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AREL, Hüseyin Sadeddin Skip to content (1880-1955)
Ünlü Türk mûsiki bilgini, bestekâr ve hukukçu.
Babası, Anadolu kazaskeri Dardağanzâde Hacı Mehmed Emin Efendi, annesi Fatma Zekiye Hanım’dır. Ailesi soyadı kanunundan sonra Arsebük, Arel ve Dardağan soyadları ile devam etmiştir.
İstanbul Vefa’da doğdu. İlk öğrenimine Vefa’daki Taşmektep’te başladı, Şemsülmaârif ve Numûne-i Terakkî mekteplerinde devam etti. Babasının nâib olarak İzmir’e tayin edilmesinden sonra orta öğrenimini oradaki Fransız Koleji’nde yaptı. Bir taraftan da özel olarak İngilizce, Fransızca ve Almanca dersleri alıyordu. Ayrıca İzmir’de başladığı medrese tahsilini, İstanbul’da tamamlayarak İstanbul ruûsunu kazandı. Yüksek tahsilini İstanbul’da Mekteb-i Hukuk-ı Şâhâne’den birincilikle mezun olarak tamamladı (1906).
Daha orta öğrenimi sırasında memuriyet hayatına girdi. Önce Aydın Vilâyeti Mektûbî Kalemi müsevvid i oldu (1895). Sonra İstanbul’da Adliye Nezâreti’nde sırasıyla mütercimlik, Mektûbî Kalemi şifre kâtipliği, mühür ve şifre müdürlüğü ile mektûbî muavinliği görevlerinde bulundu. Bu görevde iken Adliye Nâzırı Abdurrahman Paşa’nın kızı Pâkize Hanım’la evlendi (1907). II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra Adliye Nezâreti mektûbî müdürlüğüne terfî etti. Otuz üç günlük Ticâret-i Bahriyye Mahkemesi âzalığından sonra Rumeli-i Şâhâne Vilâyât-ı Selâse adliye müfettişliğine tayin edildi (1 Kasım 1909). 1910’da Washington’da toplanan Milletlerarası Hukuk Kongresi’ne Osmanlı Devleti delegesi olarak katıldı. Bu münasebetle Avrupa ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ni gezerek incelemeler yapma imkânı buldu. Bir müddet sonra tekrar Adliye Nezâreti’nde görev aldı. Buradaki Umûr-ı Cezâiyye müdürlüğü ve müsteşarlık vazifelerinden sonra 1 Mart 1913’te Şûrâ-yı Devlet Nâfia ve Maliye Dairesi âzası oldu. Bir yıl sonra Defter-i Hâkānî nâzırlığına, 1915’te Şûrâ-yı Devlet Tanzimat Dairesi reisliğine getirildi. Aralık 1918’de Şûrâ-yı Devlet’in lağvı üzerine bu görevden ayrıldı. Cumhuriyet’in ilân edildiği günlerde İzmir’e giderek bir avukatlık bürosu açtı ve beş yıl burada kaldı. Bu yıllarda Adliye Vekâleti Ahkâm-ı Şahsiyye Komisyonu’na başkanlık etti, tapu ve kadastro kanununun çıkmasını sağladı. Türk Hukukçular Derneği’ni kurdu. 1943’te İstanbul Belediye Konservatuarı İlmî Kurul reisliğine getirildi ve beş yıl bu görevde kaldı. Bu görevde iken Filarmoni Derneği’ni kurdu. Başkanlıktan ayrıldığı yıl İleri Türk Mûsikisi Konservatuarı Derneği’ni kurdu ve hayatının sonuna kadar bu derneğin başkanlığını yaptı. 6 Mayıs 1955’te Şişli’deki evinde vefat etti. Kabri Zincirlikuyu Asrî Mezarlığı’ndadır.
İngilizce, Fransızca, Almanca, Arapça ve Farsça’yı birinden diğerine tercüme yapacak derecede iyi bilen Arel İslâm hukuku, Mecelle ve Avrupa hukuku hakkındaki derin bilgisiyle Türk hukuk tarihinin önemli simaları arasında yer almıştır. Devletin çeşitli kademelerinde üstlendiği görevler, Avrupa ve Birleşik Amerika’da verdiği konferanslar, tebliğler ve yazdığı makalelerle 1928-1953 yılları arasında İstanbul’daki avukatlık hayatı onun iyi bir hukukçu olarak tanınmasına sebep olmuştur. Fakat asıl şöhretini Türk mûsikisindeki çalışmalarıyla elde eden Arel’in bilhassa Türk mûsikisinin son devirdeki en önemli birkaç simasından biri olduğu kabul edilmektedir.
İlk mûsiki tahsiline İzmir’de on yaşlarında iken mandolin çalarak başladı. Bir süre sonra Şeyh Cemal Efendi’den ud ve Türk mûsikisi dersleri aldı. İstanbul’a döndüğünde bestekâr udî Şekerci Cemil Efendi’den mûsiki bilgisini ilerletti. Ayrıca ney, piyano ve diğer bazı nefesli ve yaylı sazları öğrendi. 1907-1909 yıllarında ünlü besteci ve mûsiki bilgini Edgar Manas’tan armoni, kontrpuan ve füg dersleri aldı. Başta Şeyh Hüseyin Fahreddin Dede olmak üzere çeşitli üstatlardan Türk klasik ve dinî mûsikisi meşketti. Özel mûsiki toplantılarının birinde Dr. Suphi Ezgi ile tanıştı ve onunla hayat boyu sürecek bir mûsiki arkadaşlığına başladı. Dârütta‘lîm-i Mûsikî’nin öğretim kadrosunda yer aldı. Ayrıca çok sesli mûsiki ile de meşgul oldu. Kemençe beşlemesi gibi bir yeniliği gerçekleştirerek soprano, alto, tenor, bas, kontrbas olmak üzere beş ayrı boy kemençe imal ettirdi. Bu sazlar için dörtleme ve beşlemeler besteledi. İstanbul Şehir Umumi Meclisi’nce İstanbul Konservatuvarı Batı Mûsikisi Bölümü’nün düzeltilmesi ve 1926’da kapanan Türk Mûsikisi Bölümü’nün yeniden açılması için büyük yetkilerle İlmî Kurul reisliğine getirildi. Burada Türk mûsikisi nazariyatı ve tarihi dersleri verdi. Türk Mûsikisi İcra Heyeti adıyla bir topluluk kurdu. Konservatuar’ın Batı Mûsikisi Bölümü’nü orta derecede bir Avrupa konservatuarı seviyesine ulaştırdı. Belediye Konservatuarı’ndan ayrıldıktan sonra İleri Türk Mûsikisi Konservatuarı’nı kurdu. 1953’e kadar buradaki derslerine devam etti.
İstanbul Belediye Konservatuarı’nda ders verdiği sıralarda, Türk mûsikisinin nazariyatı ve tatbikatı ile ilgili fikirlerini benimseyen öğrencileri Arelci adı ile anılmaya başladı. Sonraları, bu yeni şartlar içinde yapılan eğitim hamleleri Arelcilik akımı olarak nitelendirildi. Bu akımın ilkelerini şu şekilde tesbit etmek mümkündür: Millî mûsikimizin adı Türk mûsikisidir, ona alaturka demek yanlıştır. Türk mûsikisi bir bütündür, sanat mûsikisi ve halk mûsikisi gibi ayırımlar bu bütünün dallarından başka bir şey değildir. Millî mûsiki heptatoniktir (bir sekizlide yedi ses kullanılır), pentatonik (beş sesli) değildir. Türk mûsikisi ses sistemi tarihten gelen bir düzen içinde yirmi dört perdeli ve aralıkları eşit olmayan bir sistemdir ve Türk mûsikisinde Arel-Ezgi notasyonu olarak anılan notasyon ses sistemi ile bağlantılı olarak kullanılır. Türk mûsikisi sahip olduğu geniş, zengin, değerli kaynak ve malzemesiyle ilerlemeye Batı mûsikisinden daha müsaittir. Bununla beraber Türk mûsikisi Batı mûsikisinin metot ve usullerinden de faydalanmalıdır. Okullarda mûsiki eğitimi ve öğretimi Türk mûsikisi nazariyatı esaslarına göre metotlu bir şekilde yapılmalıdır. Türk mûsikisi ilmî olarak incelenmeli, araştırılmalı ve çok sesliliğe açılmalıdır.
Osmanlı Devleti devrinden başlayarak çok geniş bir mûsiki çevresi ile münasebet kuran Arel’in İstanbul Şişli Küçükbahçe sokağındaki tarihî evinde yapılan mûtat cumartesi toplantıları mûsiki, edebiyat, millî sanat ve kültür konularında akademik sohbet, müzakere ve münazaralara sahne olmuş bir mektep olarak kabul edilebilir. Engin bilgisi yanında ölçülü, ağır başlı, mütevazi şahsiyeti onu birçok öğrenci ve ilim adamının âdeta müracaat makamı haline getirmiştir. Zamanımızda Türk ve Batı mûsikisi alanında yetişmiş belli başlı birçok mûsikişinasın bizzat onun öğretiminden geçtiği veya etrafında teşekkül eden sanat ve kültür halkasında yer aldığı söylenebilir. A. Adnan Saygun, Mesud Cemil, Fahri Kopuz, Ruşen Kam, Kemal Batanay, Veli Kanık, Hasan Ferit Alnar, Kemal İlerici ilk dönem; Lâika Karabey, Ercümend Berker, Haydar Sanal, Burhan Yılmaz Uysal, Yılmaz Öztuna, Cahit Atasoy da ikinci dönem öğrenci grubu içerisinde sayılabilir. İlk dönemde yer alan mûsikişinasların hepsi kendi sahalarında birer değer olarak hizmet gördüler. İçlerinden Adnan Saygun gibi Arel’in görüşlerine zıt istikamette mesleğini geliştirenler de görüldü. İkinci dönem öğrencileri ise Arelcilik akımından ayrılmadan Türk mûsikisi öğretiminde ön planda bazı görevler aldılar.
Arel’in, Türk ve Batı mûsikisi alanında Türkiye’de hatırı sayılır bir nota koleksiyonu ve çeşitli dillerde yazma ve matbu eserlerle dinî ilimler başta olmak üzere muhtelif konularda yazılmış kitapların yer aldığı büyük bir kütüphanesi vardı. İlk kütüphanesi, Kuruçeşme’de kayınpederinin köşkünde oturduğu sırada meydana getirdiği kitaplıktır. İstanbul’un işgali üzerine (1920) Fransız İşgal Kumandanlığı’nın emrine tahsis edilen köşkün 1922 yılında Fransızlar’ın ayrılırken çıkardıkları yangın sonucu tamamen yanmasından sonra ikinci bir kütüphane kurdu. Zamanla geliştirerek zenginleştirdiği bu kütüphanede Türk mûsikisi nazariyatı üzerinde yazılmış hemen bütün Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe yazmaların kopyaları bulunmaktaydı. Dimitrius Cantemir’in (Kantemiroğlu) Kitâbü İlmi’l-mûsiki alâ vechi’l-hurûfât adlı eserinin müellif hattı tek nüshası da bunlar arasındadır. Ayrıca yüzlerce dosya teşkil eden yazma Türk mûsikisi nota koleksiyonu kütüphanenin en önemli kısmını teşkil etmekte olup bu eserlerden bir bölümünü kendi besteleri meydana getirmekte idi. Vefatında besteleri ve telif eserleri Lâika Karabey’de kalmış, diğerleri ise ailesi tarafından İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türkiyat Enstitüsü’ne bağışlanmıştır. Yalnız Hamparsum notası olarak 3023 sayfadan fazla notanın mevcut olduğu kütüphane, bugün Türkiyat Araştırma Merkezi adını alan enstitüde bulunmaktadır.
Neşir hayatına dergicilikle başlayan Arel, üç ayrı dergi çıkarmıştır: 1. Şehbâl . 1909-1914 yılları arasında on beş günde bir yayımlanan magazin ve fikir mecmuası. Türk basınında devrinin en mükemmel örneği olarak kabul edilen mecmua 100 sayı devam etmiştir. 2. Türklük . 1939-1940 yılları arasında İsmail Hami Danişmend’le birlikte çıkardığı bu dergi, daha çok Türk tarihi ve Türk mûsikisinden bahseden aylık bir mecmua olup on beş sayı yayımlanabilmiştir. 3. Musiki Mecmuası . 1948 yılında Lâika Karabey’le beraber yayımlamaya başladığı aylık bir dergidir. Günümüzde talebelerinden Etem Ruhi Üngör tarafından üç ayda bir yayımlanmaktadır. Arel yazılarında şu müstear isimleri kullanmıştır: Şehbâl ’de Bedî‘ Mensî, Musiki Mecmuası ’nda Kimo, Asma, Tanık, Nişancı, Arı, Gülümser, Gerigören, Susak Emre.
Neşredilmiş eserleri şunlardır:
1. Türk Musikisi Nazariyatı Dersleri . Musiki Mecmuası ’nda aralıklarla tefrika edildikten sonra kitap haline getirilmiştir (İstanbul 1968). Eser bu sahada yazılmış ilk öğretim kitabıdır.
2. Türk Musikisi Kimindir? Önce Türklük , daha sonra Musiki Mecmuası ’nda olmak üzere iki defa tefrika edilen bu eser kitap olarak da neşredilmiştir (İstanbul 1969; Ankara 1988). Eserde Türk mûsikisinin İran, Arap, eski Yunan ve Bizans mûsikilerinden alınmış olduğu iddiaları ilmî olarak reddedilmektedir. Bu eserleri dışında Musiki Mecmuası ’nda 63-65. sayısından itibaren aralıklarla Sumer, eski Yunan, Hint, Arap ve Türk mûsikisinin bazı konularını ihtiva eden “Musiki Tarihi” ile “Armoni Dersleri” (84. sayıdan itibaren) adlı seri makaleleri neşredilmiştir.
Ayrıca yine aynı mecmuada, Şeyhülislâm ve bestekâr Ebû İshakzâde Mehmed Esad Efendi’nin (ö. 1753) Atrabü’l-âsâr adlı eserini “Türk Bestekârlarının Tercemeihalleri” başlığı altında tefrika etmiştir.
Arel’in neşre hazırladığı halde basılamayan bazı eserleri de bulunmaktadır. Bunlar Türk Musikisi İleri Solfej Dersleri , Kontrpuan Dersleri , Füg Dersleri , Prozodi Dersleri , Piyano İçin Eser Nasıl Yazılır? adlı kitaplardır.
Dinî ve din dışı sahada pek çok eser besteleyen Arel, titiz bir incelemeden sonra bunlardan ancak 750 kadarını benimsemiştir. Beste yaptığı formlar şu şekilde sıralanabilir: Âyîn-i şerifler, duraklar, ilâhiler, nakış besteler, nakış aksak semâiler, nakış yürük semâiler, şarkılar, köçekçeler, marşlar, gazeller, çocuk şarkıları, ney için taksimler, peşrevler, konser saz semâileri, saz semâileri, oyun havaları, tasvirî saz eserleri, taksimler, iki ses, üç ses ve koro için eserler, altılamalar, beşlemeler, dörtlemeler, üçlemeler, ikilemeler. Eserlerinden 100 kadarının notası Musiki Mecmuası ’nda yayımlanmış, bir kısım eserleri Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu Türk mûsikisi repertuvarına alınmıştır.
Bestelerinde Türk dilinin prozodisini geniş açıdan ele alarak söz eserlerinde uygulayan Arel’in eserlerindeki en önemli özelliklerden biri de makam zenginliği olup bestelerinde o zamana kadar kullanılmamış çeşitli makam geçkilerini görmek mümkündür. Lâlegül adlı yeni bir makam terkip etmiş, ferahnümâ makamı ile ilk defa klasik bir fasıl bestelemiştir. Mûsiki formlarına usullü duraklar gibi birtakım yenilikler getirmiştir. Ayrıca gazellere yaptığı bestelerle gazel formunun tek bestekârı olduğu söylenebilir. Çeşitli makamlardan elli bir âyîn-i şerif besteleyerek bu konudaki gücünü ortaya koymuştur. Türkiye’de bestelenen ilkokul şarkılarının çoğu da ona aittir. Türk mûsikisinin en büyük saz eserleri bestekârı olduğunu söylemek de mümkündür. Saz semâilerini dört hâneden altı hâneye çıkararak yaptığı “konser saz semâileri”, sazında belirli teknik bir seviyeye erişmiş sanatkârların solo çalması için yazılmıştır. Büyük saz topluluklarıyla çalınabilecek saz eserleri bestelemiş, ayrıca notalı taksimlerde çığır açmıştır. Türk mûsikisinde ilk çok sesli mûsiki örnekleri vermiş, Batı mûsikisi formlarını çok sesli Türk mûsikisine uygulama çalışmaları yapmıştır. Bugün kullanılmakta olan donanım, güçlü, dizi, geçki, dörtlü, beşli gibi birçok Türkçe mûsiki terimi ilk defa Arel tarafından kullanılmış ve daha sonra yaygınlaşmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İstanbul Belediye Konservatuarı Genel Talimatnamesi , İstanbul 1943.
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , s. 250-251.
Hasan Basri Erk, Meşhur Türk Hukukcuları , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok], s. 507-508.
Haydar Sanal, İstanbul Üniversitesi Türkiyat Enstitüsü Arel Kütüphanesi Fişleri , İstanbul 1972.
a.mlf., “İstanbul Belediye Konservatuarı’ndan İleri Türk Musikisi Konservatuarına Giderken Arel ve Öğrencileri, I-IV”, Orta Doğu , 5, 12, 19, 26 Mayıs 1976.
Yılmaz Öztuna, Sâdeddin Arel , Ankara 1986.
a.mlf., TMA , I, 45-61.
Hüseyin Sadettin Arel, “Kemençe Beşlemesi Hakkında Hatıralar ve Düşünceler”, MM , sy. 6 (1948), s. 3-8.
Feyzullah Dayıgil, “Sadettin Arel’in Kısa Bir Tercemeihali”, a.e. , sy. 8 (1948), s. 10, 19.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 352-354 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.