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ATABEG Skip to content Selçuklular’da ve daha sonraki Türk devletlerinde kullanılan bir unvan.
Türkçe ata ve beg (bey) kelimelerinden meydana gelmiştir. Selçuklular’dan önce, Karahanlılar ve Gazneliler gibi müslüman Türk devletlerinde böyle bir unvanın veya bununla ilgili olarak atabeglik şeklinde bir müessesenin varlığı hakkında bilgi yoktur. Oğuz geleneklerine bağlı büyük bir Türk boyu olan Selçuklular’ın atabeglik müessesesini İslâmiyet’ten önce kurulan Türk devletlerinden aldıkları, eski bir gelenek veya müesseseyi biraz değiştirmek suretiyle devam ettirdikleri düşünülebilirse de bu hususta da kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Bazı müsteşrikler, Orhun yazıtlarında kitâbelerin yazıcısı olarak kaydedilen “Kültigin atası” lakabının “atabeg” mânasına geldiğini söylerlerse de bu husus da şimdilik kesinlik kazanmış değildir. Buna rağmen çeşitli Kafkas kavimleri arasındaki Türkler’in aile hayatlarında karşımıza çıkan atalık , Selçuklular’daki atabeglik ile az da olsa yakınlık göstermektedir. Kafkaslar’daki bazı Türk aileler küçük yaştaki çocuklarını terbiye ve eğitim için başka ailelerin yanına vermişler ve çocuğun eğitimi ile uğraşan bu ailenin reisine atalık demişlerdir. Kırım hanları şehzadelerine de bu usulün uygulanmış olması, Selçuklular’daki atabeglik müessesesinin atalık ile ilgili olabileceği düşüncesini kuvvetlendirmektedir.
Selçuklular’da atabeg unvanı ilk defa vezir Nizâmülmülk’e verilmiştir. Sultan Alparslan Malazgirt Zaferi’nden sonra oğlu Melikşah’ın devlet işlerinde tecrübe kazanması hususunda Nizâmülmülk’ü görevlendirmiş, ona “Ata Hoca” veya “Atabeg” unvanını vermiştir. Ancak Nizâmülmülk’ten itibaren bu unvanla birlikte verilen vazife daha sonra yüksek bir devlet memurluğuna dönüşmüştür. Nitekim Selçuklu sultanları bilhassa uç eyaletlerini aile fertleri arasında taksim ederken henüz yaşları küçük olan şehzadelere vasî ve mürebbi sıfatıyla genellikle kumandanlar arasında bir atabeg tayin etmişlerdir. Atabeg olan şahıs, yanında bulunan melikin terbiye ve öğretimi ile ilgilenir, eyaleti onun adına yönetirdi.
Sultanların yanı sıra önemli merkezlerde bulunan melikler de kendi çocuklarına atabeg tayin ederlerdi. Meselâ Melikşah’ın kardeşi Suriye Meliki Tâcüddevle Tutuş, oğulları Rıdvan ile Dukak’a birer atabeg tayin etmişti. Melikşah’ın ölümünden sonra saltanat mücadelesine katılan Tâcüddevle Tutuş, yeğeni Berkyaruk’a mağlûp olup hayatını kaybedince oğullarından Rıdvan Halep’te, Dukak ise Dımaşk’ta birer meliklik kurdular. Dukak’ın ölümünden kısa bir süre sonra atabegi Zahîrüddin Tuğtegin, Dımaşk-Şam Atabegleri, Börîler veya Tuğteginliler denilen atabegliğin temelini attı (497/1104). Oğlu Böri ve halefleri Haçlılar’la uzun mücadelelere girdiler. Tuğteginliler’in hâkimiyetine Nûreddin Mahmud b. Zengî 1155 yılında son verdi.
Sultan Melikşah’tan sonra saltanatı ele geçiren oğlu Berkyaruk da kardeşi Muhammed Tapar’a Gence ve civarını verdiği zaman kumandanlarından Kutluğ Tegin’i ona atabeg tayin etmişti. Ayrıca Sultan Berkyaruk henüz beş yaşında bulunan oğlu Melikşah’ı veliaht tayin ettiğinde Emîr Ayaz’ı onun atabegliğine getirdi. Büyük Selçuklular ve Suriye Selçukluları’nın yanı sıra atabeglik müessesesi Kirman, Irak ve Anadolu Selçukluları’nda da görülmektedir. Kirman Selçukluları’nda Sultan Tuğrul Şah devrinde Alâeddin Bozkuş, Behram Şah ve Arslanşah devirlerinde Kutbüddin Muhammed ile Reyhan meşhur atabegler arasında sayılır.
İlk Irak Selçuklu sultanı olan Mahmud, oğullarından Alparslan’ın atabegliğine İmâdüddin Zengî b. Aksungur’u, Ferruh Şah’ın atabegliğine ise Hille Emîri Dübeys b. Sadaka’yı tayin etmişti. Bunlardan İmâdüddin Zengî’ye ayrıca Musul’un iktâ edilmesiyle, tarihe Zengîler veya Musul Atabegleri adıyla geçen yeni ve çok güçlü bir atabegliğin temeli atıldı (1127). Sultan Mahmud’a sadakatten ayrılmayan Atabeg Zengî, sultanın 1131 yılında ölümü üzerine çıkan saltanat mücadelelerinde Mesud b. Muhammed Tapar’ı destekledi. Hatta onun kardeşi Selçuk Şah ve atabegi Karaca Saki ile mücadeleye girdi. Daha sonra da Irak Selçuklu tahtını Melik Alparslan’a kazandırmak için zaman zaman mücadelelere katılan Atabeg Zengî, ömrünün sonuna kadar (1146) Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Sencer’e bağlılıktan ayrılmadı.
Atabeg Zengî’nin ölümünden sonra Musul Atabegliği oğulları arasında taksim edildi. Büyük oğlu Seyfeddin Gazi, Musul merkez olmak üzere Kuzey Irak’a, Nûreddin Mahmud ise Halep merkez olmak üzere Kuzey Suriye’ye hâkim oldular.
Tâbi oldukları Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin yıkılışı (1157), Irak Selçuklu Devleti’nin iç karışıklıklara düşmesi ve Nûreddin Mahmud’un bağımsızlığını ilân etmesiyle sonuçlandı. Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’dan Mısır’a kadar çok geniş topraklara sahip olan bu atabeglik, Nûreddin Mahmud zamanında en haşmetli devrini yaşadı. Nûreddin Mahmud’un ölümü (1174), bu atabegliğin zamanla Eyyûbî hâkimiyetine girmesine sebep oldu. Halep ve Dımaşk kolunun 1181’de tamamen Eyyûbî tâbiiyetine girmesine karşılık Musul şubesi zaman zaman bağımsız bir şekilde 1222 yılına kadar varlığını sürdürdü. Bu atabegliğin en dikkate değer mücadelesi Haçlılar’a karşı oldu.
Yine Irak Selçuklu Sultanı Mesud’un Arrân valiliğine tayin ettiği Şemseddin İldeniz, onun ölümünden (1157) sonra çıkan taht kavgalarında desteklediği Arslanşah’ı tahta çıkarmaya muvaffak olmuştu. Arslanşah da minnettar olduğu İldeniz’e “atabeg-i a‘zam” unvanını verdi. Bu suretle Azerbaycan’ın büyük bir kısmı ile Arrân ve Cibâl bölgelerini içine alan büyük bir sahada İldenizliler veya Azerbaycan Atabegleri denilen bir başka atabeglik ortaya çıktı. İldeniz’in ölümünden sonra yerine geçen Cihan Pehlivan kendisini atabeg ilân etti ve Irak Selçuklu Devleti’nin bütün idarî ve siyasî işlerini eline aldı. Pehlivan’dan sonra yerine kardeşi Kızılarslan atabeg oldu (1186). Son Irak Selçuklu sultanı olan III. Tuğrul onun atabegliğini tanımak zorunda kaldı. Kızılarslan’dan sonra sırasıyla Kutluğ İnanç (1191), Ebû Bekir (1195) ve Özbek (1210) Azerbaycan atabegi oldular.
Selçuklular’ın Fars hâkimi Melikşah’ın atabegi olan Muzafferüddin Sungur, Salgurlular denilen ve 1148-1286 yılları arasında İran’ın Fars bölgesinde hüküm süren atabegliği kurdu. Oğuzların Salgur veya Salur boyuna mensup olan Salgurlular ilk önce Selçuklular’a, daha sonra da Hârizmşahlar ve Moğollar’a tâbi oldular. Fars Atabegleri doğrudan doğruya Moğol hâkimiyeti altına girdikleri 1286 yılına kadar 138 yıl hâkimiyetlerini sürdürdüler.
Diğer bir atabeglik de Musul Atabegi İmâdüddin Zengi’nin Türkmen asıllı kumandanlarından, Urfa valisi ve daha sonra Musul nâibi olan Zeynüddin Ali Küçük b. Begtegin tarafından Erbil’de kuruldu. Ali Küçük ölünce oğlu Yûsuf’un atabegi olan Mücâhidüddin Kaymaz, Yûsuf’u kardeşi Muzafferüddin Kökböri’ye karşı koruyarak onun Erbil hâkimi olmasını sağladı (1163). Kökböri Bağdat’taki halifeye yaptığı şikâyetten sonuç alamayınca, Musul atabegi olan II. Seyfeddin Gazi’nin hizmetine girdi. Daha sonra da Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbîye tâbi olan Kökböri, kardeşi Yûsuf’un Ekim 1190’da ölümü üzerine Erbil Beyliği’nin başına geçti ve 1232 yılında ölümüne kadar bu Türk beyliği Erbil ve çevresinde hüküm sürdü.
Atabeglik müessesesini devam ettiren bir diğer Türk devleti de Anadolu Selçukluları’dır. Sultan I. Kılıcarslan ölünce (1107) dul kalan karısı Ayşe Hatun, Artukoğulları’ndan Belek’e müracaat ederek oğlu Malatya Sultanı Tuğrularslan’ın atabegliğini üstlenmesini istedi. Ayşe Hatun’un bu isteğini kabul eden Belek onunla evlenerek Malatya’ya da hâkim oldu (1113). I. Alâeddin Keykubad, Erzincan ve yöresine vali tayin ettiği Mübârizüddin Ertokuş’u oğlu II. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev’e, Mübârizüddin Armağanşah’ı da diğer oğlu II. İzzeddin Keykâvus’a atabeg tayin etti. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin Kösedağ mağlûbiyetinden (1243) sonra, Moğollar’ın Anadolu’daki hâkimiyetleri sırasında da atabeglik müessesesinin devam ettiği görülmektedir. Ancak atabeg-i a‘zam unvanı ile vazife gören bu yetkili devlet memurunun, Büyük Selçuklu ve halefleriyle Anadolu Selçukluları’nda olduğu gibi, ordu sahibi olmayıp bir nevi danışman ve denetleyici görevi yürüttüğü bilinmektedir.
Atabeglik müessesesi diğer Türk devletlerinde de vardır. Meselâ Sultan Alâeddin Muhammed Hârizmşah, Toğanşah’ın oğlu Sencerşah’a Mengli Beg’i, Tekiş’in oğullarından Yûnus Han’a Mayacık’ı, oğlu Rükneddin Gursançtı’ya da Yıgan Taysı’yı atabeg tayin etmişti. Hârizmşahlar devrine ait metinlerde rastlanan “ulug lala beg” tabirinin atabeg karşılığı olduğunu belirten tarihçiler de vardır. Nitekim “lala” tabiri Anadolu Selçukluları’nın son devirlerinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak lala denilen kişinin, Selçuklular’ın önceki devirlerinde olduğu gibi, askerî ve mülkî yetkilerinin olmadığı, sadece lalası olduğu melikin eğitimiyle ilgilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Gerçi Büyük Selçuklu sultanlarından Muhammed b. Melikşah’ın Lala Karategin adında bir hamisi varsa da bu şahsın askerî ve mülkî herhangi bir yetkisinin olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir.
Anadolu Selçuklu sultanları kendilerine tecrübeli bir kumandanı atabeg tayin ederlerdi. Hükümdar atabegi olarak adlandırılabilecek bu beyler büyük divana katılır ve devlet işlerinde önemli rol oynarlardı.
Eyyûbîler’de de atabeglik müessesesi çok az değişiklikle devam etti. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin oğlu el-Melikü’l-Fâzıl Ali, el-Melikü’l-Mansûr Muhammed b. Azîz’in atabegi idi. Atabeglik Yemen Eyyûbîleri tarafından da askerî bir vazife ve unvan olarak kullanılmıştır. Melik Muizzüddin Aybeg, Şeceretü’d-Dür zamanında “atabekü’l-asâkir” olarak tayin edilmişti. Sonraları Eyyûbîler’de başkumandan olarak görülen atabekü’l-asâkir, Memlükler zamanında da aynı şekilde saltanat nâibliğinden sonra devletin en yüksek ve nüfuzlu makamı olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında bu vazifede bulunanlara atabeg veya “atabekü’l-cüyûş” denirdi. Meselâ Emîr Moncuk bu görevi saltanat nâibliği ile birlikte yürütüyordu.
Selçuklu Devleti’nin tesiriyle İran Moğolları da atabeglik müessesesini kurmuşlardı. Olcaytu, Emîr Sevinç’i oğlu Ebû Saîd’e atabeg tayin etmiş ve onu dokuz yaşlarında Emîr Sevinç’le beraber Horasan’a göndererek buranın idaresini vermişti. İlhanlı idarî teşkilâtının etkisi altında kalan Celâyirliler de emîrü’l-ümerâlara atabeg unvanı vermişlerdi.
Akkoyunlular ve daha sonra Safevîler tarafından da bu müessese devam ettirilmiştir. Küçük yaştaki şehzadelerini ülkenin sınır vilâyetlerinin idaresine tayin eden I. Şah İsmâil, o bölgenin tecrübeli ve büyük kumandanlarını nâib ve mürebbi sıfatıyla ve lala unvanıyla onların yanında görevlendiriyordu. Sultan Rûmlû Şah Tahmasb’ın, Durmuş Han Şumlu Şah Mirza’nın lalası idiler. Bu müessese mahiyeti bakımından zamanla değişikliğe uğramakla beraber İran’da hüküm süren Türk sülâlelerinde XIX. yüzyıla kadar varlığını devam ettirmiştir. İran’daki son Türk sülâlesi olan Kaçarlar’ın sarayında şehzade mürebbilerinin en büyüğüne lalabaşı denilmekteydi. Aynı şekilde Osmanlılar’da da sancağa çıkarılan şehzadelerin yanına, devlet tecrübesi olan bir kişi lala unvanıyla verilmiştir.
İznik Rum İmparatorluğu’nda “beg” unvanlı bir Türk lalanın bulunması, Gürcü Kraliçesi Thamara’nın protokol itibariyle vezirden sonra gelen atabeglik müessesesini ihdas etmesi, bu Türk geleneğinin Ortaçağ hıristiyan devletleri tarafından da benimsendiğini göstermektedir.
Selçuklular zamanında önceleri bir unvan olarak ortaya çıkan ve zamanla önemli bir devlet memuriyeti şekline dönüşen atabeglik, sonraları atabeglerin yanlarında bulunan şehzadelerin anneleriyle evlenmeleri sebebiyle daha önemli bir mevki durumuna gelmiştir. Atabegler doğrudan Selçuklu sultanına bağlı olup bulundukları bölgelerde onların nâibi sıfatıyla âdeta yarı bağımsız bir hükümdar gibi hareket ediyorlardı. Ölen bir atabegin yerine bazan oğlu tayin edilirdi ki bu Ortaçağ’da memuriyetlerin babadan oğula intikal etmesi esasına bağlıdır. Sultanlar şehzadelerin herhangi bir tahrike kapılarak isyan etmelerini önlemek gayesiyle atabegleri hem tecrübeli hem de en güvenilir emîrler arasından seçerlerdi. Hükümdarların ölümünde meydana gelen taht kavgaları sırasında bazı atabeglerin görünürde nâibi olduğu şehzadeyi tahta çıkarmak, gerçekte ise bütün ülke yönetimini ele geçirmek için iç savaşlara sebep oldukları görülmektedir.
Merkezî otoritenin güçlü olduğu dönemlerde atabegler bağımsızlık yolunda açıkça faaliyette bulunamamışlar, ancak devlet otoritesinin zayıflamasıyla atabeglerin birçoğu vasîsi veya nâibi bulundukları şehzadelerin yerine kendi adlarına hâkimiyetlerini icra etmeye başlamışlardır. Böylece atabeglerle anılan birtakım hânedanlar kurulmuştur.
Atabeglik Eyyûbîler’de ve Memlükler’in ilk devirlerinde Selçuklular zamanındaki mahiyetini korumaktaydı. Bunu takip eden devirlerde ordu kumandanlığı şekline dönüştü. Hatta Memlükler’in Halep ve Şam nâibliklerinde bunlara atabeg veya atabegü’l-cüyûşun yanı sıra beylerbeyi dahi denilmeye başlandı. XV. yüzyıla kadar önemini koruyan atabeglik müessesesi, bu yüzyılda eski önemini kaybederek üçüncü derecede bir makam haline geldi. Bunu takip eden yüzyıllarda ise atabegler askerî kumandanlık görevlerini de kaybederek saraylarda şehzadelerin mürebbileri ve öğretmenleri (lala) haline geldiler (ayrıca bk. LALA ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 38-40 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.