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ARZ-ı MEV‘ÛD Skip to content Allah’ın Hz. İbrâhim’e ve onun soyundan gelenlere vermeyi vaad ettiği yer için kullanılan terim.
İbrânîce’de “Eretz Israel” (İsrâil diyarı) denilen bu bölge Ahd-i Atîk’te “Ken‘an diyarı” (Tekvîn, 11/31; 17/18; Çıkış, 6/4), “diyar” (Tesniye, 26/15; İşaya, 57/13), “gurbet diyarı” (Tekvîn, 17/8), “memleket” (Tekvîn, 26/2-3) diye de zikredilmektedir. İkinci Mâbed döneminden itibaren ise “arz-ı mev‘ûd” diye adlandırılmış olup Ahd-i Cedîd’de de bu isimle geçmektedir (İbrânîler’e Mektup, 11/9). Ahd-i Atîk’te burası ayrıca “iyi ve geniş diyar” (Çıkış, 3/8), “süt ve bal akan diyar” (Çıkış, 3/8; Levililer, 20/24; Tesniye, 11/9; Yeremya, 11/5; 32/22; Hezekiel, 20/6, 15), “bütün memleketlerin süsü olan diyar” (Hezekiel, 20/6, 15) diye tavsif edilmiştir.
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te Hz. İbrâhim’e yapılan vaadde, “Mısır ırmağından büyük ırmağa, Fırat ırmağına kadar olan bölge” (Tekvîn, 15/8), Hz. Mûsâ ve Yeşu’a yapılan vaadde, “Ayak tabanınızın basacağı her yer sizin olacak” denilmiştir (Tesniye, 11/24; Yeşu, 1/3). Arz-ı mev‘ûdun sınırları Ahd-i Atîk’te daha ayrıntılı olarak şu şekilde verilmektedir: Güney sınırı: “Tsin çölünden Edom boyunca olacak ve cenup sınırınız şarka doğru Tuz denizinin ucundan olacak ve sınırınız Akrabbim yokuşundan cenuba doğru dolaşacak ve Tsin’e geçecek ve onun uçları Kadeş-Barnea’nın cenubunda olacaklar ve Hatsar-Addar’a çıkacak ve Atsmon’a geçecek ve sınır Atsmon’dan Mısır vadisine kadar dolaşacak ve onun uçları deniz yanında olacaktır” (Sayılar, 34/3-5; Tesniye, 15/2-4). Buradaki Tsin çölü Kadeş’in kuzeydoğusunda yer almakta ve arz-ı mev‘ûdun güney sınırını teşkil etmektedir. Tuz denizi bugünkü Ölüdeniz’dir. Akrabbim yokuşu Ölüdeniz’in güneyinde, bugünkü Nakb es-Safâ, Hatsar-Addar Kadeş-Barnea’nın kuzeybatısındaki Vâdilkudeyrât, Atsmon da Vâdilkudeyrât’ın batısındaki yerdir. Mısır vadisi ise, Gazze’nin güneybatısından Akdeniz’e açılan Vâdilarîş’tir. Arz-ı mev‘ûdun güney sınırını belirten bu ifade, Ruhban metnine aittir ve Negev’in büyük bir kısmını arz-ı mev‘ûda katmaktadır. Batı sınırı: “Büyük deniz ve onun kıyısı olacaktır” (Sayılar, 34/6; Yeşu, 1/4). “Garp denizi”de (Tesniye, 11/24) denilen bu deniz Akdeniz’dir. Kuzey sınırı: “Büyük denizden Hor dağına kadar kendinize işaret koyacaksınız. Hor dağından Hamat’a girilecek yere kadar işaret koyacaksınız ve sınırın uçları Tsedâd’da olacak ve sınır Zifron’a çıkacak ve onun uçları Hatsar-Enan’da olacaktır” (Sayılar, 34/7-9). Arz-ı mev‘ûdun kuzey sınırı, Ahd-i Atîk’in diğer yerlerinde Lübnan olarak belirtilmektedir (Tesniye, 11/24; Yeşu, 1/4). Söz konusu Hor dağının Güney Anadolu’daki Toros dağları olduğu da ileri sürülmüştür (Ancien Testament , s. 326); fakat genel kanaat, bunun Lübnan dağı (Cebelilübnan) olduğu yönündedir. Esasen Ahd-i Atîk’in hiçbir yerinde arz-ı mev‘ûdun kuzey sınırı Lübnan bölgesini aşmamaktadır. Doğu sınırı: “Ve şark sınırınız için Hatsar-Enan’dan Şefam’a kadar işaret koyacaksınız ve sınır Şefam’dan Ain’in şark tarafında Ribla’ya inecek ve şarka doğru Kinneret denizinin yanına dokunacaktır ve sınır Erden’e inecek ve uçları Tuz denizi yanında olacaktır” (Sayılar, 34/10-12). Kinneret denizi Taberiye gölüdür. Ahd-i Atîk’te doğu sınırı “büyük ırmak, Fırat ırmağı” olarak da gösterildiği halde (Tekvîn, 15/18; Tesniye, 11/24; Yeşu, 1/4), Sayılar, 34/10-12’de Rab Yahova tarafından Hz. Mûsâ’ya çizilen doğu sınırı Taberiye ve Lut göllerinin doğu tarafındaki bölgeyle sınırlı kalmaktadır. Doğu sınırının Fırat’a kadar uzatılması ideal ölçülere göredir ve yahudi tarihinde hiç gerçekleşmemiştir. İsrail tarihinin en parlak dönemi Hz. Süleyman devri olmasına, Hz. Süleyman’ın “Irmaktan Filistîler diyarına ve Mısır sınırına kadar bütün ülkeler üzerinde saltanat sürdüğü” (I. Krallar, 4/21) belirtilmesine rağmen krallığın doğu sınırı asla Fırat’a varmamıştır.
Arz-ı mev‘ûd ilk önce Hz. İbrâhim’e ve onun zürriyetine vaad edilmiştir (Tekvîn, 13/14-17). “Ve senin gurbet diyarını, bütün Ken‘an diyarını sana ve senden sonra zürriyetine ebedî mülk olarak vereceğim ve onların Allah’ı olacağım” (Tekvîn, 17/8). Ancak Kitâb-ı Mukaddes geleneği daha sonra Hz. İsmâil’i devre dışı bırakarak vaadin Hz. İshak ve onun zürriyetine ait olduğunu belirtmektedir (Tekvîn, 21/12). Hz. İbrâhim’den sonra aynı vaad Hz. İshak’a ve onun zürriyetine (Tekvîn, 26/2-3), Hz. Ya‘kūb’a ve zürriyetine (Tekvîn, 28/4, 13; 48/4), Hz. Yûsuf’a (Tekvîn, 50/24), Hz. Mûsâ’ya (Çıkış, 3/8, 17; 6/4, 8; 32/13; 33/1; Sayılar, 34/1-12; Tesniye, 11/24-25) ve Yeşu’a (Yeşu, 1/2-4) yapılmıştır.
Arz-ı mev‘ûd Hz. İbrâhim, Hz. İshak, Hz. Ya‘kūb ve Hz. Mûsâ’ya ve onların zürriyetlerine ebedî mülk ve miras olarak verilmiştir (Tekvîn, 17/8; 28/4,13; 48/4; Çıkış, 6/8); ancak bu hiçbir şarta bağlı olmayan, mutlak bir vaad değildir. Arz-ı mev‘ûda sahip olmanın, orayı ebedî mülk ve miras olarak almanın şartları, Rab Yahova ile İsrâiloğulları arasında değişik dönemlerde yapılan ahid lerle tesbit edilmiştir. İsrâiloğulları bu ahidlere riayet etmeleri şartıyla vaade hak kazanacaklar, aksi takdirde bundan mahrum kalacaklardı.
Arz-ı mev‘ûdla ilgili ilk ahid, Rab Yahova ile Hz. İbrâhim arasında yapılmıştır. “O günde Rab İbrâhim’le ahdedip dedi: Mısır ırmağından büyük ırmağa, Fırat ırmağına kadar bu diyarı, Kenîler’i, Kenizzîler’i, Kadmonîler’i, Hittîler’i, Perizzîler’i, Refalar’ı, Amorîler’i, Ken‘anlılar’ı, Girgaşîler’i, Yebusîler’i senin zürriyetine verdim” (Tekvîn, 15/18-21). Bu ahid ile Tanrı Hz. İbrâhim’in soyunu fazlasıyla çoğaltacaktır; o, milletlerin babası olacaktır. Onun soyundan krallar çıkacaktır. Onun gurbet diyarını, bütün Ken‘an diyarını ona ve ondan sonra da zürriyetine ebedî mülk olarak verecektir. Bu vaadin karşılığı olarak Hz. İbrâhim ve onun zürriyeti, Tanrı olarak sadece O’nu tanıyacak ve her erkek sünnet olacaktır. Bu ahid ebedîdir (Tekvîn, 1-14).
Hz. İshak ve Hz. Ya‘kūb ile de bir ahid yapılmıştır (Çıkış, 6/4). Rab Hz. İshak’a vaadini şu şekilde bildirmektedir: “Mısır’a inme, sana söyleyeceğim memlekette otur, bu diyarda misafir ol, seninle olacağım, seni mübarek kılacağım, çünkü bütün bu memleketleri sana ve zürriyetine vereceğim ve baban İbrâhim’e ettiğim yemini pekiştireceğim ve senin zürriyetini göklerin yıldızları gibi çoğaltacağım, zürriyetine bütün bu memleketleri vereceğim, yerin bütün milletleri senin zürriyetinde mübarek kılınacaklar, çünkü İbrâhim sözümü dinledi ve tenbihlerimi, emirlerimi, kanunlarımı ve şeriatlarımı tuttu” (Tekvîn, 26/2-5). Şu halde vaadin tahakkuku, Allah’ın emirlerini, kanun ve şeriatını tutmaya bağlıdır.
Yahova Hz. Ya‘kūb’a şöyle der: “Baban İbrâhim’in Allah’ı, İshak’ın Allah’ı rab benim. Üzerinde yatmakta olduğun diyarı sana ve senin zürriyetine vereceğim; senin zürriyetin yerin tozu gibi olacak, garba, şarka, şimale ve cenuba yayılacaksın, yerin bütün kabileleri sende ve senin zürriyetinde mübarek kılınacaktır” (Tekvîn, 28/13-14).
Hz. Mûsâ ile de bir ahid yapılmıştır. “Bunun için İsrâiloğulları’na söyle. Ben rabbim. Sizi Mısırlılar’ın yükleri altından çıkaracağım…, sizi kendim için bir kavim olarak alacağım ve size Allah olacağım… ve İbrâhim’e, İshak’a Ya‘kūb’a vermek için yemin ettiğim diyara sizi getireceğim ve onu size miras olarak vereceğim” (Çıkış, 6/2-8). Hz. Mûsâ vasıtasıyla Rab Yahova ile İsrâiloğulları arasında yapılan ahdin şartları ise Rabbin Hz. Mûsâ’ya verdiği şeriatın (Tevrat) hükümleridir (Çıkış, 19/24). İsrâiloğulları Tevrat’ta bildirilen hükümlere riayet ettikleri sürece Rab Yahova onları kendisi için bir kavim olarak alacak ve onlara Allah olacaktır (Çıkış, 6/7; Levililer, 26/12). “Eğer gerçekten sözümü dinleyecek ve ahdimi tutacaksanız, bana bütün kavimlerden has kavim olacaksınız; çünkü bütün dünya benimdir; ve siz bana kâhinler melekûtu ve mukaddes millet olacaksınız” (Çıkış, 19/5-6).
Ahd-i Atîk’in birçok yerinde arz-ı mev‘ûdda uyulması gereken kurallar ayrıntılarıyla bildirilmiştir (Çıkış, 13/5-16; 1924; 33-34; Sayılar, 15; Tesniye, 5-8; 11/22-25; 12/1-26/19; Yeşu, 1/6-8; Yeremya, 1/1-7). Ahdin şartlarına uyulmadığı, Rabbin emirleri yerine getirilmediği, O’nun kanunları reddedildiği (Levililer, 26/14-15), şeriattaki emirler tutulmadığı takdirde ise başlarına her türlü felâket gelecek; Rab Yahova onlardan nefret edip onlara karşı öfke ile yürüyecek (Levililer, 26/14-33; Tesniye, 28/58-68), mülk edinmek için girdikleri diyardan koparılacaklardır (Tesniye, 28/63). Nitekim İsrâiloğulları tarihleri boyunca, hiçbir zaman Rab Yahova ile yapılan ahde sadık kalmamışlardır. Ahd-i Atîk de onların ahdi bozmalarını ısrarla vurgulamaktadır (Tesniye, 29/25; 31/16, 20; Yeşu, 7/11; I. Krallar, 19/10; II. Tarihler, 12/1; Ezra, 9/10; Mezmur, 119/53; İşaya, 24/5; Yeremya, 9/13; 22/9; Hezekiel, 44/7). Hz. Mûsâ zamanında yapılan ahid, İsrâiloğulları’nın altın buzağıya tapmalarıyla bozulmuş (Çıkış, 32), daha sonra arz-ı mev‘ûdun ebediyen verileceği tekrar bildirilerek (Çıkış, 32/13) ahid yenilenmiştir (Çıkış, 33-34). Çölde ahid tekrar hatırlatılarak arz-ı mev‘ûda girilince uyulması gereken kurallar belirtilmiş (Levililer, 25/55-26/46), fakat İsrâiloğulları her defasında ahdi çiğneyip Rab Yahova’ya isyan etmişlerdir. Rabbin emri üzerine Hz. Mûsâ her kabileden birer temsilciyi arz-ı mev‘ûd hakkında bilgi toplamak üzere Ken‘an diyarına göndermiş, kırk gün sonra dönen grup, iki kişi hariç, oraya gitmenin tehlikeli olduğunu belirtmişler ve tekrar Mısır’a dönme arzularını izhar etmişlerdir. Bunun üzerine Rab Yahova onları mirastan mahrum edeceğini bildirmiş ve orayı onlara kırk yıl haram kılmıştır (Sayılar, 14/33-34).
İsrâiloğulları’na böyle bir vaadin yapılması, onların salâhından ve yüreklerinin doğruluğundan dolayı değil, ancak oradaki milletlerin kötülüğünden ve Rabbin İbrâhim’e, İshak’a ve Ya’kūb’a and ettiği sözü sabit kılması sebebiyledir (Tesniye, 9/4-5). Zira İsrâiloğulları “sert enseli bir kavim”dir (Çıkış, 32/9; 33/3; 34/9; Tesniye, 9/6, 13); Mısır diyarından çıktıkları günden beri Rabbe âsi olmuşlardır (Tesniye, 9/7); öküz kendi sahibini, eşek de efendisinin yemliğini bildiği halde İsrâil Rabbini bilmemektedir (İşaya, 1/2-3); İsrâiloğulları suçlu bir millettir, haksızlığı yüklenmiş olan kavimdir, kötülük işleyenlerin zürriyetidir. Rabbi bırakmışlar (İşaya, 1/4), ahdi bozmuşlar (Tesniye, 31/16, 20; Yeremya, 11/10), başka ilâhların ardında gitmişlerdir (Yeremya, 11/10). Rab Yahova’nın hoşgörüsüne rağmen her defasında ahdi bozdukları için Rab onları helâk etmek istemiş, fakat bu niyetinden dönmüş, nâdim olmuştur. O kadar çok isyan etmişlerdir ki onları cezalandırmaya niyetlenen, fakat buna nâdim olan Yahova, nedâmet ede ede yorulmuştur (Yeremya, 15/6).
Ahde riayet etmeyen arz-ı mev‘ûddan mahrum kalacak ve lânetlenecektir (Yeremya, 11/3). Orada ebedî kalabilmek için ahde riayetin yanında daha başka şartlar da ileri sürülmüştür. “Yollarınızı ve işlerinizi ıslah edin, sizi bu yerde oturturum. Yollarınızı ve işlerinizi iyice ıslah ederseniz, bir adamla komşusu arasında tam adalet ederseniz, garibi, öksüzü ve dul kadını mağdur etmezseniz, bu yerde suçsuz kanı dökmezseniz, kendi ziyanınıza olarak başka ilâhların ardınca yürümezseniz o zaman bu yerde, ezelden ebede kadar atalarınıza vermiş olduğum diyarda sizi oturturum” (Yeremya, 7/1-7). “Çünkü memlekette doğru adamlar oturacaklar ve kâmiller orada kalacaklardır. Fakat kötü adamlar memleketten atılacaklar ve hainler oradan söküleceklerdir” (Süleyman’ın Meselleri, 2/21-22).
Arz-ı mev‘ûd tabiri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de geçmemekte, ancak Hz. İbrâhim ve Lût’un “bereketli kılınmış” bir diyara ulaştırıldıkları anlatılmaktadır (el-Enbiyâ 21/71). Firavunların baskısı altında yaşayan İsrâiloğulları’nı Mısır’dan çıkarmakla görevlendirilen Hz. Mûsâ da, “Ey kavmim! Allah’ın sizin için yazmış olduğu arz-ı mukaddese giriniz ve arkanıza dönmeyiniz; sonra hüsrana uğrayanlardan olursunuz” demiştir (el-Mâide 5/21). Fakat İsrâiloğulları oraya girmek istememişler, bunun üzerine arz-ı mukaddes onlara kırk yıl haram kılınmıştır (el-Mâide 5/22-26). Bunun dışında Kur’an’da ayrıca, Tevrat’ta verilen sözün Zebûr’da yenilendiği, “arz”a iyi kulların vâris olacağı açıklanmış (el-Enbiyâ 21/105), Mısır’da zayıf düşürülen İsrâiloğulları’nın Allah tarafından “o yerde” hâkim kılınmak istendiği bildirilmiş (el-Kasas 28/5-6), İsrâiloğulları’na önceden verilen sözün gerçekleştirildiği ve sabretmelerine karşılık, hor görülüp ezilen bu milletin “bereketli kılınan topraklar”a vâris kılındığı ifade edilmiştir (el-A‘râf 7/137).
Kur’an’da “arz-ı mukaddese”, “bereketli arz” gibi ifadelerle anılan ve İsrâiloğulları için yaratıldığı belirtilen bu yerin neresi olduğu açık olarak bildirilmemiştir. Nitekim bu âyetlerin tefsirinde çeşitli yerler üzerinde durulmuş, bazı âlimler bu yerin Şam ve Mısır, bazıları Mescid-i Aksâ’nın bulunduğu Kudüs ve Lübnan dağı çevresi olduğunu söylerken diğer bazı âlimler de kesin bir yer belirtmenin doğru olmayacağını, ancak Fırat ile Mısır arasında bir yer olması gerektiğini ifade etmişlerdir.
Yahudiler arz-ı mev‘ûddan uzaklaştırıldıktan sonra (m.s. 70) daima oranın hayaliyle yaşamışlar, zaman zaman ortaya çıkan sahte mesîh ler de oraya kavuşma idealini körüklemişlerdir. Bu mesîhlerden bazıları “arz-ı mev‘ûd”u önce Filistin, sonra da bütün yeryüzü şeklinde yorumlamışlardır. Siyonizm hareketinin ortaya çıkış sebebi de arz-ı mev‘ûd idealinin gerçekleşmesi arzusudur.
Vaad öncelikle Hz. İbrâhim’e yapıldığına göre, bu vaad bir hak doğuruyorsa, İshak soyundan gelen yahudiler kadar İsmâil neslinden gelenlerin de o topraklarda hakkı olmalıdır. Diğer taraftan vaadin gerçekleşmesi birtakım şartların yerine getirilmesine bağlanmıştır. Bunların başında Allah’a itaat gelmektedir (el-Mâide 5/12). Halbuki İsrâiloğulları Allah’ın emirlerine boyun eğmemiş yapılan ahidleri yerine getirmemiş, hatta Allah’ın elçilerini öldürüp fesat çıkarmışlardır (el-Bakara 2/61, 100; en-Nisâ 4/155-156; el-Mâide 5/13). Ayrıca Kur’an’da “arz”a belli ırklara mensup olanların değil “sâlih kullar”ın vâris kılınacağı ve bu ilâhî kanunun bütün mukaddes kitapların hükmü olduğu bildirilmiştir (el-Enbiyâ 21/105; krş. Mezmur, 37/29; 69/32-36).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Taberî, Tefsîr , XVII, 80-81.
Kurtubî, Tefsîr , VI, 125.
Ancien Testament , s. 326.
Bustanay Oded, “Canaan, Land of”, EJd. , V, 99-100.
“Erez İsrael”, a.e. , VI, 837.
Louis Isaac Rabinowiz, “İsrael”, a.e. , IX, 106.
Michael Avi-Yonah, “İsrael, Land of”, a.e. , IX, 108-123.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 442-444 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.