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ASÂ Skip to content Çeşitli din ve kültürlerde kudret ve otorite ile dinî-sihrî gücün sembolü sayılan sopa, değnek.
1/2 Müellif: ÖMER FARUK HARMAN Bölüme Git
DİNLER TARİHİ. Yolcular, savaşçılar, çobanlar, biniciler vb. tarafından çeşitli maksatlarla kullanılan asânın sembol olarak da önemi büyüktür. Asâ, ço…
2/2 Müellif: M. FUAD KÖPRÜLÜ, ORHAN F. KÖPRÜLÜ Bölüme Git
İSLÂM TARİHİ. Bugün birçoklarınca kabul edildiği gibi asânın önce dinî-sihrî, daha sonra siyasî veya adlî kudret ve salâhiyet timsali olarak kullanılm…
DİNLER TARİHİ. Yolcular, savaşçılar, çobanlar, biniciler vb. tarafından çeşitli maksatlarla kullanılan asânın sembol olarak da önemi büyüktür. Asâ, çobanın elinde hayvan otlatırken kullandığı bir araç, yaşlıların veya yaya olarak uzun yol katedenlerin elinde bir destek ve silâh, şaman ve büyücünün elinde sihrî bir güç vasıtası, kral veya hükümdarın elinde ise kudret ve otorite sembolü olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Asânın destek ve silâh olarak kullanımı Hint ikonografyasında kendini gösterir. Asâ pek çok ilâhın, özellikle de ölüler krallığının muhafızı olan ilâh Yama’nın elinde bir silâh, ilâh Vâmana’nın elinde ise bir bastondur. Budist rahibin “hakhara” (khakkhara) adı verilen asâsı ise hem baston hem de bir savunma aracıdır. O bir taraftan manastır hayatının sembolü, bir taraftan da şeytan ve cinleri kovma aracıdır. Varlıkların zararlarını gidermekte, ruhları cehennemden kurtarmakta, ejderhaları ehlîleştirmektedir.
Eski Çin’de asâ, yeni yılın girişinde kötülüklerin kovulması maksadıyla, Taoistler’de ise bambu ağacından yapılma, yedi veya dokuz budaklı olarak ibadet esnasında kullanılmaktaydı. Mısırlılar’da hem yolculuk sırasında hem de bir yetki alâmeti olmak üzere üst seviyedeki insanlarca asâ taşınmaktaydı. Şaman ve büyücünün asâsı ise sihrî güçler ile mânevî yükselişin sembolü sayılmaktaydı.
Yahudilik’te yolcular, savaşçılar, biniciler vb. tarafından kullanılan asânın mûcizevî ve sembolik özellikleri de vardır. Tevrat’ta Hz. Mûsâ ve Hz. Hârûn’la ilgili olarak asâ konusunda ayrıntılı fakat yer yer çelişkili bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Burada Hz. Mûsâ’ya, Allah tarafından peygamber olarak görevlendirildiğine dair bir alâmet olmak üzere asâ mûcizesinin verildiği belirtilmektedir. Buna göre Hz. Mûsâ’nın elindeki asâ önce yılana dönüşür, sonra da eski haline gelir (Çıkış, 4/1-5). Tevrat’ta ayrıca Hz. Hârûn’un asâsı da söz konusudur ve asâ ile gerçekleştirilen çeşitli mûcizelerde bu asânın kime ait olduğu meselesinde tutarsızlıklar vardır. Meselâ Hz. Mûsâ’nın yılana dönüşen asâsı Firavun’un huzurunda Mısırlı sihirbazların yılan haline gelen asâlarını yutarken ondan Hârûn’un asâsı diye bahsedilir (Çıkış, 7/8-13). Hz. Mûsâ’ya, Firavun’a gidip ondan kavmini salıvermesini istemesi, aksi takdirde yılana dönüşen değnekle ırmağın suyunu kana dönüştüreceğini söylemesi emredilir (Çıkış, 7/14-18). Ancak başka bir yerde asâsını Mısır’ın suları, ırmakları, kanalları ve havuzları üzerine uzatarak onları kana dönüştürenin Hârûn olduğu görülür (Çıkış, 7/19-20). Halbuki İsrâiloğulları çölde susuzluktan şikâyet edince rab Hz. Mûsâ’dan, “ırmağa vurduğu değneği alarak kayaya vurmasını” ister ve kayadan su fışkırır (Çıkış, 17/16). Hz. Hârûn’un asâsı vasıtasıyla Mısır diyarını kurbağalar (Çıkış, 8/1-7) ve tatarcık sineği (Çıkış, 8/16-17) istilâ eder. Diğer taraftan Hz. Mûsâ asâsını göğe doğru uzatır ve Mısır diyarı üzerine dolu yağar (Çıkış, 9/22-27); ayrıca asâsını Mısır diyarı üzerine uzatır ve şark yeli ile birlikte ülkeyi çekirge istilâ eder (Çıkış, 10/12-13). Yine Hz. Mûsâ İsrâiloğulları ile birlikte denizi geçerken asâsını kaldırıp denize uzatır ve sular yarılır (Çıkış, 14/16, 21). Toplanma çadırında şahadet sandığı önüne konulan Hârûn’un asâsı, onun Tanrı tarafından seçildiğine bir alâmet olmak üzere tomurcuklanır ve olgun bademler verir (Sayılar, 17/8). Ancak çölde İsrâiloğulları’nın isyanı üzerine Tanrı Hz. Mûsâ’dan şahadet sandığı önündeki asâyı alıp kayaya vurmasını ister ve kayadan su fışkırır (Sayılar, 20/7-11). Halbuki şahadet sandığı önündeki asâ Hz. Hârûn’a aittir ve kayadan su fışkırması mûcizesi Hz. Mûsâ’nın asâsıyla gerçekleşmiştir (Çıkış, 17/5). Öte yandan İsrâiloğulları’nda her kabile için, üzerinde kabile reisinin isminin yazıldığı bir asâ vardır (Sayılar, 17/2). Peygamber Elişa’nın asâsı tedavi edici bir nitelik taşımaktadır (II. Krallar, 4/29).
Yahudilik’te asâ, birtakım mûcizelerin gerçekleşmesinde araç olduğu gibi aynı zamanda hükümranlık sembolüdür. Nitekim Ahd-i Atîk’te Mısır, Moab, Şam, Aşkelon krallarıyla ilgili olarak asâ bu sembolik mânasıyla da zikredilir (Yeremya, 48/17; Amos, 1/5,8; Zekarya, 10/11); ayrıca İran Kralı Ahaşveroş’un altın asâsından bahsedilir (Ester, 4/11). Yakındoğu kral portrelerinin hemen hemen değişmez özelliği olan asâ İsrail’de de krallık sembolüdür. Tanrı İsrâiloğulları’nın gerçek kralı olduğu için (I. Samuel, 8/7) onun da asâsı vardır (İşaya, 30/31). Asâ bir hükümranlık sembolü olarak Ahd-i Atîk’te birçok defa zikredilir. “Şilo gelinceye kadar saltanat asâsı Yehuda’dan, hükümdarlık asâsı da ayaklarının arasından gitmeyecektir” (Tekvîn, 49/10) ifadesinde bu açıkça görülmektedir ve buradaki Şilo’yu Hz. Muhammed olarak yorumlayanlar vardır (Abdülahad Dâvûd, s. 49-59). Ahd-i Atîk’in diğer yerlerinde de asâ bu anlamda kullanılmıştır (Sayılar, 24/17; Ester, 4/11, 5/2; Mezmur, 45/6, 110/2; Zekarya, 10/11).
İnciller’de Hz. Îsâ havârilerine, İsrâiloğulları’ndaki âdetin aksine yolculuk esnasında asâ almamalarını öğütlemekte (Matta, 10/10; Luka, 9/3), başka bir yerde ise sadece asâ almalarını söylemektedir (Markos, 6/8). Ahd-i Cedîd’de asânın dinî-sihrî fonksiyonu söz konusu değildir. Hıristiyan geleneğinde bir de piskoposların taşıdıkları asâ (crosse) vardır ki bu çobanların kullandıkları asânın bir başka şeklidir.
İbn Manzûr’un açıklamalarına göre asâ, deve çobanlarının taşıdığı bir gereç olarak İslâm’dan önceki Araplar’da da kullanılmaktaydı (bk. Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿaṣâ” md.). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de on âyette tekil şekliyle Mûsâ’nın asâsı, iki âyette de çoğul şekliyle (ısıyy) Firavun’un sihirbazlarının asâları zikredilmektedir. Bu âyetlerin birinde (Tâhâ 20/18) Hz. Mûsâ, elindekinin kendi asâsı olduğunu, onu destek olarak kullandığını, onunla yaprak silkeleyerek sürüsünü beslediğini ve daha başka işlerde kullandığını belirtir. Mûsâ’nın asâsı bu alelâde faydaları yanında ayrıca sihirbazlara karşı çevik hareketli bir yılan (en-Neml 27/10; el-Kasas 28/31), taştan on iki kaynaklı su fışkırtan (el-Bakara 2/60), suya vurunca Kızıldeniz’i ikiye bölerek İsrâiloğulları’na geçit açan (eş-Şuarâ 26/63) ilâhî kudretin tecelli ettiği mûcizevî bir araçtır. Bazı kaynaklarda asânın cennetteki mersin ağacından geldiği, on zirâ uzunluğunda yani Hz. Mûsâ’nın boyu kadar olduğu, çatallı ucunun gece karanlığında çevreyi aydınlattığı şeklinde bilgiler varsa da muteber tefsirlerde bu rivayetlere önem verilmemiştir (bk. Râzî, III, 95; Elmalılı, I, 365).
Hadislerde asâ kelimesi, çeşitli işlerde kullanılan bir gereç olması yanında, “Hz. Mûsâ’nın mûcizeli değneği” anlamında da kullanılmıştır (bk. Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 28; Müsned , II, 392, 515, 535). Ebû Hüreyre’nin rivayet ettiği bir hadiste, âhir zamanda ortaya çıkacak olan dâbbetü’l-arz ın yanında Mûsâ’nın asâsının bulunacağı ve bununla müminlerin yüzlerini aydınlatacağı, Süleyman’ın mührü ile de kâfirlerin burunlarına damga basacağı ve böylece müminle kâfirin birbirinden kolaylıkla ayırt edilebileceği belirtilmiştir (Tirmîzî, “Tefsîr”, 28; Müsned , II, 295, 491). Ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in bir güç ve adalet timsali olarak asâ taşıdığını, cuma hutbesi okurken asâya dayandığını bildiren hadisler de vardır (bk. İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 85; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 223, 243). Bu son uygulama Hz. Peygamber’den sonra da devam ettirilmiştir (aş.bk.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿaṣâ” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ʿaṣâ” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿaṣâ” md.
Müsned , II, 295, 392, 491, 515, 535.
Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 28.
İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 31, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 85.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 223, 243.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 28.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Tefsîr , III, 94-97.
E. Levesque, “Bâton”, Dictionnaire de la Bible , Paris 1912, I/1, s. 1509-1514.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , I, 365.
Abdülahad Dâvûd, Muhammad in the Bible , Doha 1980, s. 49-59.
H. F. Beck, “Staff”, IDB , III, 438-439.
L. E. Toombs, “Rod”, a.e. , III, 102-103.
a.mlf., “Scepter”, a.e. , III, 234-235.
J. Chevalier – A. Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire des symboles , Paris 1969, s. 110-112, 853-854.
M. I. Gruber, “Scepter”, EJd. , XIV, 935.
H. J. T. Johnson, “Regalia”, ERE , X, 636.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 449-450 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
İSLÂM TARİHİ. Bugün birçoklarınca kabul edildiği gibi asânın önce dinî-sihrî, daha sonra siyasî veya adlî kudret ve salâhiyet timsali olarak kullanılması muhtemelen eski Mısır’da başlamış ve oradan Yakındoğu ülkelerine, sonra da eski Yunanlılar’a ve Romalılar’a geçmiştir. Homer’in tasvir ettiği Achaia başkanlarının da birer asâları vardı. Bu onların yalnız askerî hâkimiyetlerinin değil, adaleti yerine getirme yani hâkimlik yapma yetkilerinin de timsalidir (Dareste, II, 1-11). Eski vazolar üzerindeki mâbud resimleri bunların da asâları olduğunu göstermektedir. Hâkimiyetin, eski kavimlerin müşterek telakkilerine göre, ilâhî bir menşeden geldiği düşünülecek olursa başlangıçta mâbudlara mahsus olan asânın sonradan onun çeşitli kuvvetlerinin ve tecellîlerinin temsilcisi (peygamber, hükümdar, kâhin, hâkim, rahip gibi) olanlara intikal edeceği kolaylıkla anlaşılır. Esasen dinî veya hukukî semboller, önceleri herhangi bir kudret ve yetkinin yalnız hâricî bir tezahürü, maddî bir görünüşü mahiyetinde olmayıp başlı başına onu teşkil eden ve ona meşruiyet veren şeylerdir. Onlara sahip olan kimse kudreti de doğrudan doğruya kendi eline geçirmiş olur. İşte bu sembollerin incelenmesindeki lüzum ve önem de bundan dolayıdır. Romalılar’da asâ birçok mâbudlara ve özellikle Jüpiter’e mahsus bir timsaldir. Bu da çok defa başında mücessem bir kartal tasviri bulunan fildişi bir asâdır. İlk Roma krallarının Tarquinius Priscus’tan önce böyle kartal başlı asâ taşıyıp taşımadıkları bilinmiyor. İmparatorlar da bunları taşırlardı. Sonraları ise asâ konsüllere mahsus alâmetler arasına da girmiştir. Asânın Germen hukukundaki sembolik mânası ve Batı Germanya’da kazâî kuvvetin bir timsali gibi telakki olunduğu, İskit hükümdarlarının, kendilerine doğrudan doğruya Allah tarafından gönderilmiş gibi kabul edilen çeşitli hâkimiyet alâmetleri arasında asânın da bulunduğu (bk. Heredote’tan naklen Frazer, s. 134; Rostovtzeff, s. 38, 44) düşünülürse bunun mahiyeti ve şümulü daha iyi anlaşılır.
İslâmiyet’ten önce Asya’daki Türk devletlerinde hükümdarlığa mahsus alâmetler arasında asâdan hiç bahsedilmez. Uzakdoğu medeniyeti çevresinde ve özellikle bu kültürün en önemli ve eski temsilcisi olan Çinliler’de de buna rastlanmaması bunun sebebini daha iyi açıklayabilir. Gerçi Çin’de Han sülâlesi zamanında, “kin-vu” adlı bir değnek taşıyan bir sınıf polis memurları vardı. Hatta Kotwicz, Orhon’daki bazı mezar heykellerinde görülen asâların bunları temsil ettiğini sanmıştı (Jaworski, s. 259, 265). Onu böyle bir düşünceye, Kültigin’in matem merasimine iştirak için gönderilen Çin heyetinin başındaki kimsenin “kin-vu generali” unvanını taşıması hususu sevketmişti. Halbuki Pelliot bunun doğru olmadığını, kin-vu adının T’ang sülâlesi devrinde imparatorun has ordusuna mensup bir kıtaya verildiğini söylemiştir. Ancak bu devirde sefirlerin elinde “tsic” denilen bir nevi değnek (asâ) bulunduğu, bunun ise sefâret heyetlerine mahsus bir alâmet olduğu bilinmektedir. 740’ta Çin imparatorunun Taşkent hükümdarı Bagatur Tudun’a hizmetlerine mükâfat olarak yeni bir unvan verdiğini ve püsküller ile süslenmiş halkalı bir asâ göndermiş olduğunu Chavannes’den öğreniyoruz. Bütün bunlardan anlaşılabildiğine göre, asâ Çin’de birtakım memuriyetlere tahsis edilen ve ayrıca imparatora tâbi küçük hükümdara da taltif maksadı ile verilen bir alâmettir.
Bilindiği üzere C. H. Becker, müslümanlardaki asâ yahut kadîb ve Hz. Peygamber tarafından kullanılan aneze adlı harbenin, menşeini eski Araplar’da adlî yetkisi bulunan hâkim hatiplere mahsus bir alâmet olan asâdan aldığını meydana koymuştu. Müslümanlar bu hususta nasıl Câhiliye geleneklerini devam ettirmişlerse Câhiliye Arapları’nın da birçok eski kavimlerde mevcut eski bir telakkiye katıldıkları görülmektedir.
Araplar’ın asâ, aneze, kadîb, mihcen ve mihsara gibi muhtelif adlarla anılan, uzunluk, kalınlık ve malzeme bakımından birbirlerinden farklı baston ve sopalar kullandıkları görülmektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in de çeşitli maksatlarla kullandığı bu nevi bastonları olduğu bilinmektedir (bk. Kettânî, I, 82-83). İbn Şebbe, Necâşî’nin Zübeyr b. Avvâm’a bir aneze verdiğini, Zübeyr’in de onu Resûlullah’a hediye ettiğini ve Resûlullah’ın bu anezeyi musallâda sütre olarak kullandığını kaydeder. Zübeyr’in bu anezeyi Uhud Savaşı’nda öldürdüğü bir müşrikten ganimet olarak aldığı da rivayet edilmiştir (İbn Şebbe, I, 140). Buhârî de İbn Ömer’den naklen Hz. Peygamber’in anezeye karşı namaz kıldığını bildirmiştir (bk. “ʿÎdeyn”, 14). Ayrıca İbn Sa‘d, Bilâl’in bayram günleri ile yağmur duasına çıkıldığında Hz. Peygamber’in önünde anezeyi taşıdığını kaydeder (bk. eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , III, 235). Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inde ise Hz. Peygamber’in bir asâ taşıdığı, bu asâya dayanarak cuma hutbesi okuduğu, ashabın da asâ kullandıkları rivayet edilmiştir (bk. IV, 212, 221; VI, 28). Süyûtî, asâ kullanmanın peygamberlerde görülen ortak bir uygulama olduğunu göstermek üzere el-İnbâʾ bi-enne’l-ʿaṣâ min süneni’l-enbiyâʾ adlı bir risâle yazmıştır.
Asâ, Hz. Peygamber’e mahsus minber le birlikte müslümanlarda hilâfet sembolü olarak özel bir ilgi görmüş ve ikisine birden “ûdeyn” adı verilmiştir. Nitekim şair Ferezdak hâtem (mühür) ile birlikte minber ve asânın da halifelik alâmetleri olduğunu belirtmiştir (bk. Dîvân , III, 154; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿavd” md.). Hz. Peygamber’den kalan minber ve asânın Emevîler zamanında Medine’den Şam’a nakli için gösterilen gayretler (Taberî, II, 92), bunların İslâm ümmetinin başında bulunan hükümdarların kendilerini emîrü’l-mü’minîn yetkisini tam olarak kazanmış saymaları için ne kadar önem taşıdığını, bunlara sahip olmakla hâkimiyetlerine meşruiyet vermek istediklerini açıkça göstermektedir.
Yerini sonraları kılıca bazan harbeye bırakan asâ yahut kadîbin Emevîler, Abbâsîler ve Fâtımîler’de halifeye mahsus en mühim bir alâmet gibi telakki edildiğini görüyoruz. Meselâ Hişâm b. Abdülmelik halife olur olmaz Hz. Peygamber’den kalmış mühür ile asâyı resmî posta teşkilâtı vasıtasıyla hemen getirtmiştir (Demombynes, VII/I, s. 220). Abbâsî halifeleri alaylarında Emevîler’i taklit ederek elinde harbe bulunan büyük bir memuru kendi önlerinde yürütürlerdi. Veliahtların yahut büyük emîrlerin alaylarında da bu usule riayet edilirdi. Halife Mütevekkil, Hz. Peygamber’e ait olan anezeyi ele geçirdikten sonra alaya çıktığında önünde giden memura bunu taşıtıyordu (İbnü’l-Esîr, VII, 85). Fâtımî halifeleri ise alaylarında hilâfet timsali olan kadîbi ellerinde taşıyorlardı. Kalkaşendî, elmas ve inci ile süslenmiş bu kadîbin bir buçuk “şibr” (karış) uzunluğunda olduğunu söyler (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , III, 368). İbn Haldûn’un Hz. Peygamber’e ait olan hırka (bürde) ile asâyı Abbâsî halifelerinin başlıca hilâfet timsali olarak göstermesi (bk. Muḳaddime , III, 708) doğru bir tesbittir. Buna karşılık Fâtımîler’de en önemli timsalin çetr (veya mizelle yahut kubbe) olduğunu G. Demombynes söylemektedir.
Halifeliğe mahsus saltanat alâmetlerinden birçokları, doğrudan doğruya halifeler tarafından “mülûkü’t-tavâif” denilen ve içlerinde, meselâ Selçuklu sultanları gibi kudretli imparatorlarda bulunan diğer İslâm hükümdarlarına verildiği halde hilâfet kadîbinin yalnız halifelere münhasır bırakılması bunun önemini gösteren bir vâkıadır. Bağdat’ta Abbâsî hazinesinde bulunan Hz. Peygamber’e ait kadîb (aneze) ile hırkanın Sultan Sencer tarafından Müsterşid-Billâh’tan alındığını, sonradan Muktefî zamanında iade olunarak (535/1141) Moğol istilâsına kadar orada kaldığını Kalkaşendî’den öğreniyoruz (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , III, 270). Nitekim diğer İslâm ve Türk devletlerinde hâkimiyet ve saltanat timsali olarak rastlanan çeşitli şeyler arasında (meselâ taht, tac, külâh, çetr, bayrak, kılıç, tırâz, nevbet, gāşiye vb.) asâdan hiç söz edilmemektedir. Bağdat halifeliğinin Moğollar tarafından kaldırılmasından sonra da İslâm hükümdarlarında asâya tesadüf edilmemektedir. Mısır’ın fethinden ve mukaddes emanetlerin İstanbul’a getirilmesinden sonra da Osmanlı padişahlarında böyle bir timsal görülmemektedir.
Müslüman Türk devletlerinde hükümdarın sarayında hizmet edip merasim ve alaylarda önemli bir mevkileri olan dûrbâs adlı bir sınıf saray hademesinin ellerinde altın ve gümüşten asâlar bulunduğu ve bu asâlara da aynı ismin verildiği bilinmektedir. Selçuklu İmparatorluğu’ndan başlayarak çeşitli Türk devletlerinde, Cengiz ve Timur sülâlelerine mensup hanlıklarda, Hindistan’daki Halaç Sultanlığı’nda dûrbâs, çavuş, yasavul, nakib gibi çeşitli adlar altında tesadüf ettiğimiz bu saray hademesinin ellerinde altın veya gümüş asâlar bulunması şart idi. Hükümdarlar veliahtlarına, sülâleye mensup prenslere, ara sıra da bazı büyük emîrlere özel bir imtiyaz olarak, maiyetlerinde altın ve gümüş asâlı hademe kullanmak yetkisini verirlerdi (bk. Nehâvendî, I, 125).
Asânın bunların dışında eski Türk şamanları (kamları) ve sonraki müslüman Kırgız bahşıları tarafından da kullanıldığını ve bir nevi dinî-sihrî tesiri haiz mukaddes bir alet hükmünde olduğunu görüyoruz. Ayrıca gezginci İslâm derviş-dilencilerinin de eskiden beri ellerinde türlü şekillerde asâlar bulundurduklarını bilmekteyiz. İran ve Türk dervişlerinin bu âdetini bir yandan eski Türk Şamanizmi’nin tesirine, diğer yandan da yalnız Uzakdoğu’ya değil Orta Asya ve İran’da kuvvetli izlerine rastlanan Budizm nüfuzuna bağlamak mümkündür.
Osmanlılar döneminde Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetine uyarak yaşlıların ve tarikat ileri gelenlerinin asâ taşıdıkları görülmektedir. Özellikle Halvetiyye’nin Şâbâniyye kolunda şeyhlerin asâ taşıması tarikat icaplarındandı (Pakalın , I, 91). Mevlevîler’de çelik denilen, kol uzunluğunda, parmak kalınlığında bir sopa kullanılırdı. Ayrıca çileye giren Mevlevî dervişleri çilehânede başlarını yaslamak için müttekâ veya muîn adlı bir değnek bulundururlardı. Anadolu’daki bazı Şiî grupların ise kızılbaşlığa giriş merasimlerinde ve dinî toplantılarında tarîk adını verdikleri ve yeşil kılıf içinde korudukları asâları vardır (Benekay, s. 120). İslâm-Türk edebiyatında Hz. Mûsâ’nın asâsı mûcizelere sebep olması, diğer asâlar da uzunluğu, dayanak olması ve denge sağlaması gibi yönleriyle edebî unsur olarak kullanılmıştır.
Dayanak olarak kullanılan bazı asâların üzerine hikemî sözler, cirit sporunda kullanılan sopaların üzerine ise yiğitlik ifade eden manzumeler yazıldığı da olmuştur.
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 450-452 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.