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ANKA Skip to content İslâm tasavvuf ve sanatında anka veya sîmurg, halk arasında zümrüdüanka adlarıyla anılan efsanevî kuş.
1/3 Müellif: SARGON ERDEM Bölüme Git
Araplar’ın ankā’, İranlılar’ın sîmurg adını verdikleri, Türkçe’de ise her iki şekliyle birlikte zümrüdüanka (sîmurg u ankā) olarak da adlandırılan Ön …
2/3 Müellif: SÜLEYMAN ULUDAĞ Bölüme Git
TASAVVUF. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve sahih hadis kaynaklarında anka kelimesine rastlanmaz. Ancak tefsirlerde Furkān sûresinin 38 ve Kāf sûresinin 12. âyetle…
3/3 Müellif: İSKENDER PALA Bölüme Git
EDEBİYAT. Anka, sahip olduğu hemen bütün özellikleriyle ve etrafında gelişen çeşitli efsane, inanış ve telakkilerle Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında…
Araplar’ın ankā’ , İranlılar’ın sîmurg adını verdikleri, Türkçe’de ise her iki şekliyle birlikte zümrüdüanka (sîmurg u ankā) olarak da adlandırılan Ön Asya efsanelerindeki bu kuş, pek çok kaynakta birlikte ele alındığı Batı’daki Eski Mısır kökenli phoenix ve İslâmî çevrelerdeki hümâ / devlet kuşu ndan tamamen, Hint mitolojisindeki garuda ile Altay mitolojisindeki çift başlı kartal dan ise kısmen farklı özelliklere sahiptir. Bu efsanelere göre Kafdağı’nın tepesinde direkleri abanoz, sandal ve öd ağacından yapılmış köşk benzeri bir yuvada yaşayan ankanın başı, yassıca burunlu bir köpek (yırtıcı hayvan) başı gibidir (Esin, s. 350, n. 141). Cüssesi ise çok iri olup “uçtuğu zaman hava kararır” ve “yağmuru mercan olan bir buluta benzer” (İA , X, 653). Uçarken sel sesine veya gök gürültüsüne benzer sesler çıkarır. Ayrıca çok parlaktır, bakan gözler kamaşır (sîmurg-ı âteşînper, sîmurg-ı zerrînper “güneş”). İnsanlar gibi düşünür ve konuşur. Çok geniş bilgi ve hünerlere sahiptir; kendisine başvuran hükümdar ve kahramanlara akıl hocalığı yapar. Tüyleriyle sıvazlayıp yaraları iyi eder. Doğumundan sonra babasının emriyle ormana terkedilen Zâl’i (Rüstem’in babası) o bulmuş ve yuvasına götürerek büyütüp yetiştirmiştir; Anadolu’da ise Keloğlan’ın koruyucusudur. Kafdağı’nı aşabilmek ve göğe yükselebilmek için ankaya binmek gerekir; Zülkarneyn onunla göğe çıkıp yıldızlara ulaşmıştır. Boynunun çok uzun olduğuna veya boynunda beyaz tüylerden bir halka taşıdığına inanılır.
Anadolu Selçuklu sanatında bazı çift başlı kartal tasvirlerinin boynunda bir halka bulunması (Öney, s. 146, 148, resim 17, 21), bu iki efsanevî kuşun birleştirildiğini ve çift başlı kartalın anka sayıldığını açıkça göstermektedir. Buna paralel olarak eski İran mitolojisindeki saena nın da (sîmurg) “iki çehreli” olduğuna inanıldığı bilinmektedir (İA , X, 654). Yine Bizans ve Anadolu Selçuklu tasvirî sanatlarında görülen “İskender’in kartallar tarafından göğe yükseltilmesi” sahnesinin de (Erginsoy, s. 317) Zülkarneyn-anka motifinden kaynaklandığı ve burada ankanın kartala dönüştürülmüş olduğu âşikârdır. Aynı şekilde garudanın tanrı Vişnu’nun binek hayvanı olması (Chevalier – Gheerbrant, “garuda” md.) ve Altay Şamanizmi’nde de şaman ile kestiği kurbanın iki kartal tarafından gökler âlemine yükseltilmesi (İA , XI, 315), hiç şüphesiz yine anka efsanesinin etkisiyledir. İslâm tasavvuf ve edebiyatında ankaya verilen ve bazı kaynaklarda “yutucu, yok edici” şeklinde de yorumlanan muğrib “gurub eden, uzaklaşan, gözden kaybolan” sıfatı, bu efsanevî kuşun gözle görülemeyişiyle ilgilidir ve aynı şekilde çok yüksekten uçtuğu yolundaki inanç da buradan gelmektedir. Bu özelliklerine göre anka ile dünyanın en iri, en yüksekten uçan ve havada en fazla kalabilen (200 gün) kuşu albatros arasında bir benzerlik aramak mümkündür. Anka Hint mitolojisindeki garuda gibi “kuşlar padişahı”dır ve bazı efsanelerde yine onun gibi Kafdağı’ndan başka denizin ortasındaki ulu bir ağacın da tepesinde oturur.
Efsanelerde koruyucu melek kişiliği gösteren bu iyi kalpli ankanın yanı sıra canavar tabiatlı ikinci bir anka daha yer almaktadır. Bu kötü karakterli kuş da yüksek bir dağın tepesinde yaşar ve büyüklüğü “uçan bir dağ”a veya “siyah bir bulut”a benzer. Pençeleriyle pars ve filleri dahi kaldırabilir. Her biri kendisi kadar büyük olan iki yavrusu vardır; birlikte uçtukları vakit çok büyük bir gölge meydana getirirler (İA , X, 653). İsfendiyar tarafından, çevresine keskin silâhlar yerleştirilmiş bir savaş arabası ile öldürülmüş ve ölüsü bir ovanın tamamını kaplamıştır.
İslâm kültür çevrelerindeki bu iyi ve kötü karakterli iki anka motifine paralel olarak Ön Asya folklorunun ana kaynağını ve temelini teşkil eden Sumer-Bâbil mitoloji ve efsanelerinde de yine iyi ve kötü karakterli olmak üzere iki “anzu (imdugud/imbaru) kuşu” motifi bulunmaktadır. Gılgameş efsanesinde yer alan kötü anzu, tanrıça İnanna’nın (İştar) bahçesindeki mukaddes ağaca musallat olmuş üç kötü yaratıktan biridir ve yavrusuyla birlikte bu ağacın tepesine tünemiştir. Gılgameş’in ağacın köklerine sarılan yılanı öldürmesi ve gövdesine yuva yapmış olan vampiri kaçırması üzerine o da yavrusuyla birlikte yüksek dağlara doğru uçar (Kramer, s. 198). Köklerine yılan sarılmış ve tepesine iki anzu kuşu tünemiş mukaddes ağaç, Güney Sibirya – Orta Asya mitolojisindeki, kökleri yılan veya ejderle bütünleşmiş ve tepesine çift başlı kartal (yahut bir çift kartal) tünemiş hayat ağacıyla (Öney, s. 153-154, 168-170) tam bir paralellik göstermektedir. Ayrıca kötü karakterli ankanın iki yavrusuyla birlikte yaşaması gibi kötü anzunun da eşi ve bir yavrusuyla birlikte yaşaması (Kramer, s. 257) başka bir önemli ortak yandır. Arslan başlı ve kartal vücutlu olan iyi anzu ise baş tanrı Gök Tanrısı Anu’nun oğlu olup ilâhî gücün tezahürü ve sembolüdür. “Kanatları yağmur bulutları gibi gökyüzünü tamamen kaplayan” bu mukaddes yaratık, alevli nefesiyle insanları yakıp kavuran “göklerin boğası”nı (aşırı sıcaklar) yutarak yok eder ve darda kalan insanların imdadına yetişir (Frankfort, s. 15). Mezopotamya tasvirî sanatlarında arkaları birbirine dönük iki arslan, boğa, yahut geyiğin sağrılarına pençeleriyle basar vaziyette resmedilen iyi karakterli anzu (Parrot, resim 167-a, 187), iyi anka gibi insanlar için bir koruyucu melek hüviyetindedir ve onun gibi tek başına yaşar.
Anka ile anzu arasındaki en önemli ortak özellik, her ikisinin de kanatlarının gökyüzünü kaplayacak kadar büyük olması ve buluta benzetilmesidir. Bu ortak özellik kuşların taşıdıkları isimlerde de ortaya çıkmakta, bu kelimelerin kökleriyle çeşitli türevlerinin “örtü, perde; bulut, havanın kapanması ve yağmurun çiselemesi” gibi anlamlar ifade ettikleri görülmektedir. Sâmî dillerin hepsinde yer alan ʿank (Akkadca unqu , İbr. āʿnak , Ar. ʿunk ) kökünün taşıdığı mânalardan bazıları “boyun, boğaz; boynun uzun olması” ile “gerdanlık”tır ve bu mânalardan hareket edilerek de ankanın boynunun uzun olduğuna veya boynunda beyaz tüylerden bir halkanın bulunduğuna inanılmıştır. Kelime kökünün diğer mânaları arasında ise, efsanelerde ankanın “göğü karartan bulut”a benzetilmesine ve “göz kamaştıracak kadar parlak” olmasına tam bir uygunluk gösteren “bulut kütlesinden koparak yükselen ve güneş ışınları ile parlayan beyaz bulut parçası, rüzgârın tozları havalandırması veya götürüp dağıtması, rüzgârın kaldırdığı toz bulutunun en yüksek kısmı” mânaları yer almaktadır. Öte yandan Sumer-Bâbil efsanelerinde “kanatları yağmur bulutlarına benzetilen” kuşun Sumerce adı imdugud “fırtına” (im “rüzgâr” + dugud “ağır, şiddetli”) ve bu kelimenin Akkadca karşılıkları olan anzu ile imbaru da “ufkun iyice seçilemediği zaman yerdeki suyun ufuk hattı (yerle göğün birbirine karışmış hali)” ve “bulut, sis, göğü karartan duman, çisentili hava” anlamlarını taşımaktadır (v. Soden, I, 375; III, 1510).
Yukarıda özetlenen açıklamalardan, semavî olayların mitoloji ile yorumlandığı en eski çağlarda, bereketli yağmur getiren bulutların insan muhayyilesinde yağmur/rahmet meleği şeklinde iyi anzu/anka, felâket getiren fırtına bulutlarının da kötü anzu/anka motiflerini doğurmuş olduğu ve Sumer kökenli bu efsanenin en az 5000 yıllık bir zaman dilimi içinde bütün Ön Asya’ya ve İran üzerinden Orta Asya, Güney Sibirya ve Hindistan’a kadar çok geniş bir bölgeye yayılıp günümüze kadar yaşadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿanḳāʾ” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “ʿanḳāʾ” md.
Kāmus Tercümesi , “ʿanḳāʾ” md.
Lane, Lexicon , “ʿanḳāʾ” md.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , “ʿanḳāʾ”, “sîmurg” md.leri.
Ziyâ Şükûn, Farsça-Türkçe Lûgat , “ʿanḳāʾ” md.
A. Parrot, Sumer , München 1962, s. 155-156, resim 163 B, 165, 167, 187, 188, 239.
S. N. Kramer, The Sumarians , Chicago 1963, s. 198, 257, 268.
H. Frankfort v.dğr., Before Philosophy , Maryland 1963, s. 15.
v. Soden, AHW , I, 375; III, 1510.
Emel Esin, “Kün-Ay (Ay-Yıldız Motifinin Proto-Türk Devirden Hakanlılara Kadar İkonografisi)”, TTK Bildiriler , VII (1972), I, 350, nr. 141.
Gönül Öney, “Anadolu Selçuklu Mimarisinde Avcı Kuşlar, Tek ve Çift Başlı Kartal”, Malazgirt Armağanı , Ankara 1972, s. 139-172.
Ülker Erginsoy, İslâm Maden Sanatının Gelişmesi , İstanbul 1978, s. 317.
J. Chevalier – A. Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire des symboles , Paris 1988, “aigle”, “anqa”, “garuda”, “phenix”, “sîmorgh” md.leri.
“Ankâ”, TA , III, 41-42; XXIX, 53.
“Ankâ”, İA , I, 437.
V. F. Büchner, “Sîmurg”, a.e. , X, 653-654.
Sâdettin Buluç, “Şaman”, a.e. , XI, 310-335.
Ch. Pellat, “ʿAnḳāʾ”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 509.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 198-200 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TASAVVUF. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve sahih hadis kaynaklarında anka kelimesine rastlanmaz. Ancak tefsirlerde Furkān sûresinin 38 ve Kāf sûresinin 12. âyetlerinde sözü edilen “Ashâbü’r-res” dolayısıyla anka efsanesi ile ilgili bazı rivayetlere kesin olduğu kabul edilmeksizin yer verilmiştir. Meselâ Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf ’ında ilgili âyetler dolayısıyla, Yemen’de Hanzale b. Safvân adlı bir peygamberin kavmi olan Ashâbü’r-ress’e anka adlı vahşi bir kuşun musallat olduğu belirtilir. Zemahşerî’nin zayıf rivayet olarak naklettiği bilgilere göre boynunun uzun olması dolayısıyla anka adı verilmiş olan bu kuş bütün kuşların en büyüğü idi. Feth adı verilen bir dağda konaklar, av bulamadığı zaman küçük çocukları kapıp götürürdü. Nihayet Hanzale’nin bedduası ile anka yıldırım çarpmasından ölmüştü (el-Keşşâf , III, 92).
Resâʾilü İḫvâni’ṣ-Ṣafâ (II, 293-294), Kazvînî’nin ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt ’ı (s. 281), Demîrî’nin Ḥayâtü’l-ḥayevân ’ı (II, 8690) gibi daha başka kaynaklarda da anka efsanesine ve onun niteliklerine dair bilgiler mevcuttur. Bunlarda ve benzeri kaynaklarda ankanın bembeyaz olması veya boynunda halka gibi bir beyazlık bulunması dolayısıyla bu adı aldığı, başka bir rivayete göre güneşin doğduğu yerde yaşadığı için ona muğrib ya da muğribe denildiği belirtilir. Avlanmaya çıktığında güneşin battığı mağrib yönüne kaçan kuşları takip edip avladığından ona muğrib, muğribe veya anka-yı muğribe denildiği de söylenir. Efsaneye göre anka her kuştan bir özellik almıştır. Otuz kuşun özelliğini taşıdığı için sîmurg , otuz çeşit rengi bulunduğu için sîreng diye de anılır. Renginin yeşil olduğuna inanıldığı için ona zümrüdüanka da denilmiştir. Ancak bu son adın sîmurg u ankā dan geldiği de söylenmektedir. İran destanlarında daha çok sîmurg adıyla anılan ankayı Firdevsî Şehnâme ’sinde, ünlü İran cengâverleri Zâl’i yetiştiren ve oğlu Rüstem’e yardım eden kuş olarak gösterir. Demîrî’nin anlattığına göre güya Aristo bu hayvanı tasvir ederken karnının öküz karnına, tırnaklarının arslan pençesine benzediğini ve yırtıcı kuşların en büyüğü olduğunu söylemiştir. Aynı yazar Mısır Fâtımî halifelerinin hayvanat bahçelerinde anka kuşunun da bulunduğuna dair bir rivayet nakleder. Efsanevî rivayetlerin çoğu ankanın Hz. Mûsâ, Hanzale b. Safvân ya da Hâlid b. Sinân adlı peygamberlerden birinin yaşadığı dönemde görülen bir kuş olduğu üzerinde birleşirler. Bazı rivayetlerde ankanın dişi olduğu, sonradan kendisine bir eş yaratıldığı ve soyunun türediği de öne sürülür; yine rivayetlerin çoğunda ankanın veya anka türünün dönemin peygamberinin bedduası üzerine ortadan kalktığı, bir rivayete göre de Atlas Okyanusu’ndaki ıssız bir adaya sürüldüğü belirtilmekte ve bu bedduaya sebep olarak ankanın av bulamayınca küçük çocukları ya da genç kızları kapıp götürmesi gösterilmektedir.
Tasavvufta anka değişik mânalarda kullanılmış, efsanevî özelliklerinden istifade edilerek bazı tasavvufî görüşler temsilî olarak onunla anlatılmıştır. İlk sûfîlerde rastlanmayan bu adı Rûzbihân-ı Baklî gibi şair ve âşık mutasavvıflar teşbih ve temsil unsuru olarak kullanmışlardır. Fakat bu kavramın tasavvufa iyice yerleşmesini, Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr isimli eserinde bu kuşu geniş olarak ele alan ve işleyen Attâr sağlamıştır. Ona göre anka birlik-çokluk (vahdet-kesret) gibi iki zıt kavramı ifade etmektedir. Sîmurg otuz kuş olarak ele alınınca çokluğu ifade eder, oysa varlığın birden çok olması vehmî ve hayalîdir. Anka gibi çokluğun da gerçekte adı var kendisi yoktur. Diğer taraftan sîmurg kuşların tek padişahı olması dolayısıyla birliği ve gerçek varlığı yani Allah’ı ifade eder. Efsanedeki anka hayali tasavvufta çok değişik şekillerde işlenmiştir. İbnü’l-Arabî, ʿAnḳāʾü muġrib fî maʿrifeti ḫatmi’l-evliyâʾ ve şemsi’l-maġrib adlı eserinde anka imajından faydalanarak mutlak şekilde âlem-insan benzerliğini (büyük âlem – küçük âlem), insanın küçük âlem olduğunu ve mehdî nin âlemdeki yerini tesbit etmeye çalışmıştır.
“Anka Allah’ın, içinde âlemin bedenini (ecsâd-ı âlem) açtığı hebâdan (toz) ibarettir” diyen İbnü’l-Arabî, ankayı bir toz yığını ve zerrecikler olarak düşünmektedir. Bu toz yığınına ve zerreciklere şekil verilerek âlemin maddî ve cismanî varlığı ortaya çıkar yani anka aslında Aristo felsefesinde cismanî varlıkların şekilsiz maddesi olan heyûlâdan ibarettir. Hebânın hariçte, sûretten ayrı, gerçek ve bir aynî varlığı yoktur. Bu hebâ veya heyûlâya anka denilmesi, adının işitilir ve düşünülebilir olması, fakat hariçte varlığının bulunmamasındandır. Sûret olmaksızın hebâ hiçbir şey ifade etmediğinden ona sebha (kumlu ve çorak yer) adı da verilmiştir. Hebânın (heyûlâ) formunun dışında bir varlığı olmaması yani anka gibi adı var kendi yok bir şey olması itibariyle bir hiçtir (adem). Ancak o varlıkların sûretini kabul edip onların şekillenmelerini temin etmesi itibariyle yine de bir şeydir, mutlak yokluk değildir.
Görüldüğü gibi ankaya mâna verirken geniş ölçüde Meşşâî ve İşrâkī felsefelerinden faydalanan İbnü’l-Arabî bu fikri kendi vahdet-i vücûd anlayışına göre yorumlamış, onun bu anlayışı sonraki mutasavvıflarda da aynen devam etmiştir. Aslında İbnü’l-Arabî bazı felsefî mânaları anlatmak, soyut kavramları somutlaştırmak için çeşitli kuş isimlerini sembol olarak daima kullanır. Meselâ akl-ı evvele ukāb (akbaba), küllî nefse verkā (boz güvercin), küllî cisme gurâb (karga) adını verir. Bununla beraber efsanevî bir kuş olan ankanın özellikleri çeşitli tasavvufî mânaların sembolü olarak İbnü’l-Arabî’den sonra da sürekli kullanılmıştır. Meselâ Mevlânâ Celâleddin ankayı yuvası Kafdağı’nda olan bir kuş, Eflâkî çok değerli bir kuş, bir devlet kuşu olarak zikretmişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Arabî, Iṣṭılâḥâtü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye , “ʿanḳāʾ” md.
a.mlf., ʿAnḳāʾü muġrib fî maʿrifeti ḫatmi’l-evliyâʾ ve şemsi’l-maġrib , Kahire, ts.
el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , “ʿanḳāʾ” md.
Firdevsî, Şehnâme (trc. Necati Lugal – Kenan Akyüz), İstanbul 1945.
İhvân-ı Safâ, Resâʾil , Beyrut 1376/1957, II, 293-294.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Kahire) , III, 92.
Attâr, Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr (trc. Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1962.
Mevlânâ, Mesnevî , I, 57.
Zekeriyyâ b. Muhammed el-Kazvînî, ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt , Kahire 1401/1980, s. 281.
Eflâkî, Menâḳıbü’l-ʿârifîn (trc. Tahsin Yazıcı), İstanbul 1973, II, 37, 199.
Demîrî, Ḥayâtü’l-ḥayevân , II, 86-90.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 200-201 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
EDEBİYAT. Anka, sahip olduğu hemen bütün özellikleriyle ve etrafında gelişen çeşitli efsane, inanış ve telakkilerle Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında yer almıştır. Bu üç edebiyat ve kültür çevresinde yukarıdaki bölümlerde başlıcaları verilen efsanevî özellikleriyle ve değişik adlarıyla çeşitli teşbih, mecaz ve mazmunlar halinde geniş bir kullanıma sahip olmuştur. Bilhassa divan edebiyatının manzum ve mensur metinlerinde müsbet özellikleriyle zikredildiğinde renkli tüyleriyle bir cennet kuşu kabul edilerek zümrüdüanka diye adlandırılmış ve bazan devlet kuşu hümâ ile karıştırılarak aynı özelliklere sahip kabul edilmiştir. Kafdağı’nda yaşaması, yükseklerden uçması ve kolay avlanamayışı gibi özellikleri sebebiyle ulaşılması çok zor durumları ifade etmek için de kullanılmıştır. Sevgili, adı herkesçe çok iyi bilindiği halde kendisini görenin olmaması veya gözle görülemeyişi sebebiyle ankaya benzetilmiştir. Onun âşığa iltifat etmesi ve yakınlık göstermesi ise âşığın başına devlet kuşu konması olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Ankanın en yaygın özelliği, kimseye muhtaç olmadan kendi başına yaşadığı için kanaati temsil etmesidir. Bundan kinaye olarak kanaat sahiplerine “ankāmeşrep”, “ankā-tabiat” denir. Kafdağı gibi efsanevî bir yerde yaşadığı için bu kelimeyle birlikte çeşitli şekillerde kullanılır. “Kāf-ı kanâat beklemek” tabirinde görüldüğü üzere kanaat sahibi ve alçak gönüllü, her şeye ve herkese eğilmeyen, kimseye minnet etmeyen, uzlete çekilmiş kişileri ifade eder: “Cîfe-i dünyâ değil kerkes gibi matlûbumuz / Bir bölük ankālarız Kāf-ı kanâat bekleriz” (Fuzûlî). İsmi var cismi yok olduğu için bu sıfatla anılmak istenen şeyler için de kullanılmıştır: “Bî-vücûd olmak gibi yoktur cihânın râhatı / Gör ki sîmurgun ne dâmı var ne de sayyâdı var” (Râgıb Paşa). Yine bu özelliği sebebiyle kimseden bir şey beklemeden darda kalan herkese yardım eden bir varlık hüviyeti kazanmıştır.
Firdevsî’nin Şehnâme ’sinde Zâl’i yetiştiren ve besleyip terbiye ettiği oğlu Rüstem’in yaralarını iyileştiren, ona yardım eden kuş olarak tanıtıldığından edebî metinlerde Zâl-anka-Rüstem münasebetiyle ele alınır. Ayrıca şairler övünmek istedikleri vakit kendilerini, sanattaki üstün ve ulaşılması güç kudretlerini şiir ve hikmetin Kafdağı gibi erişilmesi imkânsız zirvelerinde yaşayan ankaya, velinimetlerini ise Zâl’e benzetirler.
Tasavvufî muhtevalı tekke edebiyatında çeşitli mazmunlar halinde geniş olarak yer verilen ankaya halk hikâye ve masallarında zümrüdüanka adıyla masal kahramanlarına yardım eden, onları gitmek istedikleri uzak diyarlara kanatları üzerinde süratle ulaştıran ve Keloğlan’ın yardımcısı bir kuş olarak rastlanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hafız Divanı (trc. Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı), İstanbul 1985, s. 666.
Levend, Divan Edebiyatı , s. 183.
Mustafa Nihat Özön, Edebiyat ve Tenkid Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1954, s. 15.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, I, 51-53; II, 340.
İnci Enginün, “Ankâ”, TDEA , I, 139-140.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 201 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.