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Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 22, 156 – 192, 30.06.2024
Fatih Mehmet Yılmaz
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1434591
Öz Hadith consists of two main components: the chain of transmission (sened) and the text (metin). In this regard, the diligence and precision shown in the transmission of narrations are crucial for their accurate understanding. Therefore, the authenticity of a report depends not only on the integrity and reliability of its narrators but also on its consistency with all other authentic hadiths relevant to the subject matter. Examining any hadith in isolation from other related narrations and applying it independently can lead to literalism and hinder the comprehension of the essence and spirit of the Sunnah. Moreover, attempting to understand hadiths out of their context and disregarding well-known Sunnah practices and applications can result in misconceptions regarding legal rulings. One such report is the narration known as the ‘asrān narration,’ in which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) instructed Fedâla al-Laysi (may Allah be pleased with him) to continue praying ‘asran’ (the two ‘Asr’ prayers) when he expressed his inability to perform all five daily prayers at their prescribed times due to his engagements. According to the narration, Fedâle (may Allah be pleased with him) came after the conquest of Mecca expressing his desire to embrace Islam and requesting the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to teach him the rules of Islam. The Prophet (peace be upon him) then mentioned to him about prayer, fasting in the month of Ramadan, and the prayer times. When Fedâle (may Allah be pleased with him) stated that he would only embrace Islam if he did not have to perform more than two prayer times, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) requested him to perform all five prayers without fail when the call to prayer (Adhan) is made. On hearing this, Fedâle (may Allah be pleased with him) mentioned their engagements during those prayer times for sustenance, upon which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) instructed him that it would be sufficient for them to do something that would cover all of them, regardless of their occupation. The Prophet (peace be upon him) then emphasized to him not to neglect the ‘asran’ (the two ‘Asr’ prayers) no matter how occupied they may be. Hearing this statement for the first time, Fedâle (may Allah be pleased with him) expressed his lack of understanding of the term ‘asran’ in their dialect, to which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) responded that it refers to the prayers performed before sunrise and before sunset. Due to the engagements mentioned in this narration, it has been considered problematic as it implies that those unable to perform other prayer times could suffice with only the morning and afternoon prayers. In this context, considering the principle that there can be no contradiction in establishing and delivering religious principles, and recognizing the need to seek scholarly solutions for resolving discrepancies among hadiths, both to understand the textual sources of the Sunnah and to benefit from most, if not all, hadiths, some evaluations have been made regarding the ‘asran’ narration. Indeed, this narration has been subject to interpretations such as the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) ability to allocate and annul certain rulings, his authority to grant permission, the acceptance of one’s Islam even with invalid conditions, the obligation for the morning and afternoon prayers to be performed at their respective optimal times and congregationally, the permissibility of delaying prayers within their designated time frames, personal considerations, and the significance of performing prayers in their earliest time slots. The narration of Asrān has been narrated with some wording differences in the books of al-Musnad by Ahmad b. Ḥanbal and al-Sunān by Abū Dāwūd, as well as in Ibn Hibbān’s al-Sahīh, al-Tabarānī’s al-Mu’jam al-kabīr, al-Mustadrek by al-Hākim al-Nīsābūrī and al-Bayhaqī’s al-Sunān al-qubrā. This study includes both the sened research of the hadith within the framework of its narrations in the books of Qutub al-Tis`a and the analysis of the text in the context of performing the prayers at the first time of the day, as well as the examination of the different evaluations made regarding the aforementioned event, as well as the consideration of the internal and external siyaqa.
Anahtar Kelimeler Hadith, Sunnah, Context, Five times prayer, Asrân rumour
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Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili Yıl 2024, Sayı: 22, 156 – 192, 30.06.2024
Fatih Mehmet Yılmaz
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1434591
Öz Hadis; sened ve metin olmak üzere iki temel unsurdan oluşmaktadır. Bu açıdan rivayetlerin nakli konusunda gösterilen gayret ve hassasiyetin onların doğru bir şekilde anlaşılması hususunda da sergilenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Dolayısıyla bir haberin sıhhati onu nakledenlerin adalet ve zabt sahibi olmaları yanı sıra ilgili naklin konuyla alakalı tüm sahîh hadislerle birlikte değerlendirilmesini de gerektirir. Zira herhangi bir hadisin konuya dair diğer rivayetlerden bağımsız olarak tetkik edilmesi ve buradan hareketle de tek başına uygulanması lafızcılığa yol açabileceği gibi sünnetin özü ve ruhunun kavranmasına da engel olabilir. Ayrıca hadislerin bağlamından koparılarak anlaşılmaya çalışılması ve ilgili meseleye dair meşhur sünnet ve uygulamanın dikkate alınmaması ahkâm adına bazı yanlış anlamalara da sebebiyet verebilir. Söz konusu haberlerden biri de Müslüman olduğunda Resûlullah’ın (s.a.v.) kendisine beş vakit namazı vaktinde kılmayı öğrettiği ancak ilgili zaman dilimlerinde meşguliyetinin olduğunu beyan ederek mazeret beyanında bulunan Fedâle el-Leysî’ye (r.a.) “asrayn”a devam etmesi tembihinde bulunduğu ve “asrân rivayeti” diye de adlandırabileceğimiz nakildir. Rivayete göre Fedâle (r.a.), Mekke fethi sonrası gelerek Müslüman olma arzusunu iletmiş ve Hz. Peygamber’den kendisine İslâm’ın hükümlerini öğretmesini istemişti. Resûlullah (s.a.v.) da ona namaz, ramazan ayı orucu ve namaz vakitlerinden bahsetmişti. Fedâle’nin (r.a.) iki vakitten daha fazla kılmamak üzere Müslüman olacağını söylemesi üzerine Allah Resûlü (s.a.v.), “Ezan okunduğunda beş vakit namazı aksatmadan kıl.” diye talepte bulunmuştu. Bu defa o (r.a.), geçimlerini sağlamak üzere çalıştıklarını bu sebeple söz konusu namaz vakitlerinde meşguliyetlerinin olduğundan bahsederek yaptığında bunların hepsi adına yeterli gelecek bir şey emretmesini söylemiş; Resûl-i Ekrem (s.a.v.) de ona ne kadar meşguliyeti olursa olsun asrayn’ı ihmal etmemesini tembihlemişti. İlgili beyanı ilk defa duyan Fedâle (r.a.), kendi lehçelerinde kullanılmadığı gerekçesiyle mezkûr ibarenin ne anlama geldiğini bilmediğini ifade ederek, “Asrân da nedir?” diye sormuş, Resûl-i Ekrem (s.a.v.) de bu suale, “Güneş doğmadan ve batmadan önce kılınan namaz.” şeklinde cevap vermiştir. Araştırma mevzumuzu teşkil eden bu rivayet meşguliyetleri sebebiyle diğer vakit namazlarını kılamayanların sadece sabah ve ikindi namazlarını eda etmekle yetinebilecekleri yönünde bir yaklaşımı çağrıştırması sebebiyle müşkîl addedilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Hz. Peygamber’in dini esasları belirleme ve tebliğinde herhangi bir çelişkinin olamayacağı ilkesi göz önünde bulundurularak hadisler arasındaki ihtilafın çözümü için ilmi usullerle bazı hâl çareleri aramanın hem sünnete ait metinleri anlamak hem de hadislerin hemen hepsinden veya azamisinden yaralanabilmek bakımından gerekli olduğu yaklaşımından hareketle asrân rivayeti için de bazı değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Nitekim mezkûr nakil, Resûlullah’ın (s.a.v.) istediği hükümleri tahsis etmek ve dilediği yükümlülükleri kaldırmak şeklindeki hasâisü’n-nebî, izin verme yönündeki içtihadı, fasit şartla da olsa kişinin Müslümanlığının kabul edileceği, sabah ve ikindi namazlarının muhtar vakitlerinde ve cemaatle eda edilmesi, namazların kendileri için belirlenen zaman dilimleri içinde tehir edebileceği, şahsî tedrîcilik ve namazların ilk vaktinde kılınması şeklinde yorumlara tabi tutulmuştur. Asrân rivayeti bazı lafız farklılıklarıyla Kütüb-i Tis’a içinde Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ve Ebû Dâvûd’un es-Sünen isimli eserlerinde tahrîc edilmiş; ayrıca İbn Hibbân’ın es-Sahîh, Taberânî’nin el-Mu’cemü’l-kebîr, Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî’nin el-Müstedrek ve Beyhakî’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ adlı kitaplarında da nakledilmiştir. İşte bu çalışma ilgili hadisin hem Kütüb-i Tis`a’daki rivayetleri çerçevesinde sened araştırmasını hem de mezkûr olaya ilişkin yapılan farklı değerlendirmelerin incelenmesi yanı sıra iç ve dış siyakın dikkate alındığı dolayısıyla namazların ilk vaktinde kılınması bağlamında metin tetkikini ihtiva etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Hadis, Sünnet, Bağlam, Beş vakit namaz, Asrân rivayeti
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Tehzîbü’l-kemâl fî esmâi’r-ricâl. thk. Beşşâr Avvâd Ma`rûf. 35 Cilt. Beyrut: Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 1408/1988. Mübârekî, Ahmed b. Ali b. Ahmed Seyr. el-Kavlü’ş-şâz ve eseruhü fi’l-fütyâ. Riyâd: Dâru’l-İzze, 1432/2010. Müslim, Ebü’l-Hüseyn Müslim b. Haccâc el-Kuşeyrî. el-Câmiu’s-sahîh. thk. Muhammed Fuâd Abdülbâkî. 5 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru İhyâi’t-Türâsi’l-Arabî, ts. Nesâî, Abdurrahmân Ahmed b. Şuayb. el-Müctebâ. thk. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde. 9 Cilt. Haleb: Mektebetü’l- Matbûâti’l-İslâmiyye, ts. Nesâî, Ebû Abdirrahman Ahmed b.Şuayb b. Ali. Tesmiyetü meşâyîhi Ebî Abdirrahman Ahmed b. Şuayb b. Ali en- Nesâî ellezîne semia minhüm ve zikrü’l-müdellisîn. Mekke: Dâru Âlimi’l-fevâid, 1423. Nevevî, Ebû Zekeriyyâ Muhyiddîn Yahyâ b. Şeref. Sahîh-i Müslim bi şerhi’n-Nevevî. 18 Cilt. Ezher: el-Matbaatü’l- Mısriyye, 1349/1930. Nîsâbûrî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Abdillah el-Hâkim. el-Müstedrek ale’s-sahîhayn. thk. Mustafa Abdülkâdir Atâ. 5 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, ts. Polat, Selahattin. Hadis Araştırmaları. Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları, 6. Basım, 2017. Polat, Selahattin. “Hadislerin Kur’an’a Arzının Problemleri”, Sünnetin Dindeki Yeri, Tartışmalı İlmi Toplantılar Dizisi, haz. İsmail Lütfi Çakan – İsmail Kurt – Seyid Ali Tüz. İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 1997. Râzî, Ebû Muhammed Abdurrahman b. Ebî Hâtim. el-Cerh ve’t-ta`dîl. 9 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru İhyâi’t-Türâsi’l-Arabî, 1271/1952. Râzî, Fahrüddîn. Mefâtîhu’l-gayb. 32 Cilt. yy.: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1401/1981. Sââtî, Ahmed b. Abdirrahman b. Muhammed el-Bennâ. el-Fethu’r-rabbâni li tertîbi Müsnedi’l-İmâm Ahmed b. Hanbel eş-Şeybânî. 24 Cilt. yy.: Dâru İhyâi’t-Türâsi’l-Arabî, 2. Basım, ts. Sâidî, Ahmed b. Abdillah b. Ebi’l-Hayr el-Hazrecî. Hulâsatü tehzîbi tehzîbi’l-kemâl fî esmâi’r-ricâl. thk. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Beşâir, 5. Basım, 1416. Sem`ânî, Ebû Sa`d Abdülkerîm b. Muhammed b. Mansûr et-Temîmî. el-Ensâb. thk. Abdülfettâh Muhammed el- Hulv. 12 Cilt. yy.: b.y., 1401/1981. Sübkî, Mahmûd Muhammed Hattâb. el-Menhelü’l-azbü’l-mevrûd şerhu Sünen-i Ebî Dâvûd. thk. Eymen Mahmûd Hattâb. 10 Cilt. yy.: b.y., 2. Basım, 1394. Şâfiî, Ebû Abdillah Muhammed b. İdrîs. Tefsîru’l-İmâm eş-Şâfîî. thk. Ahmed b. Mustafa el-Ferrân. 3 Cilt. Riyâd: Dâru’t-Tedmüriyye, 1427/2006. Taberânî, Ebü’l-Kâsım Süleymân b. Ahmed. el-Mu`cemü’l-kebîr. thk. Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî. 25 Cilt. Kâhire: Mektebetü İbn Teymiye, ts. Tahâvî, Ebû Ca`fer Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Selâme b. Abdilmelik b. Seleme el-Ezdî. Şerhu meâni’l-âsâr. thk. Muhammed Zührî en-Neccâr. 4 Cilt. Beyrut: Âlimü’l-Kütüb, 1399/1979. Tirmizî, Ebû Îsâ Muhammed b. Îsâ b. Sevre. el-Câmiu’s-sahîh. thk. Muhammed Fuâd Abdülbâkî. 5 Cilt. Mısır: Mektebetü ve Matbaatü Mustafa el-Bâbî el-Halebî, 2. Basım, 1397/1977. Türbüştî, Ebû Abdillah Fazlülllah b. es-Sadr el-Hasen. Kitâbü’l-Müyesser fî şerhi mesâbîhi’s-sünne. thk. Abdülhamîd Hindâvî. 4 Cilt. Mekke: Mektebetü Nezzâr Mustafa el-Bâz, 2. Basım, 1429/2008. Useymîn, Muhammed b. Sâlih. Fethu zi’l-celâli ve’l-ikrâm bi şerhi Bulûği’l-merâm. thk. Subhî b. Muhammed Ramazân – Ümmü İsrâ bt. Arafe Beyûmî. 6 Cilt. Kâhire: el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmî, 1427/2006. Yaşaroğlu, M. Kâmil. “Vakit”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 42/488-491. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2012. Yavuz, Köktaş. Ana Hatlarıyla Ahkâm Hadisleri. İstanbul: Ensar Yayınları, 2013. Zehebî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osmân. Târîhu’l-İslâm ve vefeyâtü’l-meşâhîri ve’l-a`lâm. thk. Beşşâr Avvâd Ma`rûf. 17 Cilt. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Garbi’l-İslâmî, 2003. Zehebî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Ahmed. el-Kâşif fî ma`rifeti men lehü rivâyetün fi’l-kütübi’s-sitte. 2 Cilt. Suudi Arabistan: Dâru’l-Kıble li’s-Sekâfeti’l-İslâmî, 1413/1992. Zehebî, Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osmân. Siyeru a`lâmi’n-nübelâ. thk. Şuayb el-Arnaûd vd. 25 Cilt. Beyrut: Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 2. Basım, 1402/1986. Zehebî, Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osmân. el-Muğnî fi’d-duafâ. thk. Nûruddîn Itr. 2 Cilt. Katar: İdâretü İhyâi’t-Türâs, ts. Zehebî, Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osmân. Zeylü dîvâni’d-duafâ ve’l-metrûkîn ve halkun mine’l-mechûlîn ve sikâtün fîhim leyyinün. thk. Hammâd b. Muhammed el-Ensârî. Mekke: Mektebetü’n-Nahda, ts. Zekeriyyâ, Ebü’l-Hüseyin Ahmed b. Fâris. Mu`cemü mekâyîsi’l-lüga. thk. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn. 6 Cilt. yy.: Dâru’l-Fikr, ts. Zeydânî, Hüseyin b. Mahmûd b. Hasan. el-Mefâtîh fî şerhi’l-Mesâbîh. thk. Nûreddîn Tâlib vd. 6 Cilt. Küveyt: Dâru’n- Nevâdir, 1433/2012. Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Hadis Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Fatih Mehmet Yılmaz HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-5416-3986 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 22 Mart 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 22
Kaynak Göster APA Yılmaz, F. M. (2024). Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi (22 ), 156-192. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1434591 AMA Yılmaz FM. Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi. Haziran 2024;(22):156-192. doi:10.18498/amailad.1434591 Chicago Yılmaz, Fatih Mehmet. “Asrân Rivayetinin Sened Ve Metin Tahlili”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi, sy. 22 (Haziran 2024): 156-92. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1434591. EndNote Yılmaz FM (01 Haziran 2024) Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 22 156–192. IEEE F. M. Yılmaz, “Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili”, Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi , sy. 22, ss. 156–192, Haziran 2024, doi: 10.18498/amailad.1434591. ISNAD Yılmaz, Fatih Mehmet. “Asrân Rivayetinin Sened Ve Metin Tahlili”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 22 (Haziran 2024), 156-192. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1434591. JAMA Yılmaz FM. Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi . 2024;:156–192. MLA Yılmaz, Fatih Mehmet. “Asrân Rivayetinin Sened Ve Metin Tahlili”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi, sy. 22, 2024, ss. 156-92, doi:10.18498/amailad.1434591. Vancouver Yılmaz FM. Asrân Rivayetinin Sened ve Metin Tahlili. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi. 2024(22):156-92.
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