 1601, s. 26, 46; BA, ASKT, nr. 146/22; BA, Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 9236, 14677, 39039, 49592, 50346; BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 11138; BA, HH, nr. 21/1011-C, 27/1292, 28/1339; BA, D.BŞM.BNE, nr. 16036; BA, D.BŞM, 6563/27, 6733/75, 51507; BA, D.BŞM. d. 8112; BA, DH, Arz Tezkiresi, nr. 21439; Hâşim Efendi, Ahvâl-i Anapa ve Çerkes , TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1564; Cevdet, Târih , III, 182-184; Lutfî, Târih (haz. Yücel Demirel – Tamer Erdoğan), İstanbul 1999, II-III, 372-373; Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , II, 128; Fikret Sarıcaoğlu, Kendi Kaleminden Bir Padişahın Portresi: Sultan I. Abdülhamid (1774-1789) , İstanbul 2001, s. 175; Mustafa Aydın, Üç Büyük Gücün Çatışma Alanı: Kafkaslar , İstanbul 2005, s. 101-105, 155-156, 215-219; Cengiz Fedakâr, Anapa Kalesi: Karadeniz’in Kuzeyinde Son Osmanlı İstihkâmı: 1781-1801 (doktora tezi, 2010), Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; a.mlf., “1787-1791 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Öncesi Kuzey Kafkasların Tahkimi: Anapa Kalesi”, Karadeniz , I/4, Ankara 2009, s. 46; Mahir Aydın, “Kaf Dağı’nda Türk Kalesi”, MÜTAD , sy. 20 (2009), s. 312; “Anapa”, İA , I, 431.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 92-94 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.