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ASHÂB-ı KEHF Skip to content Bir mağarada yıllarca uyuduktan sonra tekrar uyandıkları Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de haber verilen arkadaş grubu.
Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssasının özünü teşkil eden ve ölümden sonra dirilişin bir misali olan uzun süre mağarada uyuyup yeniden uyanma hadisesi, İslâm’ın dışındaki diğer bazı dinlerde ve çeşitli efsanelerde de yer almaktadır (ERE , XI, 429). Hindistan’da bir tek kişinin uzun süre uykuda kalması olayına rastlandığı gibi (Bhagavat Gita, Ramayana…), Hint kutsal kitaplarından Mahabharata’da yedi kişinin, peşlerinde bir de köpek olduğu halde riyâzet için krallığa ve dünyaya yüz çevirdikleri nakledilmektedir (DACL , XV/1, s. 1257). Yahudilik’te ise Talmud’da Honi ha-Me‘aggel adlı şahsın yetmiş yıl, Abimelek’in de altmış altı yıl uykudan sonra uyandıkları hikâye edilmektedir (ERE , XI, 429-430; EJd. , VIII, 965). Ashâb-ı Kehf ile ilgili kıssa ana hatlarıyla “Efes’in yedi uyurları” adıyla Hıristiyanlık’ta da mevcut olup İmparator II. Theodosios’un saltanatının otuz sekizinci yılında Efes şehrine yakın bir mağarada hiç bozulmamış bazı cesetlerin bulunması olayına dayanmaktadır (DACL , XV/1, s. 1254; Massignon, Opera Minora , III, 121). Hıristiyanlık’ta VI. yüzyılın başından itibaren tâzimde bulunulan ve Kuzey Afrikalı hacı Théodose tarafından 530’lara doğru kabirleri ziyaret edilen “Efes’in yedi uyurları” ile ilgili kıssa şöyledir:
İmparator Decius (Dakyanus) Efes’e gelerek putlara tapınmayı ve hıristiyanların onlara kurban kesmelerini emreder. Gizlice hıristiyan olmakla suçlanan ve imparatorluk sarayında yaşayan yedi genç, imparatorun (başka bir rivayette ise Efes valisinin) huzuruna getirilir. Baskıya rağmen putlara kurban kesmeyi reddeden gençlere düşünmeleri için mühlet verilir. İmparatorun şehirden ayrılması üzerine gençler kaçarak Anchilus dağı yakınlarındaki bir mağarada gizlenirler. Bu arada gençlerden biri (Diomedes veya Lamblichus), hem olup biteni öğrenmek hem de yiyecek almak üzere tebdilikıyafet ederek şehre iner. Kısa bir süre sonra Efes’e dönen Decius gençlerin huzuruna getirilmesini ister. Bunu duyan Diomedes arkadaşlarına kralın emrini haber verir ve onlar ilâhî lutuf neticesinde derin bir uykuya dalarlar. Gençleri bulamayan Decius babalarını çağırtır ve onların Anchilus dağındaki mağaraya saklandıklarını öğrenir. Bunun üzerine diri diri gömülmeleri için mağaranın girişinin büyük kayalarla kapatılmasını emreder. Theodore ve Rufinus adlı iki hıristiyan, genç şehidlerin hikâyesini madenî bir levhaya yazıp mağarayı kapatan kayaların altına koyar (başka bir rivayete göre mağara kapanmadan önce bir hıristiyan, hadisenin mahiyetini yazdığı bakır bir levhayı içeriye atar). 307 yıl sonra (158, 197, 353 yıl rivayetleri de vardır) İmparator II. Theodosios zamanında (401-450), papaz Theodore öncülüğünde ölümden sonra dirilişi inkâr eden bir akım baş gösterir. Hıristiyanlığı kabul eden imparator bundan son derece rahatsız olur. Bu sırada Tanrı, mağaranın bulunduğu bölgenin sahibi Adolius’un hatırına sürüleri için bir ahır yapma fikrini getirir. Bu maksatla mağarayı kapatan taşlar kullanılır ve mağara yeniden açılır. Tanrı gençleri uyandırır. Onlar sadece bir gece uyuduklarını zannetmekte ve Decius tarafından öldürüleceklerini düşünmektedirler. Önceden olduğu gibi Diomedes tekrar şehre gider. Şehrin kapıları üzerinde haç görünce çok şaşırır ve yoldan geçen birine bu yerin gerçekten Efes olup olmadığını sorar. Gördüklerini arkadaşlarına bildirmek için sabırsızlanır, fakat daha önce, yanında bulunan ve Decius dönemine ait olan parayla yiyecek almak ister. Satıcı ve esnaf bu eski parayı görünce gencin hazine bulduğunu zannederler ve bu hazineyi paylaşmayı düşünürler. Bu haber yayılınca pek çok insan toplanır. Diomedes ise tanıdık var mı diye şaşkınlık içinde topluluğa bakar. Şehrin papazı ve vali onu sorguya çekerler. O da başlarından geçeni anlatır ve arkadaşlarını görmeleri için onları mağaraya davet eder. Efesliler tepeye tırmanırlar ve gençlerin hikâyesini anlatan iki kurşun levha bulurlar. Daha sonra mağaraya giren halk gencin arkadaşlarını sağ ve sakin bir vaziyette görür. Theodosios’a haber verilir, o da mağaraya gelir. Gençlerden biri (Maximilian veya Achillides), yeniden dirilmenin gerçek olduğunu göstermek için Tanrı’nın kendilerini derin bir uykuya yatırdığını ve kıyametten önce dirilttiğini söyler. Daha sonra gençlerin hepsi ölüm uykusuna yatar ve oraya bir bazilika yapılır (ERE , XI, 428).
Hıristiyan kaynaklarına göre hadise Efes’te cereyan etmiştir (DACL , XV/1, s. 1254). 1926’da Avusturya Arkeoloji Enstitüsü tarafından bölgede yapılan kazılardan sonra, Panayırdağı’nın doğu yamacında bulunan kalıntıların V. yüzyılın ortalarında (II. Theodosios dönemi) onlar adına yapılan bazilikaya ait olduğu ileri sürülmüştür (Massignon, Opera Minora , III, 121-122; DACL , XV/1, s. 1260-1261). Ancak Hıristiyanlık’ta yedi uyurlara nisbet edilen başka yerler de vardır (Massignon, Opera Minora , III, 134-141).
Efes’in yedi uyurlarının sayısı Grek-Batı geleneğinde de yedi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Jacques de Sarug’a nisbet edilen ve Süryânîce yazılan vaazda ise bu sayı sekiz olup (DACL , XV/1, s. 1256) isimleri hıristiyan kaynaklarında farklı olarak zikredilmiştir (a.g.e. , XV/1, s. 1255-1256; Massignon, Opera Minora , III, 127; a.mlf., REI , s. 102).
Hıristiyanlarca, yedi uyurun İmparator II. Theodosios’un saltanatının otuz sekizinci yılında bulunduğu ve hadise VI. yüzyılın başlarında çeşitli kaynaklarca bilindiğine göre, İmparator Decius zamanında (250) uykuya daldıkları kabul edildiği takdirde, bunlar mağarada yaklaşık 200 yıl kalmış olmalıdırlar. Bu süre 307 yıl kabul edildiği takdirde ise olay Decius’tan çok önce vuku bulmuş olmalıdır.
Yedi uyurlar kıssasının gerçek olup olmadığı Batı’da tartışılmıştır. Olayın tarihîliğine ilk karşı çıkan Baronius’tur (1607). Tillemont ve Honigmann ise Efes’te yedi bozulmamış cesedin bulunmasını tarihî bir gerçek olarak kabul etmektedir (Massignon, Opera Minora , III, 121). Diğer taraftan Hıristiyanlık’taki yedi uyurlar kıssasını ilk defa Süryânîler’in naklettiği, kıssanın ana hedefi olan ölüm sonrası dirilişin IV. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren Süryânîler arasında tartışıldığı göz önünde bulundurularak Hıristiyanlık’taki bu kıssanın Doğu menşeli olduğu da ileri sürülmektedir (ERE , XI, 430).
Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssasının anlatıldığı Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in on sekizinci sûresine, bu kıssanın önemi dolayısıyla “Kehf” adı verilmiştir. Sûrenin 9-26. âyetlerinde bildirildiğine göre, putperest bir kavmin içinde Allah’ın varlığına ve birliğine inanan birkaç genç bu inançlarını açıkça dile getirip putperestliğe karşı çıkmış, taşlanarak öldürülmekten veya zorla din değiştirmekten kurtulmak için mağaraya sığınmışlardır. Yanlarındaki köpekleriyle birlikte orada derin bir uykuya dalan gençler muhtemelen 309 yıl sonra uyanmışlardır. Bu süre Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Onlar mağaralarında 300 yıl kaldılar, dokuz da ilâve ettiler” şeklinde belirtilmektedir. 300 yıla 9 ilâvesi, şemsî takvimle belirtilen sürenin kamerî takvime göre ifadesi olmalıdır. Müfessirlerden bazıları, bu âyetteki ifadenin meseleyi aralarında tartışan grupların sözü olduğu görüşünü benimsemekte, gerçek süreyi sadece Allah’ın bilebileceğini bildiren âyetin de bunu gösterdiğini söylemektedir.
Mağarada “bir gün kadar” uyuduklarını sanan gençler, içlerinden birini gümüş bir para vererek yiyecek almak üzere şehre gönderirler. Böylece onların durumuna muttali olanlar Allah’ın vaadinin hak olduğunu ve kıyametin mutlaka geleceğini anlarlar, mağaranın bulunduğu yere bir mescid yapmaya karar verirler.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Ashâb-ı Kehf’in sayısı hakkında ihtilâf olduğunu bildirmekte, köpekleriyle beraber dört veya altı olduklarına dair tahminleri “karanlığa taş atma” diye nitelendirmektedir (el-Kehf 18/22). “Yedi kişiydiler, sekizincisi köpekleri idi” diyenler hakkında aynı ifade kullanılmadığına göre bu görüşün gerçeğe daha yakın olduğu düşünülmüşse de onların sayısını Allah’ın bileceğini belirten âyet-i kerîme, bu konuda fikir yürütmenin bir sonuç vermeyeceğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Kur’an’da mağaranın yeri bildirilmemekte, ancak konumunun kuzey-güney istikametinde olduğu belirtilmektedir (el-Kehf 18/17). Olayın ne zaman vuku bulduğu ve gençlerin adları hakkında da bilgi verilmemektedir. Hadis kaynaklarında zikredilmeyen Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssası, tarih ve tefsir kitaplarında çeşitli rivayetler şeklinde geniş olarak nakledilmekte olup bu rivayetler ana hatlarıyla hıristiyan kaynaklarındaki tasvirlere uymaktadır. Ashâb-ı Kehf’in isimleri ise dokuz kişi olarak, fakat hıristiyan kaynaklarında olduğu gibi farklı şekilde nakledilmekte (bk. Taberî, Tefsîr , XV, 133, 146) köpeklerine de “kıtmîr” adı verilmektedir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Ashâb-ı Kehf ile birlikte anılan rakīm hakkında kaynaklarda birbirinden farklı görüşler yer almaktadır. Bunun Ashâb-ı Kehf’in içinde bulunduğu vadinin veya dağın yahut memleketlerinin, hatta köpeklerinin adı olduğunu iddia edenlerin yanında, onların adlarının veya maceralarının yazıldığı bir kitâbe, bakır veya kurşun bir levha olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır. Buhârî de (“Enbiyâʾ”, 52) rakīmin kitâbe olduğunu söyler. Bazı tarihçilere ve el-Müsned ’deki bir rivayete (IV, 274) göre Ashâbü’r-rakīm, Ashâb-ı Kehf’ten başka kimselerdir. Nakledildiğine göre bunlar yağmurlu bir günde bir mağaraya sığınmak zorunda kalan üç kişiydiler. Dağdan yuvarlanan bir kaya mağaranın ağzını kapayınca, hayatları boyunca yaptıkları en değerli birer iyiliği anarak bu sıkıntıdan kurtulmaları için Allah’a dua ettiler. Allah da dualarını kabul ederek onları kurtardı. Arap coğrafyacılarına göre ise rakīm bir yer adıdır.
Ashâb-ı Kehf’in Hz. Îsâ’dan önce mi yoksa sonra mı yaşadığı, dolayısıyla hangi dine mensup olduğu konusunda da bir açıklık yoktur. Kehf sûresinin nüzûl sebebi ile ilgili rivayete göre, Medine yahudileri, Kureyş müşrikleri tarafından akıl danışmak üzere kendilerine gönderilen Nadr b. Hâris ile Ukbe b. Muayt’a, üç şeyi Peygamber’e sormalarını tavsiye ederler; eğer bilirse gerçek peygamber olduğunu, aksi halde peygamber olmadığını söylerler. Medine yahudilerinin Peygamber’e sorulmasını istedikleri ilk soru Ashâb-ı Kehf’le ilgilidir. Bu sebeple onların Hz. Îsâ’dan önce yaşadıkları ileri sürülmüştür. Nitekim Ebü’l-Hasan el-Mâverdî bu gençlerin Hz. Îsâ’dan önce yaşadıklarını söylemektedir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , s. 36). Diğer taraftan rakīm kelimesinin etimolojisinin de gösterdiği üzere genel olarak bu kelime “yazılı belgeler” anlamına geldiğine göre Kur’an’daki “Ashâbü’l-Kehf ve’r-rakīm”i, yazdıklarını mağaralarda muhafaza eden Essenîler veya onların öncüleri olarak anlamak da mümkündür. Çünkü Kur’an’da (el-Kehf 18/21), onların bulundukları yere bir mescid yapıldığı ifade edilmekte, Essenîler de kendi mâbedlerine “mescid” demektedirler (Revue Biblique , s. 234). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ise hıristiyan kiliselerini ve yahudi sinagoglarını ifade için mescid kelimesini kullanmamakta, onları “savâmi‘”, “biya‘” ve “salevât” olarak zikretmektedir (el-Hac 22/40). Ayrıca Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssasında yiyeceklerle ilgili olarak kullanılan “ezkâ” (أزكى ) kelimesi (el-Kehf 18/19) müfessirlere göre “helâl” anlamındadır. Essenîler’in helâl ve haram konusunda çok titiz oldukları, Tevrat’ın yiyeceklerle ilgili hükümlerine sıkı sıkıya bağlı bulundukları kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir. Halbuki Hıristiyanlığa göre “ağızdan giren değil ağızdan çıkan pistir.” St. Paul’e göre ise “çarşıda satılan her şey yenebilir” (I. Korintoslular’a, 10/25). Bütün bunlar, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kıssaları anlatılan “Ashâbü’l-Kehf ve’r-rakīm”in Hıristiyanlık öncesi dönemde yaşadıklarını düşündürmektedir.
Kıssanın geçtiği yerle ilgili olarak da çeşitli rivayetler mevcuttur. İspanya, Cezayir, Mısır, Ürdün, Suriye, Afganistan ve Doğu Türkistan’da Ashâb-ı Kehf’e ait olduğu ileri sürülen mağaralar vardır. Anadolu’da ise Efes, Tarsus ve Efsûs (Arabissos, Afşin) olmak üzere üç yer gösterilmektedir. Muhammed Teysîr Zabyân, Ehlü’l-Kehf adlı kitabında Ashâb-ı Kehf’in Ürdün’de Amman yakınlarındaki bir mağarada bulunduğunun burada yapılan kazılarla kesinlik kazandığını ve birçok ilim adamının da aynı kanaatte olduğunu çeşitli vesikalarla ispata çalışmaktadır. Ancak Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin dediği gibi, Ashâb-ı Kehf’in yaşadığı zaman ve mekân hakkında bir nas bulunmadığına göre bunu kesin olarak bilmek mümkün değildir. Zaten Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in takip ettiği metot gereği bu ve benzeri kıssalarda, verilmek istenen mesajı ikinci plana itecek ve kıssanın asıl gayesini gölgeleyecek ayrıntı türünden bilgilere yer verilmemiştir. Mağaradakilerin kaç kişi oldukları, ne zaman ve nerede yaşadıkları ve kaç yıl uykuda kaldıkları gibi alınacak ders bakımından önemli olmayan bilgilerden ziyade üzerinde düşünülmesi, ibret alınması gereken hususlar ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Yahudilik’te ve Hıristiyanlık’ta da var olduğu ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de özlü olarak tekrarlandığı anlaşılan Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssasıyla müminlere verilmek istenen mesaj, ana hatlarıyla, iman-küfür mücadelesinin öteden beri hep var olduğu, inananların her devirde zulme uğramalarına rağmen bâtılın hakka asla galebe çalamadığı, samimiyetle iman edip inançlarının gereğini yaşayanları Allah’ın mutlaka başarıya ulaştırdığı ve nihayet her şeyi yoktan var eden Allah’ın insanları yeniden diriltmeye muktedir bulunduğudur (ayrıca bk. KEHF SÛRESİ ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , IV, 274.
Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 52.
Taberî, Tefsîr , XV, 127-150.
a.mlf., Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), I, 455-456.
Mâverdî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , Kahire 1319, s. 36.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXI, 113.
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İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , I, 355-359.
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İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , III, 74.
Tecrid Tercemesi , IX, 200-204.
L. Massignon, Opera Minora , Paris 1963, III, 104-180.
a.mlf., “Les Sept Dormants d’Éphèse (Ahl-al-Kahf) en Islam et en Chrétienté”, REI (1954), s. 59-112; (1955), s. 93-106; (1957), s. 1-11; (1958), s. 1-10; (1959), s. 1-8.
M. Hamîdullah, Le Coran (Traduction Intégrale), Paris 1971, s. 274-275.
Muhammed Teysîr Zabyân, Ehlü’l-Kehf ve ẓuhûrü’l-muʿcizeti’l-Ḳurʾâniyyeti’l-kübrâ , Kahire 1398/1978.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , V, 3233-3241.
Faruk Sümer, Eshâbü’l-Kehf (Yedi Uyurlar) , İstanbul 1989.
Ayhan Onur, Eshâbülkehf Tepesinde Bazı Coğrafî Müşahedeler (Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 1, 1966’dan ayrıbasım), Ankara 1966.
Revue Biblique (1912), s. 234.
Ahmed Ramazan Ahmed, “el-Kehf ve’r-Raḳīm fi’t-târîḫ ve’l-âs̱âr”, ed-Dâre , IV/2, Riyad 1983, s. 114-133.
H. Leclercq, “Sept Dormants d’Éphèse”, DACL , XV/1, s. 1251-1262.
I. Guidi, “Seven Sleepers”, ERE , XI, 428-430.
E. H. Vollet, “Dormants (Les Sept)”, Gr.E , XIV/2, s. 939-940.
“Seven Sleepers”, EAm. , XXIV, 610.
[Ed.], “Honi ha-Me‘aggel”, EJd. , VIII, 964-965.
F. Halkin, “Seven Sleepers of Ephesus”, EBr. , XX, 270.
A. J. Wensinck, “Eshâbülkehf”, İA , IV, 371-373.
Seyyid Âbid Ahmed Ali, “Aṣḥâbü’l-Kehf”, UDMİ , II, 827-832.
R. Paret, “Aṣḥāb al-Kahf”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 712-713.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 3. cildinde, 465-467 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.