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ANTEP SAVUNMASI VE AÇLIK Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 53, 110 – 125, 30.06.2024
Mustafa Çabuk Deniz Ayata
Öz Birinci Dünya savaşından sonra Osmanlı Devleti ile İtilaf Devletleri arasında Mondros Mütarekesi imzalandı. Mütarekeden sonra İngilizler, Antep, Urfa ve Maraş’ı işgal ettiler. Daha sonra İngilizler Fransızlarla yaptığı bir antlaşmayla Antep, Urfa ve Maraş’ı Fransızlara bıraktı. Fransız işgaline bölge halkı silahlı direnişe başladı. Halkın direnişi sonucunda Fransızlar önce Maraş’ı ardından Urfa’yı terk ettiler. Antep’teki işgali ise devam ettirdiler. Antep’te Kuvayı Milliye birlikleri İşgal güçlerine karşı şiddetli bir direniş gösterdiler. Fransızlar silah gücü bakımından üstün olmalarına rağmen Antep’teki direnişi kıramadılar. Bunun üzerine şehri abluka altında tutarak, Anteplileri şehri teslim etmeye zorladılar. 1 Nisan 1920 tarihinden 9 Şubat 1921 tarihine kadar Antep halkı Fransız işgal güçlerine karşı şiddetli bir direniş gösterdi. Bu zaman diliminde düşmanın top atışlarına, ağır silahlarına karşı direnen halk diğer yandan da soğuk hava şartları ile abluka sonucu ortaya çıkan kıtlık ve açlıkla mücadele etmek zorunda kaldı. Açlık nedeniyle halk at, eşek, kedi ve köpek gibi hayvanlar dahil ne bulduysa yemek zorunda kaldı. Halkın birçoğu ağaç kabuğu, süpürge tohumu, ot yiyerek mücadeleye devam ettiler. Zerdali çekirdeği ile karışık bir undan yapılan ekmeği halk aylarca yemek zorunda kaldı. Zerdali çekirdeklerinden zehirlenip hayatını kaybedenler oldu. Bu ekmeğin yenmesi yasaklanmasına rağmen yiyecek kıtlığından dolayı halk yemeye devam etti. Bu araştırmada Milli Mücadele döneminde Antep’in işgal edilmesi ve bu işgallere karşı halkın direnişi ele alındı. Çalışmada özellikle işgal yıllarında Antep’teki direniş ortaya koyulurken, şehrin açlık, kıtlık, soğuk ve salgın hastalıklarla olan mücadelesi üzerinde durularak açlığın, soğuğun, kıtlığın ve salgının şehir direnişine verdiği zarar ve direnişin seyrine olan etkisi incelendi.
Anahtar Kelimeler Savaş, İşgal, Direniş, Açlık
Kaynakça Abadi. (1999). Türk Verdünü Gaziantep Antep’in dört muhasarası. Gaziantep: Gaziyurt Matbaası. Akçora, E. (1995). Kilis’in Antep müdafaasındaki yeri. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 11(31), 55-87. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1170476. Atay, Z. G. (2011). M. Oğuz Göğüş Arşivi”nden Antep harbi. Gaziantep: Kültür Yayınları. Başkan, Ö. F. (2020). Millî Mücadele yıllarında İngiliz ve Fransızların işgal ettikleri Güney Bölgesi’nde haberleşmeye yönelik sansür uygulamaları. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 36(101), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.33419/aamd.732710. Bozgeyik, B. (1994). İstiklal Harbinde Gaziantep. İstanbul: Gaziantep Şehit Kamil Belediyesi Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Bozgeyik, B. (1996). Her yönüyle Gaziantep Tarih/Kültür/Folklor. Gaziantep: Şehit Kamil Belediyesi Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Büyükoğlu, Y. (2006). Milli Mücadele döneminde Güneydoğu Anadolu 30-10-1918/20-10-1921. Gaziantep: Form Matbaacılık. Çakar, M. (2014). Antep savunması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Ankara.1-72. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/206481/yokAcikBilim_10028790.pdf?sequence=-1 Çiftçi, A. E. (2009). İlk Çağdan günümüze Gaziantep tarihi. Gaziantep: Damla Matbaası. Eyicil, A. ve Kekil, S. (2022). Güney Cephesi Maraş ve Antep’te Kuvayi Milliyenin işgalcilere karşı mücadelesi. Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. 58, 1375-1408. Gaziantep İl Yıllığı 1968. (1969). Ankara: Ayyıldız Matbaası. Gaziantep İl Yıllığı 2002. (2002). Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi. Güzelhan, M. (1959). Ayıntap tarihinden notlar (Dülük-Ayn-i Bedrettin – Ayıntabın Tarihte Uğradığı İstilalar). Gaziantep: Kitap ve Broşür Yayınları. Gömeç, S. (1989). Milli Mücadelede Gaziantep. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları. İlik, S. (2019). Atatürk’ün dava arkadaşlarından Kılıç Ali. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir. 1-175. Karaca, Ö. (2022). Tarihin yansımasında Gazi Şehir Antep’in işgali ve halkın mücadelesi. 1-22 DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25343.28324 Kurt, İ. (2014). Güney Cephesinde Antep işgali 1919-1921. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara. 1-179. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi. Kurt, Ü. ve Uçaner, M. (2015). A. Gesar Antep’in varoluş mücadelesi. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları. Kürekci, M. N. (2019). Savaş Gastronomisi: Savaşa dayalı gastronomiye ilişkin teorik bir analiz ve Kurtuluş Savaşı’ında Antep açlık beyannamesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Gaziantep. 1-60. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi. Nureddin. L. M. (1988). Gaziantep savunması. İstanbul: Kastaş A.Ş. Özlü, Z. (2020a), Yıkılmış bir şehri inşa ve ihya edenler: Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Gaziantep’te esnaf ve tüccar aileler. İstanbul, Gazi Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları. Özlü, Z. (2020b), İstiklâl sevgisinin âbidesi: Gâzi‘ayıntâb müdâfaası. Müellif: Lohânîzâde Mustafa Nureddin, Gaziantep, Şehitkamil Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. Öztaş, K. (2012). M. Abadie Antep ve dört kuşatma 1920-1921. İstanbul: Kayhan Matbaacılık. Öztürk, A. (1994). Milli Mücadele’de Gaziantep. Kayseri: Geçit Yayınları. Pamuk, B. (2009). Bir şehrin direnişi Antep savunması. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. Pamuk, B. (2019). 1918-1921 Antep savunması kronolojisi. Gaziantep: Şehit Kamil Belediyesi. Seçkinler, A. H. (2021). Antep savunması ve Türk polisinin Antep savunmasındaki faaliyetleri. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Ayıntab Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-14. Solmaz, M. (1983). Gaziantep’in adaşı ve fahri hemşehrisi Atatürk Gaziantep’te (Mektuplar, Belgeler, Fotoğraflar, Anılar ve Gaziantep Nüfusuna Tescili). İstanbul: Eko Matbaası. Ünler, A. N. (1969). Türkün kurtuluş savaşında Gaziantep savunması. İstanbul: Kardeşler Matbaacılık. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2014). Antep savunması askeri iaşe defterleri açlığın günlüğü. Gaziantep: Şehit Kamil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2014). Antep Savunması hastane defteri bir şehrin feryadı. Gaziantep: Şehitkâmil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını. Yakar, H. İ. (2015). Gaziantep savunması hatıraları – belgeler. Gaziantep: Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2017). Antep savunması iaşe satınalma defteri bir şehrin dayanışması. Gaziantep: Şehitkamil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2017). Antep savunması heyet-i merkeziye muharebe defteri savunmanın şifreleri. Gaziantep: Şehitkâmil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını.
DEFENSE OF AYNTAB AND STARVATION Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 53, 110 – 125, 30.06.2024
Mustafa Çabuk Deniz Ayata
Öz After the First World War, the Armistice of Mondros was signed between the Ottoman State and the Allied Powers. After the Armistice, the British occupied Antep, Urfa and Maraş. Later, the British left Antep, Urfa and Maraş to the French with a treaty with the French. The people of the region started armed resistance to the French occupation. As a result of the resistance of the people, the French first left Maraş and then Urfa. They continued the occupation in Ayntab. In Ayntab, the Kuvayı Milliye troops showed a fierce resistance against the occupation forces. Although the French were superior in terms of weaponry, they could not break the resistance in Ayntab. Thereupon, they blockaded the city and forced the people of Ayntab to surrender the city. From 1 April 1920 to 9 February 1921, the people of Antep showed fierce resistance against the French occupation forces. During this period, the people who resisted against the enemy’s artillery and heavy weapons had to struggle against the cold weather conditions and the famine and hunger that emerged as a result of the blockade. Due to hunger, the people had to eat whatever they could find, including animals such as horses, donkeys, cats and dogs. Many people continued to struggle by eating bark, broom seeds and grass. For months the people had to eat bread made from a flour mixed with turmeric seeds. Some people died after being poisoned by the zerdali seeds. Although this bread was banned, people continued to eat it due to food shortages. In this study, the occupation of Ayntab during the National Struggle period and the resistance of the people and the Kuvayi Milliye against these occupations were discussed. In the study, while revealing the resistance in Ayntab, especially during the years of occupation, the struggle of the city with hunger, famine, cold and epidemic diseases was emphasized, and the damage caused by hunger, cold, famine and epidemic to the resistance of the city and its effect on the course of the resistance was examined.
Anahtar Kelimeler Ayntab, War, Occupation, Resistance, Starvation
Kaynakça Abadi. (1999). Türk Verdünü Gaziantep Antep’in dört muhasarası. Gaziantep: Gaziyurt Matbaası. Akçora, E. (1995). Kilis’in Antep müdafaasındaki yeri. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 11(31), 55-87. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1170476. Atay, Z. G. (2011). M. Oğuz Göğüş Arşivi”nden Antep harbi. Gaziantep: Kültür Yayınları. Başkan, Ö. F. (2020). Millî Mücadele yıllarında İngiliz ve Fransızların işgal ettikleri Güney Bölgesi’nde haberleşmeye yönelik sansür uygulamaları. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 36(101), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.33419/aamd.732710. Bozgeyik, B. (1994). İstiklal Harbinde Gaziantep. İstanbul: Gaziantep Şehit Kamil Belediyesi Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Bozgeyik, B. (1996). Her yönüyle Gaziantep Tarih/Kültür/Folklor. Gaziantep: Şehit Kamil Belediyesi Kültür Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Büyükoğlu, Y. (2006). Milli Mücadele döneminde Güneydoğu Anadolu 30-10-1918/20-10-1921. Gaziantep: Form Matbaacılık. Çakar, M. (2014). Antep savunması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Ankara.1-72. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/206481/yokAcikBilim_10028790.pdf?sequence=-1 Çiftçi, A. E. (2009). İlk Çağdan günümüze Gaziantep tarihi. Gaziantep: Damla Matbaası. Eyicil, A. ve Kekil, S. (2022). Güney Cephesi Maraş ve Antep’te Kuvayi Milliyenin işgalcilere karşı mücadelesi. Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. 58, 1375-1408. Gaziantep İl Yıllığı 1968. (1969). Ankara: Ayyıldız Matbaası. Gaziantep İl Yıllığı 2002. (2002). Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi. Güzelhan, M. (1959). Ayıntap tarihinden notlar (Dülük-Ayn-i Bedrettin – Ayıntabın Tarihte Uğradığı İstilalar). Gaziantep: Kitap ve Broşür Yayınları. Gömeç, S. (1989). Milli Mücadelede Gaziantep. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları. İlik, S. (2019). Atatürk’ün dava arkadaşlarından Kılıç Ali. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir. 1-175. Karaca, Ö. (2022). Tarihin yansımasında Gazi Şehir Antep’in işgali ve halkın mücadelesi. 1-22 DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25343.28324 Kurt, İ. (2014). Güney Cephesinde Antep işgali 1919-1921. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara. 1-179. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi. Kurt, Ü. ve Uçaner, M. (2015). A. Gesar Antep’in varoluş mücadelesi. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları. Kürekci, M. N. (2019). Savaş Gastronomisi: Savaşa dayalı gastronomiye ilişkin teorik bir analiz ve Kurtuluş Savaşı’ında Antep açlık beyannamesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Gaziantep. 1-60. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi. Nureddin. L. M. (1988). Gaziantep savunması. İstanbul: Kastaş A.Ş. Özlü, Z. (2020a), Yıkılmış bir şehri inşa ve ihya edenler: Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Gaziantep’te esnaf ve tüccar aileler. İstanbul, Gazi Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları. Özlü, Z. (2020b), İstiklâl sevgisinin âbidesi: Gâzi‘ayıntâb müdâfaası. Müellif: Lohânîzâde Mustafa Nureddin, Gaziantep, Şehitkamil Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. Öztaş, K. (2012). M. Abadie Antep ve dört kuşatma 1920-1921. İstanbul: Kayhan Matbaacılık. Öztürk, A. (1994). Milli Mücadele’de Gaziantep. Kayseri: Geçit Yayınları. Pamuk, B. (2009). Bir şehrin direnişi Antep savunması. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. Pamuk, B. (2019). 1918-1921 Antep savunması kronolojisi. Gaziantep: Şehit Kamil Belediyesi. Seçkinler, A. H. (2021). Antep savunması ve Türk polisinin Antep savunmasındaki faaliyetleri. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Ayıntab Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-14. Solmaz, M. (1983). Gaziantep’in adaşı ve fahri hemşehrisi Atatürk Gaziantep’te (Mektuplar, Belgeler, Fotoğraflar, Anılar ve Gaziantep Nüfusuna Tescili). İstanbul: Eko Matbaası. Ünler, A. N. (1969). Türkün kurtuluş savaşında Gaziantep savunması. İstanbul: Kardeşler Matbaacılık. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2014). Antep savunması askeri iaşe defterleri açlığın günlüğü. Gaziantep: Şehit Kamil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2014). Antep Savunması hastane defteri bir şehrin feryadı. Gaziantep: Şehitkâmil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını. Yakar, H. İ. (2015). Gaziantep savunması hatıraları – belgeler. Gaziantep: Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2017). Antep savunması iaşe satınalma defteri bir şehrin dayanışması. Gaziantep: Şehitkamil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını. Yakar, H. İ. ve Pusat, Ü. G. Y. (2017). Antep savunması heyet-i merkeziye muharebe defteri savunmanın şifreleri. Gaziantep: Şehitkâmil Belediyesi Kültür Yayını. Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Yakınçağ Osmanlı Tarihi Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Mustafa Çabuk KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-5560-8193 Türkiye
Deniz Ayata KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0003-4692-5589 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mart 2024 Kabul Tarihi 26 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 53
Kaynak Göster APA Çabuk, M., & Ayata, D. (2024). ANTEP SAVUNMASI VE AÇLIK. Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(53), 110-125.
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