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ASÂKİR-i MANSÛRE-i MUHAMMEDİYYE Skip to content Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın II. Mahmud tarafından 1826 yılında kaldırılması üzerine onun yerine kurulan yeni askerî teşkilâta verilen ad.
II. Mahmud, XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında bozulmaya başlayan, XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda artık disiplin ve düzenin kalmadığı bir isyan yuvası haline gelen Yeniçeri Ocağı’nı ortadan kaldırmak için uzunca bir süre beklemişti. Ocağı içeriden de elde etmek amacıyla iş başına daima kendi fikrindeki adamları getirmiş ve 1826’da Ağa Hüseyin Paşa’nın da desteğiyle, yüzyıllardır devletin merkezî kuvvetlerinin en önemlisi olan Yeniçeri Ocağı’nı lağvetmiştir; yerine ise Hz. Peygamber’in ismine izâfetle Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye adı verilen teşkilâtı kurmuştur. Osmanlı tarihlerinde yeniçerilerin ortadan kaldırılması olayına Vak‘a-i Hayriyye denir. Bu sırada yeniçerilikle ilgili her türlü isim, unvan ve işaretler kaldırılırken Ağakapısı’nın adı da Serasker Kapısı olarak değiştirilmiş ve bu sıfatla başa getirilen ilk kişi Ağa Hüseyin Paşa olmuştur. Süleymaniye’deki Ağakapısı kısa bir süre Seraskerlik dairesi olarak kullanılmış, daha sonra bugün İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin bulunduğu yerdeki Eski Saray bu işe tahsis edilmiştir. Bugünkü İstanbul Üniversitesi merkez binası Sultan Abdülaziz tarafından Bâb-ı Seraskerî olarak inşa ettirilmiştir.
Kuruluşundan hemen sonra Asâkir-i Mansûre’ye kaydolmak için gerek İstanbul içinden gerekse taşradan pek çok istekli çıkmıştır. Hazırlanan nizamnâmeye göre, “kim idüğü belirsiz aylak kimseler” ve “mühtedîler” bu teşkilâta alınmayacak, ancak şartları elverişli, öncelikle yaşları on beş ile otuz arasında olanların kaydı yapılacaktı. Ancak, kırk yaşına kadar olanlardan gücü kuvveti yerinde ve dinç kimseler de alınabilecekti. Yaşları on beşin altında olup Asâkir-i Mansûre’ye yazılmak isteyen çocuklar için Şehzadebaşı’ndaki eski Acemi Ocağı Kışlası tâlimhane olarak tahsis edilmişti. Kısa sürede büyüyüp gelişen “Mansûre askerleri” için Üsküdar ve Levent’teki kışlalara yenileri ilâve edilmiştir. Yeni kurulan ordunun ilk mevcudu 12.000 kişiydi. Bu da 1500’er kişilik sekiz “tertib”e ayrılmıştı. Tertibin en yüksek rütbeli subayı binbaşıydı. Bu sekiz binbaşının üstünde bir başbinbaşı bulunuyordu. Ancak bir tertibin toplam mevcudu, iki sağ ve sol kolağası, topçubaşı, arabacıbaşı, cebehanecibaşı, mehterbaşı, imamlar, hekim ve cerrahla birlikte 1527 kişiyi buluyordu. Her tertip sağ ve sol diye iki kola ayrılmış, bunların her biri bir kolağasının emrine verilmişti. Her kol da “saf” adı altında altışar kısma bölünmüştü. Her safın başında bir yüzbaşı vardı. Bu yüzbaşıların emrinde iki mülâzım, bir sancaktar, bir çavuş ve on onbaşı bulunmaktaydı.
1827 Temmuzunda tertip yerini “tabur”a, saf ise “bölük”e terketmiş, bu terimler varlıklarını günümüze kadar korumuştur. Sekiz taburdan ikisi nöbetleşe olarak Seraskerlik binasını bekleyecek ve İstanbul’un güvenliğini sağlayacaktı. Kanunnâmesinde belirtildiği gibi, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın yerine kurulan Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye onun yalnız savaş sırasındaki hizmetlerini değil, şehrin iç güvenliğinin temini ve geçici olarak yangın söndürme vb. gibi barış zamanındaki görevlerini de üstlenmişti. Öteki altı tabur ise, başta Davutpaşa’da yaptırılan Asâkir-i Mansûre Kışlası olmak üzere, yeniden tamir ettirilen Selimiye ve Rami kışlalarında tâlimle meşgul olacaktı.
Yeni ordunun Seraskerlik’ten sonra gelen en yetkili makamı Asâkir-i Mansûre Nezâreti idi. Teşkilâtın maaş vb. teknik işlerinden nâzır sorumluydu. Yeni nizamî orduda alınan eğitim tedbirleri kısaca şunlardı: Her saf için bir mektep kurulacak, buralarda her gün Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve ilmihal dersleri verilecekti. Neferler beş vakit namazı cemaatle kılacaklardı. Bunun için de her safa (bölük) birer imam tayin edilecekti.
Yeni ordunun bölük, tabur, alay gibi askerî birlik adları III. Selim zamanında kurulup kısa süre içinde lağvedilmek zorunda kalınan Nizâm-ı Cedîd’inki ile aynıydı. Mansûre askerlerini eğitmek için dışarıdan uzmanlar getirtilmişti. Mansûre ordusunda terfiler çalışkanlığa göre olacak, yani bir nefer kabiliyet ve gayreti sayesinde başbinbaşılığa kadar yükselebilecekti.
En yüksek rütbeli subaydan ere kadar her neferin maaş ve tayinatı vardı. Maaşlar aydan aya ödenecekti. Yeni ordunun giderlerinin karşılanması için ayrı bir hazine kurulmuştu. Mansûre hazinesi adı verilen bu müesseseye yeni gelir kaynakları bulunmuş, böylece devlet hazinesine yük olmaktan kaçınılmıştır. 1827 yılında Hüsrev Paşa’nın serasker olmasından sonra Asâkir-i Mansûre’de bazı değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Meselâ ilk kuruluşunda üniforma olarak başlarına şubara denilen dilimli bir serpuş giydirilen neferlere 1828 yılından itibaren fes giydirilmeye başlanmış ve kılık kıyafetlerinde birlik sağlanmıştır. Her üç taburdan bir alay teşkil edilmiş, başbinbaşılık kaldırılarak her alayın başına bir miralay tayin edilmiştir. Ayrıca her alaya bir alay emini ile bir kaymakam verilmiştir. 1828-1829 yıllarında Ruslar’la yapılan savaştan sonra alaylar çoğalmış, iki alaydan bir livâ teşkil edilerek bir mirlivâ kumandasına verilmiştir. 1831’de İstanbul’daki alaylara “hassa”, Üsküdar’dakilere “mansûre” denilmiş, böylece yeni ordu iki kısma ayrılarak her birinin başına bir ferik tayin edilmiştir. Hassa birlikleri yalnız İstanbul’da bulunurken Rumeli’nin ve Anadolu’nun çeşitli bölgelerinde yeni yeni Mansûre birlikleri kurulmuştur. Taşradaki Mansûre birliklerinin subayları İstanbul’dan gönderilmiş, neferleri ise o bölgelerden seçilerek kaydedilmiştir.
Asâkir-i Mansûre’de emeklilik on iki yıl hizmetten sonra mümkün olacaktı. Bu şekilde emekliliğe hak kazanan kimselere aldıkları maaş kadar aylık bağlanacaktı. Yaşlılık veya sakatlık gibi sebepler yüzünden daha önce emekliye sevkedilenler ise duruma göre aylıklarının üçte birini veya üçte ikisini alacaklardı.
1832 yılında müşirlik rütbesi ihdas edilmiş ve askerî rütbe silsilesi aşağıdan yukarıya doğru şu şekli almıştır: Nefer, onbaşı, bölük emini, çavuş, başçavuş, mülâzım, yüzbaşı, sol kolağası, sağ kolağası, binbaşı, kaymakam, miralay, mirlivâ, ferik, müşir. Ordunun subay ihtiyacını karşılamak için 1834 yılında Harbiye Mektebi açılmış, ayrıca Avrupa’ya talebe gönderilmiştir.
Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye yeni ve biraz aceleye getirilmiş bir kuruluş olduğundan 1829’da Rus ordusuna, 1831-1833’te Mısır askerlerine karşı yapılan savaşlarda kendisinden umulanı tam olarak verememişse de yeniçerilerin son zamanlarına göre üstünlüğünü, düzenli Rus ve Mısır kuvvetlerine karşı iki yıl gibi uzunca bir süre karşı koymakla ispatlamıştır. Yeni ordunun desteklenmesi ve ülkenin daha iyi savunulabilmesi için 1834 yılında Redîf-i Asâkir-i Mansûre adıyla bir yedek ordu kurulmuş ve aynı yıl çıkarılan bir kanunnâme ile taşrada redif birlikleri kurulmaya başlamıştır. Bu birliklerin oluşturulmasından sonra “Asâkir-i Mansûre” ifadesinin yerini “Asâkir-i Nizâmiyye” almış ve uzun yıllar bu ikinci şekil kullanılmıştır. Nizamiye kelimesi bugün de varlığını korumakta, kışla girişleri bu terimle adlandırılmaktadır.
Tanzimat’tan sonra seraskerlik makamının önemi daha çok artmıştır. Seraskerlik sadâretten sonra ikinci sırayı almış, hatta Sultan Abdülaziz devrinde birkaç defa sadâretle birleştirilmiştir. 1843’te muvazzaflık süresi beş, rediflik yani ihtiyatlık süresi ise yedi yıla indirilmiştir. Aynı tarihte, mevcut birlikler Hassa, Dersaadet, Rumeli, Anadolu ve Arabistan orduları diye beş orduya ayrılmıştır. 1847 yılında askere almada kura usulü kabul edilmiştir. 1879’da Seraskerliğin yerine Harbiye Nezâreti kurulmuşsa da 1884’te tekrar Seraskerliğe dönülmüştür. 1908 yılında ise Harbiye Nâzırlığı kesin olarak Seraskerliğin yerini almıştır.
Piyade sınıfı bu şekilde düzenlenirken nizamları bozulmuş ve sayıları iyice azalmış olan kapıkulu süvarileri de lağvedilerek hazırlanan bir kanunnâmeye göre yeni süvari alayları kurulmuştur. Önce İstanbul’da oluşturulan birlikler için, bugün Kuleli Lisesi olarak kullanılan binanın yerinde bir süvari kışlası inşa ettirilmiş, daha sonra İstanbul dışında da süvari alayları teşkil edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Asâkir-i Mansûre’ye Fes Giydirilmesi Hakkında Sadrı-âzamın Takriri ve II. Mahmud’un Hatt-ı Humâyunu”, TTK Belleten , XVIII/70 (1954), s. 224 vd.
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Abdülkadir Özcan, “Hassa Ordusunun Temeli: Mu’allem Bostaniyân-ı Hassa Ocağı, Kuruluşu ve Teşkilâtı”, TD , sy. 34 (1984), s. 347-396.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 457-458 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.