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ARŞIN Skip to content Metrik sisteme geçilmeden önce kullanılan bir uzunluk ölçüsü.
Türk lehçelerinde arşun, arçın, arjın ve alçin şeklinde yer alan kelime, Pehlevîce areşn den (yeni Farsça âreş, reş) gelmektedir. Dirsekle orta parmak ucu arasındaki kısmı ifade eder; Arapça’sı zirâ‘ dır (çoğulu ezrû‘, zur‘ân). Arşın kelimesi Türkçe’den de Rusça’ya ve Balkan dillerine geçmiştir.
Arşın veya zirâ isim ve uzunlukları, zaman ve mekâna göre çeşitlilik arzettiği gibi ölçülen nesnelerin cinsine göre de farklılık göstermekte ve dolayısıyla uzunluklarının tesbiti hususunda zorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Zirâın tarihçesi ve çeşitleri hakkında en geniş ve derli toplu bilgi Mâverdî’nin el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye ’sinde bulunmaktadır. Mâverdî bu eserinde yedi çeşit zirâdan bahsetmektedir. 1. ez-Zirâu’s-sevdâ’ (kara arşın): Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd tarafından ihdas edilmiştir; Nil nehrinin ölçümleri ile kumaş ve inşaat malzemesi ölçmekte kullanılmıştır. 2. ez-Zirâu’l-kādiyye (kadı arşını): Uzunluğu Kadı İbn Ebû Leylâ tarafından tesbit edildiği için bu ismi almış olup “zirâu’d-dûr” (bina arşını) adını da taşımaktadır; kara arşından 1m$frac{1}{3}$ parmak kısadır. 3. ez-Zirâu’l-Yûsufiyye (Yûsuf arşını): Ebû Yûsuf tarafından icat edilmiştir; kara arşından m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak kısa olup kadılar tarafından Medine evlerinin ölçümünde kullanılırdı. 4. ez-Zirâu’l-Hâşimiyyetü’s-suğrâ (küçük Hâşimî arşını): Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî’nin torunu Bilâl b. Ebû Bürde tarafından ortaya konduğu için “ez-zirâu’l-Bilâliyye” adı da verilen bu zirâı Basra ve Kûfeliler kullanmışlardır; kara arşından 2m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak kısadır. 5. ez-Zirâu’l-Hâşimiyyetü’l-kübrâ (büyük Hâşimî arşını): Emevî valilerinden Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in Irak topraklarını ölçmek için kullandığı ortalama bir zirâ olup önceleri mûcidine atfen “ez-zirâu’z-Ziyâdiyye” diye bilinmekte idi, daha sonra Halife Mansûr tarafından bu şekilde adlandırıldı; kara arşından 5m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak uzundur. Ayrıca buna “zirâu’l-melik” de denmektedir; ancak bunun 7 kabza uzunluğundaki İran melik arşını ile karıştırılmaması gerekir. 6. ez-Zirâu’l-mîzâniyye (ölçek arşını): İlk kullanan Abbâsî Halifesi Me’mûn’dur; kara arşından 1m$frac{2}{3}$ zirâ + m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak uzun olup yol, bina, pazar yeri, nehir ve hafriyat ölçümlerinde kullanılırdı. 7. ez-Zirâu’l-Ömeriyye (Ömer arşını): Hz. Ömer’in uzun, orta ve kısa boylu üç kişinin dirsekten orta parmak ucuna kadar olan kol boylarının ortalamasına 1 kabza (tutam) ve 1 dik parmak eklemek suretiyle meydana getirdiği ve arazi ölçümünde kullanmaları için Huzeyfe b. Yemân ile Osman b. Huneyf’e gönderdiği zirâdır. Daha sonra bu zirâı Emevî valilerinden Osman b. Hubeyre de kullanmıştır. Bir başka kaynağa göre (Sauvaire, s. 496) bu zirâ, ölçek arşınının yarısına eşittir. Bu bilgileri aktaran Mâverdî, ele aldığı zirâların parmak hesabı ile uzunluklarını verirken onları kara arşına nisbet ederek bu arşından uzun veya kısa olduklarını belirtmekte, fakat diğerleri için esas aldığı kara arşının o devirde herkesçe bilinen uzunluğu hakkında ayrıca bilgi vermemektedir.
Feyyûmî, el-Miṣbâḥu’l-münîr ’inde “zirâu’l-yed”in (el arşını) altı kabza ve bir kabzanın da dört parmak uzunluğunda olduğunu söylemektedir; buna göre 1 el arşını = 24 parmaktır. Ali Mübârek’in araştırmalarına göre bu zirâ, “zirâu’l-Mısri’l-atîka” (eski Mısır arşını) olup 46,2 cm. uzunluğundadır. Mâverdî de bundan “ez-zirâu’l-mürsele” (mürsel arşın) adıyla bahsetmektedir. Fıkıh kitaplarında adı geçen “ez-zirâu’ş-şer‘iyye”nin de (şer‘î arşın) 24 parmak olduğunda ittifak vardır. Ali Mübârek’e göre müslüman müelliflerin “ez-zirâu’s-sagīra, ez-zirâu’l-âmme, ez-zirâu’l-âdiyye, ez-zirâu’s-sahîha, zirâu’l-kıyâs, zirâu’l-yed, ez-zirâu’l-âdemî, ez-zirâu’l-kāime, zirâu’l-berîd, ez-zirâu’l-mürsele, zirâu’l-gazl, ez-zirâu’ş-şer‘iyye” gibi çeşitli adlarla andıkları zirâ, eski Mısır arşınıdır. Bu zirâın uzunluğunun 46,2 cm. olduğu şu iki hususla da sabittir: 1. Başta Herodot olmak üzere birçok müellif, eski Mısır arşınının bir “gulve”nin m$frac{1}{400}$’ü olduğunda müttefiktirler. Gulve ise 1 enlem derecesinin m$frac{1}{600}$’üdür. Astronomik hesaplamalara göre Mısır için ortalama 1 enlem derecesi 110.827,68 metredir. Buna göre 1 gulve = 184,712 metredir. Bunun m$frac{1}{400}$’ü olan 46,2 cm. de eski Mısır arşınına denktir. 2. Arap bilginleri Mısır’daki Büyük Ehram’ın taban kenar uzunluğunun 24 parmaklık zirâ hesabıyla 500 zirâ, “ez-zirâu’n-neccâriyye” (marangoz arşını) hesabıyla 400 zirâ olduğunu zikrederler. Bunun metrik değeri 23.100 cm. olduğuna göre, buradan şer‘î arşının metrik değeri 23.100 : 500 = 46,2 cm. ve marangoz arşınının metrik değeri de 23.100 : 400 = 57,75 cm. olarak bulunur. 1 şer‘î arşın 6 kabza (= 24 parmak) olunca 1 kabza = 46,2 : 6 = 7,7 cm.; 1 parmak = 7,7 : 4 = 1,925 cm. demektir.
Arşın ve zirâların uzunluklarındaki değişikliklere paralel olarak parmak ölçüsü de zaman içerisinde farklılıklar göstermiş ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin son dönemlerinde 10 santimetreye ulaşmıştır. Ancak yine de Mâverdî’nin kıyaslarından, en azından o dönemde standart bir parmak ölçüsünün varlığı anlaşılmaktadır ki ortalama 1,925 santimetrenin doğru bir tesbit olduğu ön kabulünden hareketle diğer arşınların metrik değerlerini bulmak mümkün olur. Ancak bunun için Mâverdî’nin esas aldığı kara arşının uzunluğunu bilmek gerekir. Mâverdî, eserinin bir başka yerinde “ez-zirâu’l-mürsele” adıyla zikrettiği eski Mısır arşınının 1m$frac{1}{3}$’ünün büyük Hâşimî arşınına eşit olduğunu söylemektedir. Buna göre büyük Hâşimî arşını = 1m$frac{1}{3}$ × 24 = 32 parmak = 32 × 1,925 = 61,6 santimetredir. Bundan 5m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak kısa olan kara arşın = 32 – 5m$frac{2}{3}$ = 26m$frac{1}{3}$ parmak = 26m$frac{1}{3}$ × 1,925 = 50,692 cm. demektir. Sonuç olarak Mâverdî’nin zikrettiği diğer arşınların parmak ve cm. cinsinden uzunlukları topluca şöyledir:
Kadı arşını = 26m$frac{1}{3}$ – 1m$frac{2}{3}$ = 24m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak = 24m$frac{2}{3}$ × 1,925 = 47,483 cm.
Yûsuf arşını = 26m$frac{1}{3}$ – m$frac{2}{3}$ = 25m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak = 25m$frac{2}{3}$ × 1,925 = 49,408 cm.
Küçük Hâşimî arşını = 26m$frac{1}{3}$ – 2m$frac{2}{3}$ = 23m$frac{2}{3}$ parmak = 23m$frac{2}{3}$ × 1,925 = 45,558 cm.
Ölçek arşını = (26m$frac{2}{3}$ × 2m$frac{2}{3}$) + m$frac{2}{3}$ = 70m$frac{8}{9}$ parmak = 70m$frac{8}{9}$ × 1,925 = 136,461 cm.
Ömer arşını = 12 ölçek arşını = 136,461 : 2 = 68,231 cm.
Mâverdî’nin kaydettiği bu arşınlara ilave olarak çeşitli kaynaklarda zikri geçen diğer bazı arşınlar ve metrik karşılıkları şunlardır:
Zirâu’l-amel (iş arşını) = 1m$frac{1}{3}$ el arşını = büyük Hâşimî arşını = zirâu’l-misâha (yüzölçümü arşını) = 61,6 cm.
ez-Zirâu’r-reşşâşiyye = kara arşın = 50,692 cm. Mağrib ve Endülüs’te kullanılan bir uzunluk ölçüsüdür.
ez-Zirâu’l-belediyye = marangoz arşını = 1m$frac{1}{4}$ eski Mısır arşını = 1m$frac{1}{4}$ × 46,2 = 57,75 cm.
ez-Zirâu’l-mi‘mâriyye (mimar arşını) = 1m$frac{1}{3}$ ez-zirâu’l-belediyye = 1m$frac{1}{3}$ × 57,75 = 77 cm.
Zirâu’l-hindâse (endâze ?) = 63,5 veya 65,6 cm.; genellikle Hint kumaşlarının ölçümünde kullanılırdı.
Zirâu’l-kirbâs = 6 (veya 7) kabza = 46,2 cm. (veya 53,9 cm.).
Zirâu’l-hadîd (demir arşını) = 28 parmak = 28 × 1,925 = 53,9 cm.; veya 1m$frac{1}{3}$ el arşını = 1m$frac{1}{3}$ × 46,2 = 53,9 cm. XV. yüzyılda Mısır ve Hicaz’da kumaş ölçümünde kullanılırdı.
Zirâu mikyâsi’n-Nîl (Nil ölçüm arşını) = 50,692 cm. Ravza adasında (Kahire) Nil nehri su yüksekliğinin ölçümünde kullanılırdı. İlk zamanlar kara arşına eşit olmakla birlikte daha sonra yapılan değişiklikler sebebiyle sürekli bir standarda sahip olamamıştır.
Bunlardan başka Ortadoğu ticaretinde “pik” adıyla anılmakta olup zaman ve mekâna göre farklılıklar arzeden çeşitli kumaş arşınları da (zirâu’l-bez) bulunmaktadır.
İstanbul kumaş arşını (veya İstanbul arşını) = 2612 inç = 67,3 cm. XIX. yüzyılda 68,579 santimetreye ulaşmış, 1920’den itibaren Mısır’da Avrupa kumaşlarının ölçümünde kullanılmıştır.
Kahire kumaş arşını = el arşını + 4 parmak = 1m$frac{1}{6}$ el arşını = 116 × 46,2 = 53,9 cm.
İskenderiye kumaş arşını = Kahire kumaş arşını = 53,9 cm.
Bağdat kumaş arşını = XVI. yüzyılda 82,9 cm. XIX. yüzyılda ise 80,26 cm.
Şam kumaş arşını = 1m$frac{1}{12}$ Kahire kumaş arşını = 1m$frac{1}{12}$ × 53,9 = 58,39 cm.
Halep kumaş arşını = 1m$frac{1}{6}$ Kahire kumaş arşını = 1m$frac{1}{6}$ × 53,9 = 62,88 cm.
Trablusşam kumaş arşını = 1m$frac{1}{10}$ Kahire kumaş arşını = 1m$frac{1}{10}$ × 53,9 = 59,29 cm.
Kudüs kumaş arşını = 25m$frac{1}{2}$ inç = 64,77 cm. (XIX. yüzyıl).
Bunlardan başka İran’da ve Bâbürlüler zamanında Hindistan’da da çeşitli arşınlar kullanılmıştır. İran’da genellikle “gez” diye bilinen bir çeşit arşın (zer‘) kullanılmaktaydı ki ilk zamanlar 46,2 santimetrelik şer‘î arşına veya 73,92 santimetrelik (1m$frac{3}{5}$ zer‘-i şer‘î) İsfahan arşınına eşitti. XVII. yüzyılda kullanılan “gez-i şâhî” ise 95 cm. iken günümüzde bir gez 104 santimetreye eşittir. Ayrıca İran’da kumaş ölçümünde “gez-i mükesser” adlı 68 santimetrelik bir başka arşın çeşidi daha kullanılmıştır.
Hindistan’da ise Bâbürlüler döneminde 1 zirâ-i pâdişâhî 40 engüşt (parmak) = 81,3 santimetredir.
Zirâın as katları: Kabza (tutam), ısbâ‘ (parmak) ve şair (arpa).
Üs katları: Bâ‘ veya kâme (kulaç), kasaba, eşl, fersah. Bunların zirâa nisbetleri zirâın çeşidine göre farklılık arzetmektedir.
XIII. yüzyılın sonlarına tarihlenen Rüsûmü’r-resâʾil adlı münşeat mecmuası (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., Nurbânû Vâlide Sultan, nr. 122), Anadolu Selçukluları’nda ihtisab işlerine verilen önemi belirten bir menşûru günümüze ulaştırmakta ve kullandığı “arşınların tamamlanması” ifadesiyle devletin çarşı arşınları üzerindeki denetimini belgelemektedir.
Osmanlılar’da esas itibariyle iki türlü arşın kullanılmaktaydı.
a) Mimar Arşını. Bina arşını veya zirâ-ı mi‘mârî de denilen bu ölçü birimi, adından da anlaşıldığı üzere mimarlık işlerinde kullanılırdı. Mimar arşınının ne zamandan beri kullanıldığı bilinmemektedir. Bu arşının ilk dönem Osmanlı mimarisindeki değeri, doğru bilgi ihtiva eden belgelerle veya hangi döneme ait olduğu bilinen bir arşın ile kıyaslanarak net bir şekilde ortaya konabilmiş değildir. Sedefkâr Mehmed Ağa’nın Kitâb-ı Mi‘mâriyye (1023/1614) adlı eserinde arşının bölümlerini açıklayıcı bilgiler verilmekteyse de değeri hakkında herhangi bir kayda rastlanmamaktadır. Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi’nin yayımladığı Süleymaniye Camii inşaatı ile ilgili kayıtlar, bu konuda yapılacak çalışmalarla doğruluğu incelenebilecek ilk tesbitlerden biri olup XVI. yüzyıl mimar arşınının değerini 73,3333 cm. olarak vermektedir ki bu ölçüye göre 1 parmak = 3,05555 cm. ve 1 kadem = 36,6666 cm. demektir.
Zamanla çeşitlerinin çoğalması ve dolayısıyla ihtilâfların artması üzerine III. Selim (1789-1807) tarafından standart ölçü olmak üzere abanoz ağacından bir mimar arşını yaptırılmış ve Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun’a konmuştur. Bu arşının bir yüzü, yaygın sisteme uygun olarak, her biri on iki hattan ibaret olan 24 parmağa, diğer yüzü de her biri on noktadan oluşan onar hatlık yirmi eşit kısma bölünmüştür. Bu da mimar arşınının, Avrupa ülkelerinden bazılarında o tarihlerde kullanılan “kadem”in iki katı olduğunu göstermektedir; çünkü o döneme ait kademlerin çoğu, her biri on noktadan ibaret olan onar hatlık on parmak uzunluğundaydı. Ayrıca Osmanlılar’da, bir mimar arşınının yarısı olan 12 parmaklık uzunluğa kadem (ayak) ismi verilmiş ve bu ölçü kazı işlerinde kullanılmıştır. Bugün XVIII-XIX. yüzyıllara ait üç mimar arşını ile iki kadem örneği Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde muhafaza edilmektedir.
1841 yılında mimar arşınının değeri platin bir ayar arşını ile 75,7738 santimetrelik bir standarda bağlanmıştır. As katları kadem, parmak, hat ve nokta (1 mimar arşını = 2 kadem; 1 kadem = 12 parmak; 1 parmak = 12 hat; 1 hat = 12 nokta) olan mimar arşınının uzunluğu daha sonraki tarihlerde yapılan düzenlemelerle 75,775 cm. kabul edilmişken bilâhare küsuratı yuvarlanarak 75,8 santimetreye tamamlanmıştır.
b) Çarşı Arşını. Kumaş ölçümünde kullanılmakta olup 68 cm. uzunluğundadır. As katları rubu‘ (çâryek/çeyrek) ve kerahtır (1 çarşı arşını = 8 rubu‘; 1 rubu‘ = 2 kerah). Çarşı arşını mimar arşınından 2 parmak, 5 hat, 6,5 nokta daha kısadır. Bu farkı 2 parmak, 5 hat, 1 nokta veya 1 parmak, 10 hat, 6 nokta olarak verenler varsa da doğrusu birincisidir. Çünkü 1 mimar arşını = 24 parmak = 75,775 cm. ise 1 parmak = 3,1573 cm., 1 hat = 0,2631 cm. ve 1 nokta = 0,0219 santimetredir. Buna göre 2 parmak, 5 hat, 6,5 nokta toplam 7,772 cm. eder ki iki arşının metrik değerleri arasındaki fark olan (75,775 – 68) 7,775 santimetreye çok yakındır.
Ayrıca özellikle ipekli kumaşların ölçümünde kullanılmak üzere, çarşı arşınından daha kısa olan ve endâze adı verilen bir ölçü birimi daha geliştirilmiştir ki bunun amacı, nisbeten pahalı olan bu mâmullerin fiyatını düşük göstermek olsa gerektir. Kelimenin aslının hendese veya hindâze olduğu zannedilmekteyse de endâhten (ölçmek) masdarından türemiş olması daha akla yakındır (Mehmed Salâhî, I, 186). Bu endâze, her biri dört parmak genişliğinde dört kabzadan veya her biri ikişer kerahlık sekiz rubu‘dan ibaret olup metrik sistemde 65 santimetreye eşittir.
Zirâ-i a‘şârî (metre). Tanzimat’tan sonra çeşitli arşınlar ve yabancı uzunluk ölçülerinin karışıklığa sebebiyet vermesi üzerine, 20 Cemâziyelâhir 1286’da (14 Eylül 1285 r. / 26 Eylül 1869) yayımlanan bir kanunnâme ile, metreye karşılık zirâ-i a‘şârî adı verilen bir uzunluk ölçüsü kabul edilmiştir. Platinden bir örneği standart ölçü olarak Hazîne-i Hümâyun’da muhafaza edilen bu yeni birim, rûmî 1 Mart 1287 (13 Mart 1871) tarihinden itibaren resmî muamelelerde kullanılmışsa da halk arasında tutulmamıştır. Halka, bu tarihten 1 Mart 1874’e kadar yapacakları özel akidlerde eski ve yeni sistemler arasında tercih hakkı tanınmış, fakat eski ölçü birimlerini kullananlar için bunların yeni karşılıklarını belirtmeleri şart koşulmuştur. Rûmî 1 Mart 1290’dan (13 Mart 1874) sonra neticelenecek akidler için ise yeni sistemin kullanılması mecburi hale getirilmiş, nihayet bu tarihten itibaren de her türlü muamelede yeni sisteme uyulması zorunlu kılınmıştır. Bu yeni arşının (zirâ-i a‘şârî = metre) as katları öşr-i zirâ (desimetre), aşîr-i zirâ (santimetre) ve mi‘şâr-i zirâ (milimetre); üs katları ise mil-i a‘şârî (kilometre) ve fersah-ı a‘şârîdir (10 kilometre). Alan ölçüsü olarak da 100 zirâ2 = 1 murabba‘ veya ar ve 10.000 zirâ2 = 1 cerîb yahut hektardır.
Yeni Arşın (metre). 29 Şevval 1298’de (11 Eylül 1297 r. / 24 Eylül 1881), 1 Mart 1882’den itibaren geçerli olmak üzere yeni ölçülerin tanzim, tensik ve kullanım şekilleri hakkında, eski ölçülerin karşılıklarını gösteren listeleri de ihtiva eden yeni bir kararnâme yayımlanmıştır. Buna göre “yeni arşın” adı verilen yeni birim 10 parmaktan (1 parmak = 10 hat ve 1 hat = 10 nokta) ibaret olup 1000 arşın = 1 mil (mil-i a‘şârî yani kilometre) ve 10.000 arşın = 1 fersahtır. Alan ölçüsü olarak da 100 arşın2 = 1 dönüm ve 1 cerîb = 10.000 arşın2 = 100 dönümdür. Daha sonra halkın çoğunluğunun çevirme kılavuzlarındaki rakamların küsuratını anlayamamasından dolayı bunlar mümkün olduğu kadar azaltılarak yeni kılavuzlar yayımlanmıştır. Ancak her şeye rağmen bu kararnâme ve nizamnâmeler bir türlü uygulanamamış ve beş yıl sonra 1886’da yeni sistemin bu defa İstanbul sınırları içinde kullanılmasını şart koşan bir başka kararnâme yayımlanmış, fakat halkın eski ölçülerde ısrar etmesi sebebiyle yine sonuç alınamamıştır. Burada, 1869’da yürürlüğe giren Mecelle ’nin genelde İslâmî ölçü birimlerini esas almış olmasının da önemli bir payı olsa gerektir (bk. Mecelle , md. 132-136, 217, 220-228, 273, 1119, 1147-1148, 1151). Sonuç olarak İstanbul, Selânik, İzmir ve Beyrut gibi büyük liman şehirleri ve resmî uygulamalar dışında ölçü reformları etkisiz kalmıştır.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde yürürlüğe konan 26 Mart 1931 tarihli son kanun dahi bütün Türkiye çapında derhal etkili olamamış, halkın tamamının yeni ölçüleri kullanması için uzun bir süre geçmesi gerekmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Feyyûmî, el-Miṣbâḥu’l-münîr , “crb” md.
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , s. 194-195.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , II, 146-148; III, 442-443; IV, 118, 181, 216, 233; XIV, 366.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr , I, 196.
Ali Paşa Mübârek, el-Ḫıṭaṭü’t-Tevfîḳıyye , Kahire 1305/1886, XVI, 30-35.
İsmâil Galib, Yeni Mikyaslara Dair Risâle , İstanbul 1288.
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[T. H.], “Arşın”, İA , I, 615-616.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 411-413 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.