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ARTVİN Skip to content Karadeniz bölgesinin doğu bölümünde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Doğu Karadeniz dağlarını derin bir şekilde yaran Çoruh vadisinin sol yamacında meyilli bir arazide kurulmuştur. Borçka’ya kadar olan kesimde Çoruh vadisini takip eden, Borçka’dan sonra da Doğu Karadeniz kıyı dağlarını Cankurtaran Geçidi’nde aşan 68 kilometrelik bir yolla Karadeniz kıyısındaki Hopa’ya bağlanır. Bu yol Artvin’den güneye doğru bir süre daha Çoruh vadisini takip ederek Erzurum’a ulaşır. Artvin’in hemen yakınında doğudan gelen Berta suyunun Çoruh ırmağına karışması, bu akarsu vadisini izleyerek Ardahan üzerinden Kars’a ulaşan karayolunun Erzurum’u Hopa’ya bağlayan ana yol ile Artvin civarında kesişmesini sağlar ve şehri önemli bir yol düğüm noktası durumuna getirir. Borçka’dan ayrılan iyi vasıflı bir yol da Çoruh yarma vadisini takip ederek Batum’a ulaşır. Bu yollara, yakın dönemlere kadar ulaşımda önemli bir rol oynayan, fakat sonraları fonksiyonunu yitiren Çoruh ırmağının aşağı kesimindeki nehir taşımacılığı da ilâve edilebilir.
Tabii yolların birbiriyle düğümlendiği böyle bir noktada yer alan Artvin, kuruluşu pek eski dönemlere inmeyen bir Ortaçağ şehridir. Çevresinde yapılan kazılar, şehrin eski olmayışına karşılık yörede milâttan önce 2000 yıllarına ait bazı yerleşmeler bulunduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bölgenin daha sonraları milâttan önce IX. yüzyıldan itibaren Urartu Devleti’nin hâkimiyetine girdiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Klasik çağda Kolkhis adıyla bilinen yörede Ksenophon, milâttan önce IV. yüzyılda Kolkhlar, Makaronlar ve Taokhlar gibi birtakım kavimlerin yaşadığını bildirmektedir. Milâttan önce I. yüzyılda yaşayan coğrafyacı Strabon bu bölgenin Mithridates Eupator tarafından ele geçirilip Pontus Krallığı’na katıldığını, daha sonra ise Mithridates’i yenen Pompeius’un buraları mahallî kralların hâkimiyetine bıraktığını yazmaktadır. Bu bilgi, Roma hâkimiyetinin Artvin yöresinde fazla etkili olmadığını gösterir. Artvin çevresinde Bizans egemenliği V. yüzyılın başlarında kuruldu ve yöre, Khaldia teması içinde yer aldı. Bu ad, Ortaçağ İslâm kaynaklarından Hurdâzbih ve Kudâme b. Ca‘fer’in eserlerinde, Haldiye veya Hâlidiyât şekillerinde geçmektedir. Halife Hz. Osman döneminde 646’da İslâm topraklarına katılan Artvin çevresi daha sonraları Bizans ve İslâm orduları arasında birkaç defa el değiştirdi. Bu el değiştirmeler sırasında, bugünkü Artvin şehrinin nüvesini teşkil eden, müslüman ordularının akınlarını gözetlemek için Livane Kalesi yapıldı (m.s. 939). Artvin ve civarında Selçuklu hâkimiyeti 1068 yılından itibaren kurulmaya başladı. Daha sonraları bu bölge bir süre Gürcüler’in eline geçtiyse de sonra tekrar Selçuklu ülkesine katıldı. Selçuklu döneminde Artvin yöresi Azerbaycan Atabegleri idaresinde bir uç beyliği şeklinde idi. XIII. yüzyılda Moğol ve İlhanlı istilâlarına uğradıktan sonra XV. yüzyılda Akkoyunlular’dan Karayülük Osman Bey Çoruh boylarına kadar ulaştı. Daha sonra da Uzun Hasan bu toprakları Akkoyunlu hâkimiyeti altına aldı; fakat mahallî idareciler olan Atabegler yönetimlerine devam ettiler. Daha sonra bölge tekrar Gürcü istilâsına uğrayınca Artvin beyleri o sırada Trabzon valisi olan Şehzade Selim’e (Yavuz Selim) müracaat ederek yardım talebinde bulundular ve Osmanlılar’ın yardımıyla Gürcüler’i kovdular. Bu dönemde Artvin ve çevresi Osmanlı Devleti himayesinde yarı müstakil bir şekilde kalmıştır. Kanûnî döneminde, Erzurum Beylerbeyi Dulkadırlı Mehmed Han’ın 1536-1537 harekâtı sırasında Artvin’in de içinde bulunduğu bölge ele geçirildi ve Artvin ile Yusufeli’ni içine alan Livane sancağı kurularak Erzurum beylerbeyiliğine bağlandı. Bir süre sonra elden çıktığı anlaşılan bu bölge, 1549’da ikinci vezir Ahmed Paşa’nın gayretiyle yeniden zaptedildi. 1578’de başlayan Osmanlı-İran mücadelesi sırasında bölgedeki Osmanlı hâkimiyeti sağlamlaştırıldı ve 1579’da Çıldır eyaletinin teşkilinden sonra da Artvin, bu eyalete bağlanan Livane sancağının merkezi oldu.
XIX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar sürekli olarak Türkler’in elinde kalan Artvin bu yüzyılda iki defa Rus işgaline uğradı. Haziran 1828’deki Rus işgalinden sonra imzalanan Edirne Muahedesi ile Ahıska Ruslar’a terkedilince Artvin’in bağlı olduğu merkezi Ahıska olan Çıldır eyaletinin teşkilâtı bozuldu. Bundan sonra Artvin, Trabzon eyaletinin Batum sancağına bağlı bir kazanın (Livane kazası) merkezi oldu ve bu durum 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sonrasına kadar sürdü. Savaş sonunda 3 Mart 1878 tarihinde imzalanan Ayastefanos Antlaşması’nın bir maddesine göre Osmanlı Devleti Rusya’ya savaş tazminatı karşılığı olarak Batum, Kars, Ardahan, Eleşkirt ve Bayazıt’ı terkediyordu. Batum sancağı içinde yer alan Artvin de söz konusu madde kapsamına girmiş oldu ve 13 Temmuz 1878 tarihli Berlin Antlaşması’nın 58. maddesine göre elviye-i selâseye dahil Artvin, Kars ve Ardahan ile beraber Rusya’ya bırakıldı. 8 Şubat 1879’da İstanbul’da imzalanan Muâhede-i Kat‘iyye’nin 7. maddesine göre üç yıl içinde burada yaşayanların serbestçe göç etmesine izin verildi ve bu maddeye göre birçok Artvinli Anadolu’nun çeşitli yerlerine dağılarak özellikle Kocaeli yarımadasının nüfusu seyrek kesimlerinde yeni kurulan köylere yerleşti. Artvin işgal altında bulunduğu yıllarda Rusya idarî teşkilâtı birimlerinden Kars oblastı içinde yer aldı.
I. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar süren bu işgalde yerli halk teşkîlât-ı mahsûsa çerçevesinde teşkilâtlandı ve Ruslar’a karşı zaman zaman direnişe geçti. 1914 Kasımında Yüzbaşı İsmâil Hakkı Bey idaresindeki, adını Melo (Sarıbudak) köyünden alan Melo Sınır Taburu şehir ve çevresindeki Rus birliklerini bozguna uğrattı ve bunun üzerine Ruslar Artvin’i terketmek mecburiyetinde kaldılar. Böylece Artvin 2 Kasım 1914’te geçici bir süre için kurtulmuş oldu. Dört ay kadar süren bu dönemden sonra Ruslar Artvin’i yeniden denetimleri altına aldılar. Çarlık yönetimi yıkılınca yeni Sovyet hükümeti ile 18 Aralık 1917’de imzalanan Erzincan Ateşkes Antlaşması uyarınca Ruslar Artvin’i boşalttılar. Daha sonra savaşın sona ermesiyle imzalanan 3 Mart 1918 tarihli Brest-Litovsk Antlaşması da Sovyetler Birliği ile Türkiye arasındaki sınırın 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı öncesindeki şekline getirilmesini kabul ettiğinden 1918 Martında Osmanlı birlikleri tekrar Artvin’e girdiler. Fakat bu defa da Artvin Türkler’in elinde uzun süre kalmadı. 30 Ekim 1918’de imzalanan Mondros Mütarekesi’ne göre Osmanlı ordusunun 1914’ten önceki sınırları gerisine çekilmesi gerektiğinden Artvin boşaltıldı ve 17 Aralık 1918’de İngilizler tarafından işgal edildi. İngiliz işgali 1920 yılının Nisan ayına kadar sürdü. İngilizler çekilirken şehri Gürcistan’a bıraktılar. Artvin’in yeniden kazanılması, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümetinin ilk askerî ve diplomatik başarılarının sonunda mümkün oldu. Kâzım Karabekir Paşa kumandasındaki 15. Kolordu’nun yeni Türkiye’nin ilk askerî zaferini 30 Ekim 1920’de Kars’ı kurtararak gerçekleştirmesinden sonra Artvin’in kurtuluşu meselesi diplomasi yoluyla çözüldü. Yeni Türk hükümeti 22 Şubat 1921’de Gürcistan Cumhuriyeti’ne verdiği bir ültimatomla Artvin’i de işgale hazırlandığını bildirdi. Buna verilen 23 Şubat 1921 tarihli cevapta Ardahan ile birlikte Artvin’in de terkedileceği resmen bildirildi. Bundan dört gün sonra 27 Şubat 1921’de Artvin kesin olarak Türkiye topraklarına katılmış oldu. Bu fiilî durum daha sonra 16 Mart 1921’de imzalanan Moskova Antlaşması’yla da hukukîleştirildi. Artvin ve çevresi anavatana yeniden kavuşunca önce dört buçuk ay müddetle Ardahan sancağına bağlandı. 7 Temmuz 1921 tarih ve 133 numaralı kanunla Artvin sancağı kurulunca da Artvin şehri bu yeni sancağın merkezi oldu. 1924 tarihinde Türkiye’nin idarî teşkilâtında yapılan değişiklikle sancaklar vilâyet haline dönüştürülürken Artvin şehri yeni kurulan ve aynı adı taşıyan vilâyetin merkezi oldu. Bu vilâyet 1 Haziran 1933 tarihinde çıkan 2917 sayılı kanunla lağvedildi. Artvin de bir kaza merkezi olarak aynı kanunla kurulan ve merkezi Rize olan Çoruh vilâyetine bağlandı. Çoruh vilâyeti 2885 sayılı ve 4 Ocak 1936 tarihli kanunla lağvedilip yeni bir Çoruh vilâyeti kurulunca da Artvin bu yeni vilâyetin merkezi oldu. Nihayet 17 Şubat 1956 tarihinde çıkan 6668 sayılı kanunla Artvin’in merkez olduğu ile verilen Çoruh adı kaldırıldı ve ilin adı merkezi gibi Artvin haline getirildi.
Artvin şehri günümüzde, arazi içine derince gömülmüş olan ve tabanı bu kısımda 225 m. yükseklikte bulunan Çoruh ırmağının kıyısındaki Çayağzı (eski adı Korzul) mahallesinden başlayarak ırmağın çok dik olan sol yamacında, yerleşmeye mümkün olduğu kadar elverişli basamaklar üzerinde yayılır. En alt kademede bulunan Çayağzı mahallesinden daha yukarıda 300-400 m. yükseklikler arasında Ortamahalle adı verilen mahalle kurulmuştur. Daha yüksekte bulunan ve çarşı ile iş merkezini de içine alan Çarşı mahallesi 550 m. yüksekliktedir ve topografyanın imkân vermiş olması sebebiyle iskânın en sık olduğu kesim de burasıdır. Çarşı mahallesi ile aşağı yukarı aynı yükseklikte olan ve 1960’lı yıllara kadar ondan kopuk olarak yaşayan Dere mahallesi sonradan Çarşı mahallesi ile birleşme eğilimi göstermiştir. Dere mahallesinden biraz yüksekte Balcıoğlu mahallesi, daha yukarılarda da eskiden köy iken belediye sınırları içine alınan Yenimahalle (eski adı İskebe) bulunur. Şehrin mevcut yedi mahallesi içinde en fazla yükseğe çıkanı 800-900 m. yükseklikler arasında yayılan Çamlık mahallesidir. Daha yükseklerde bulunan ve eskiden sadece yazlık yerleşmelere ayrılmış bulunan 1100 metredeki Kafkasor mevkiine yeni turistik tesisler yapılarak bu kesim de yerleşme alanı içine alınmıştır.
Artvin, aşağı mahalleleriyle yukarı mahalleleri arasında büyük yükseklik farkı olan, bu yerleşme şekliyle Türkiye’nin başka şehrinde görülmeyen bir özelliğe sahiptir. Şehrin kurulmuş olduğu vadi yamaçlarında alçak kesimlerde zeytinlikler, yukarıya doğru incir ve nar, daha yükseklerde erik, elma gibi meyve ağaçları yaygınlaşır. Bu sıralanış, şehrin aşağı mahalleleriyle yukarı mahalleleri arasında iklim farkı olduğunu gösterir ki gerçekten aşağıdaki Çayağzı mahallesinde ağaçlar çiçek açtığı halde yukarıdaki mahallelerin karlar altında bulunması görülebilen olaylardandır.
Şehrin nüfusu, Türkiye topraklarına katıldıktan sonra 1925 yılında yapılan deneme mahiyetindeki mahallî bir nüfus sayımında 2139 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Cumhuriyet’ten sonra 1927’de yapılan ilk sayımda nüfus henüz 2943 idi. Bu sayı önceleri çok yavaş şekilde artarak 1970’e kadar 10.000’i aşamadı. 1970’te 13.109 olan nüfus 1985’te 18.720’yi buldu. Bu rakam içindeki faal nüfusun % 40’ını idarî hizmetlerde çalışanlar oluşturur. Buna karşılık ticaretle uğraşanların oranı sadece % 8’dir. Bu da şehirde ve çevresinde önemli bir sanayileşme olmayışının ticaret hayatında görülen sonucudur. Zira Artvin şehrindeki tek sanayi kuruluşu lif-levha fabrikasıdır. Şehir dışındaki eski bir park son yıllarda sanayi çarşısı haline getirilmiştir. Ancak burada ufak çapta onarım ve kaynak işleriyle mobilyalar yapılmaktadır. Sanayileşme olmadığından başka yörelerde görülen köyden şehre nüfus akını da hızlı değildir. Şehrin nüfusunun hâlâ 20.000’i bulmamış olması da buna bağlanabilir.
Şehirde tarihî eser olarak, Çarşı mahallesinde 1278 (1861-62) yılında inşa edilip 1953’te yeniden yaptırılan Çarşı (Merkez) Camii, I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Ermeniler tarafından yıkılan Orta mahalledeki Orta Cami, Çayağzı mahallesindeki 1207 (1792-93) tarihli, Livane sancak beylerinden Sâlih Bey’in yaptırdığı Çayağzı Camii ve Dere mahallesinde bulunan eski bir caminin yerinde 1921’de yeniden inşa ettirilen Balcıoğlu Camii ile Çarşı Hamamı sayılabilir. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 1990 yılı istatistiklerine göre Artvin’de il ve ilçe merkezlerinde 60, bucak ve köylerde 535 olmak üzere toplam 595 cami bulunmaktadır. Artvin şehir merkezindeki cami sayısı ise on ikidir.
Artvin şehrinin merkez olduğu Artvin ili Rize, Erzurum, Kars illeri ve kuzeyden Sovyetler Birliği sınırı ile kuşatılmıştır; kuzeybatısında ise Karadeniz vardır. Merkez ilçeden başka Ardanuç, Arhavi, Borçka, Göktaş (Murgul), Hopa, Şavşat ve Yusufeli adlı yedi ilçeye ve yirmi bir bucağa ayrılmış olup 7436 km2 genişliğindeki topraklarında 303 köy bulunmaktadır. 1985 sayımına göre nüfusu 226.338, nüfus yoğunluğu ise 30 idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Strabon, Coğrafya (trc. Adnan Pekman), İstanbul 1969, s. 16 vd.
Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda) , s. 290.
İbn Hurdâzbih, el-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik , s. 108.
Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, el-Ḫarâc , s. 254.
Muvahhid Zeki, Artvin , İstanbul 1927.
Düstur , Üçüncü tertip, Ankara 1929, I, 92; a.e. , Üçüncü tertip, Ankara 1957, XXXVII, 4211; a.e. , Üçüncü tertip, Ankara 1986, XVII, 171.
Nihat Erim, Devletlerarası Hukuku ve Siyasi Tarih Metinleri , Ankara 1953, I, 403-424, 519-524.
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a.mlf., Osmanlıların Kafkas-Elleri’ni Fethi (1451-1590) , Ankara 1976, bk. İndeks.
Kâzım Karabekir, İstiklâl Harbimiz , İstanbul 1960, s. 785.
Bekir Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münâsebetleri: 1578-1590 , İstanbul 1962, s. 52-53.
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M. Tevfik Tarkan, Orta ve Aşağı Çoruh Havzası , Ankara 1973, s. 68, 70-71, 100-103.
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İ. Metin Kunt, Sancaktan Eyâlete: 1550-1650 , İstanbul 1978, s. 140, 180.
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İsmail Soysal, Türkiye’nin Siyasal Andlaşmaları , Ankara 1983, I, 27-31.
Türkiye’de Vakıf Abideler ve Eski Eserler , Ankara 1983, I, 735 vd.
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Hamid Sadi Selen, “Doğu Anadolu Yolları ve Manzaraları”, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi , sy. 11-12, Ankara 1949, s. 102-109.
İsmail Kayabalı – Cemender Arslanoğlu, “Kuzey Doğu Anadolu Sınırlarının Tarihi”, TK , XI/126 (1973), s. 324-536.
Gotthard Jaschke, “Die Elviye-i Selase Kars, Ardahan und Batum”, WI , XVIII/1-2 (1977), s. 19-40.
M. H. Yınanç, “Akkoyunlular”, İA , I, 259.
Fr. Taeschner, “Artvin”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 667.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 420-422 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.