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ARABESK Skip to content İslâm ve Türk tezyinatındaki girift süsleme tarzı.
İslâm tezyinatında ve Avrupa Rönesans mimarisinde görülen stilize bitki, hayvan ve geometrik süs unsurlarıyla yüklü bir şekilde hazırlanmış kompozisyonlar genellikle arabesk olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Batı ülkelerinde bu tür girift süslemelerin Arap tarzını ifade ettiği şeklindeki bir genelleme, bütün müslüman topluluklara ait tezyinî sanatların aynı ad altında toplanmasına yol açmış ve buna göre Hindistan’dan İspanya’ya kadar uzanan bölgelerde görülen süsleme tarzına arabesk denmiştir. İslâm tezyinatının kaynağı, yayılma alanları, esas ve mahiyeti bakımından bunun yanlış bir adlandırma olduğunun artık anlaşılmasına rağmen arabesk terimi günümüzde de yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır.
Arabesk terimi arab kelimesiyle Latince’de sıfat türeten –iscus ekinin birleşmesinden önce arabescus biçiminde ortaya çıkmış, bazan da rabesco şeklini alarak yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminden önce Türkçe’ye Fransızca’daki söyleniş tarzıyla girmiş olan kelime, sözlük ve ansiklopedilerin birçoğunda “Arap tarzı süsleme, değişik süs elemanlarının girift bir şekilde birbiriyle kaynaşması” şeklinde tarif edilmiştir. Ayrıntılı bilgiler veren yabancı ansiklopedilerde ise ileri sürülen örnek ve bilgilerin birbirini tutmadığı, arabeski meydana getiren unsurlar konusunda bir görüş birliğine varılamadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Söz konusu yayınlarda ayrıca mauresque, saracenic ve grotesque gibi maddelere atıf yapılması, bu kavramın tarihî kaynağı ve terminolojik menşei hususunda bazı tereddütlerin mevcut olduğunu da göstermektedir.
Terimi ilk defa kullanan Avrupalı yazarlar, İslâm topluluğunun bir üyesi olan Arap kavminin adından yola çıkarak, nerede ve ne zaman yapılmış olursa olsun İslâm tezyinatının hemen bütününe arabesk adını vermişlerdir. Seyahatnâme, hâtırat, diğer kitap ve ansiklopedilerde bu terimi açıklamak üzere kullanılan gravür ve çizimler İspanya, Fas, Hindistan, İran ve Anadolu gibi birbirlerine çok uzak çevrelerden alınmıştır.
Arabesk kelimesinin ilk defa ortaya çıkışı ve bugünkü anlamıyla kullanılışı XIV. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar inmektedir. Kelime muhtemelen ilk defa İtalyan yazarı Giovanni Bocaccio’nun Decameron (1350) adlı eserinde arabesco şeklinde kullanılmıştır. Daha XIV. yüzyılın ortalarında, yani Decameron ’un Avrupalı hümanistler tarafından okunduğu günlerde, bu terimle “Doğu ile ilgili, Araplar’a ait” bir kültür unsurunun anlatılmak istendiği okuyucu tarafından biliniyordu. Decameron ’un çeşitli dillere yapılan tercümelerinde bu terim “Saracen fashion” (Doğu tarzı) ve “Arabian clothes” (Arap kıyafeti) şeklindeki ifadelerle aktarılmıştır.
XIV. yüzyıldan başlayarak terimin İtalyan kültür çevrelerinde kendini göstermesi ve bu dilin klasik eserleri aracılığıyla yayılmaya başlaması, İtalya yarımadasının jeopolitik ve ticarî münasebetlerde oynadığı rol ile yakından ilgilidir. Ortaçağ boyunca Batı Akdeniz’e doğru gelişen İslâm fetihleri, İtalyan şehirlerinin İslâm devletleriyle olan ticarî münasebetleri, bu arada çok çeşitli Doğu eşyasının yarımadaya getirilişi, Doğu tarzındaki sanat eserlerinin yakından tanınmasına da yol açmıştır. Sonuç olarak, askerî fetihler ve ticaret malları yanında, İslâm-Arap toplumunun hayat tarzı ve zevkine uygun olarak üretilmiş eşya ile birlikte moda olan pek çok şey yeni isimler almış, arabesk de bunlardan biri olmuştur.
Jeopolitik mevkii bakımından İtalya’ya benzeyen İspanya, İslâm ordularının ayak bastığı ve büyük bir müslüman nüfusun yerleştiği, hatta müslüman sultanların devlet kurdukları bir ülke olmasına rağmen, arabesk kelimesinin bu dile İtalyanca’dan geçtiği ve ilk defa 1567 yılında kullanıldığı kabul edilmektedir. İspanya’daki İslâm eserlerinin tezyinatı ve özellikle Elhamra Sarayı’nın süslemeleri uzun süre Avrupalılar’ın hayranlığını çekmiş olacak ki bazı yayınlarda Endülüs sanatındaki süslemeler elhamresque adıyla tanımlanmıştır. XVI. yüzyıl içinde Doğu-İslâm sanatı Avrupa’da moda halini alınca, özellikle Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devri Osmanlı sanatı kaçınılmaz etkilerini göstermiş, bu sanatın çekiciliğine kapılan pek çok Batılı sanatkâr İznik çinileri, halılar, cilt kapakları, sedef kakmalar ve metal işlerinden kopyalar ve uyarlamalar yaparak arabesk çalışmışlardır. Avrupa’ya ihraç edilen Doğu eşyasını esas alarak çalışan A. Dürer, N. Zoppino, F. Pellegrino ve P. Flötner gibi sanatçıların baskı desenlerini, İslâm sanatının orijinal örneklerinden ayırt etmek âdeta imkânsızdır. Bu tür denemeler yapan sanatçılara Hirschvogel, H. Holbein ve Genç Holbein’i de ekleyebiliriz. Doğu’dan gelen halı, kilim, diğer tekstil ürünleri ile birlikte kitap ciltleri gibi çeşitli eşyalar da Avrupalı sanatçılar tarafından model olarak alınınca bunlar müzik ve edebiyatı da etkilemiş, böylece arabesk terimi Avrupa sanat kültürüne daha geniş bir şekilde yerleşmiştir.
Arabesk kelimesinin XIX. yüzyıl Avrupa edebiyatında belirttiği karakter ve estetik kuruluş önceleri sadece İslâm süslemelerini ifade etmekteyken zamanla İslâmî olmayan dekorasyon tarzları için de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Rönesans ve onu takip eden yıllarda antik merkezlerde, özellikle Pompeii, Herculaneum ve Roma gibi şehirlerde ele geçen plastik eserlerin bir kısmı da arabesk olarak nitelendiriliyordu. Böylece Avrupaî arabesk olarak adlandırabileceğimiz yeni bir kategori sanat diline yerleşmeye başladı. Antik buluntular arasında kıvrımdal (rinceau), insan ve hayvan figürlerinin de yer aldığı bitkisel kompozisyonlar, Doğu kaynaklı olmamakla birlikte, yoğun ve karmaşık bir yapı gösterdiğinden İslâmî arabeski hatırlatmaktaydı. Avrupaî arabesk olarak adlandırabileceğimiz bu türün en güzel örneklerini Bramante, Rafael, P. Flötner ve G. Romano gibi sanatçılar yeni yorumlarla tekrar ele almışlardır. Bazı Avrupa yayınlarında, Doğu kaynaklı asıl arabesk ile bu ikinci tür birbirinden ayrı tutulmakta, birine “autentic arabesque”, diğerine ise Roma kökenli “grotesque”den kaynaklanan arabesk denmektedir. Başta çağımızın Fransız edebiyatçıları Baudelaire, Chateaubriand, Balzac, Flaubert, Hugo, Michelet ve Lamartine olmak üzere, aralarında Alman yazarı Goethe’nin de bulunduğu pek çok Avrupalı edebiyatçı bu terimi kullandılar. Bu dönemde arabesk Doğu tarzı resim, müzik, heykel ve bu tarzın etkisinde ortaya çıkmış bütün sanat eserleri için kullanılmıştır.
Arabesk terimi XIX. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Türkçe sözlüklerde de yer almaya başlamıştır. C. Esat Arseven Sanat Kamusu ’nda, arabesk denince yalnızca geometrik süslemelerin anlaşılması gerektiğini savunur. Sanat Ansiklopedisi ’nde ve Les Arts Décoratifs Turcs ’de ise arabeski daha etraflıca tartışır. Yazar terimi Türkçeleştirerek “girift tezyinat”, “girişik bezeme” ve “Türk yolu”nu teklif etmekle birlikte, Batı dillerinde kökleşmiş ve yaygınlık kazanmış olan arabeski kullanmak zorunda olduğunu da kaydetmektedir.
Günümüz araştırmacıları arasında Anadolu Türk sanatı hakkında geniş muhtevalı çalışmalarıyla tanınan Oktay Aslanapa arabesk için, “kesintisiz kıvrımlar yaparak ilerleyen bütün İslâm dekorasyonunun yaygın karakteri” tarifini vermektedir. Anadolu Selçuklu dinî yapılarındaki çini süslemelerini inceleyen M. Meinecke, kendi içinde bir bütün teşkil eden ve yalnızca sınırlı alanlar içinde kullanılan bitkisel unsurları arabesk olarak tanımlar. Yine Selçuklu sanatını konu alan kitabında, T. T. Rice, arabeskin İbn Tolun Camii’nde kullanıldığını, sonra da Selçuklu dekorasyonlarında önemli bir yer tuttuğunu belirtir.
Görüldüğü üzere arabesk terimi bugün bile farklı anlayışlarla kullanılmakta ve bu farklılıklar bir etimolojik menşe farkına dayanmaktadır. Genel anlamda ise İslâm milletlerinin kullanmış oldukları süslemelerin Arap kavminin mirası olarak gösterilemeyeceği kanaati paylaşılmaktadır.
Esasında şimdiye kadar sadece arabesk adıyla tanımlanan örneklerin “İslâm tezyinatı” başlığı altında toplanması fikrinden hareket etmek doğru olur. Genel olarak İslâm tezyinatı adını verdiğimiz malzemenin bağlı olduğu bölge veya devir özelliğine göre Emevî, Fâtımî, Endülüs, Büyük Selçuklu, Anadolu Selçuklu ve Osmanlı gibi adlarla anılması ilmî gerçeklere daha uygundur. İslâm ülkelerinin her birinde farklı bir süsleme anlayışı olduğu açıktır. Ancak tezyinatın kompozisyon şeması ve esası bütün İslâm dünyasında aynıdır. Şekillerin gelişme istikameti, birleşme, çoğalma ve yüzey üzerindeki yayılma prensipleri Afganistan’dan İspanya’ya kadar birbirine benzer. Bölge farklılığı, sadece tezyinata katılan unsurların sayısı ve çeşitlerinde söz konusudur. Bazı ülkelerde bitki motifleri ağır basarken bazı bölgelerde hayvan motifleri fazlaca yer tutabilir. Aynı şekilde farklı malzemelerde halı, kilim, ahşap, maden ve taş süslemelerde de bu değişkenlik kendini belli eder.
İslâm tezyinatında yer alan bütün şekiller ve bunların kompozisyon tarzları, müslüman milletlerin sanatlarında ölçülerini ve tekniğini bulmuştur. Motiflerin sınıflandırılması yapılmış, terimleri belirlenmiştir. Bütün bu hususlar arabesk gibi bir genellemeye gitmenin gereksiz olduğunu göstermektedir. Bugün için terimin anlamı ve biçim değeri bakımından gerçek bir karşılığı olmadığı da anlaşılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 246-248 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.