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ATTÂR, Ahmed Abdülgafûr Skip to content Ahmed b. Abdilgafûr b. Muhammed Nûr Attâr (1915-1991)
Suudi Arabistanlı yazar, edip ve şair, yayıncı, gazeteci.
Kendi beyanına göre 1333 (1915) yılında Mekke’de Cebelülkâ‘be semtinde doğdu. Bazı kaynaklarda doğum tarihi 1334, 1335 ve 1337 olarak da kaydedilir. Ailesi 100 yıl kadar önce Bengal bölgesinden gelip Mekke’ye yerleşmişti. Bu sebeple Attâr, Bengal dilini de iyi biliyordu. Babası Abdülgafûr, Hanefî mezhebine vâkıf bir kimseydi. Koku ve çeşitli hac malzemeleri satan bir ticarethane işlettiğinden ailenin lakabı Attâr olarak kalmıştır. Attâr ilk bilgileri babasından aldı, ardından Harem-i şerif’te düzenlenen ders halkalarına katıldı. Çocukluk yılları Mekke’nin kadim mahallesi Mesfele’de geçti. İlkokula devam ederken babasının yanında hıfzını tamamladı. Babasının vefat etmesi üzerine eğitimiyle annesi ilgilendi. Orta ve lise öğrenimini, şehirdeki ilk modern eğitim kurumlarından olan el-Ma‘hedü’l-ilmiyyü’s-Suûdî’de tamamladı (1935). Buradaki arkadaşları arasında Abdülazîz el-Fazl, Ali el-Huveytır, Abdülmuhsin es-Süveyl, İbrâhim es-Süveyl ve Harem nâibi Seyyid Muhammed görülür. 1936’da devlet bursuyla gittiği Mısır’da Kahire Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde altı ay okuyabildi. Takma adla Suudi Arabistan Krallığı aleyhine yazı yazdığı ithamıyla bursunun iptal edilmesi veya bazı ailevî sebeplerden dolayı memleketine dönmek zorunda kaldı. Mekke ve Riyad hapishanelerinde dokuz ay geçirdi. Kral Abdülazîz tarafından affedilince 1937-1939 yıllarında emniyet teşkilâtında tahkikat memuru olarak çalıştıysa da kendini ilme vermek amacıyla görevinden ayrıldı. Başta dil, edebiyat ve dinî konular olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda yorulmak bilmeyen bir çalışma ile kendini yetiştirdi. Attâr’da basın yayın arzusu lise yıllarında başlamıştı. Henüz öğrenci iken Mekke’de eş-Şebâbü’n-nâhıż adlı bir dergi çıkarmıştı. 1948’de yine Mekke’de el-Beyân gazetesiyle basın hayatına adım attı. 1960’ta Cidde’de ʿUkâẓ gazetesinin kurucusu, sahibi, yöneticisiydi, yazı işleri müdürlüğünü de yapıyordu. Şahısların gazete çıkarması yasaklanıp yayım işinin kurumlara verilmesi üzerine 1964’te Müessesetü Ukâz li’s-Sahâfe ve’n-neşr adlı yayın kurumu ve matbaasını tesis ettikten sonra ʿUkâẓ kendi matbaasında basılmaya devam etti. 1985’te de Attâr Yayınevi’ni kurdu. 1966’da çıkardığı, din ve toplum meselelerine dair yazıların yer aldığı aylık Kelimetü’l-Ḥaḳ dergisi malî imkânsızlıklar yüzünden dört sayı devam edebildi. Mısırlı edip Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād ve Seyyid Kutub’la yakın ilişkisi vardı. 1966’da Seyyid Kutub idam edilince Kelimetü’l-Ḥaḳ ’ta bir makale yayımladı. Güzel bir hattı olan Attâr eserlerinin kapak başlıklarını kendi hattıyla yazardı. Câhiz, Şerîfe Abdullah, Abdullah Mekkî, Ubeyd el-Hâzim takma adlarıyla makaleler yazdı. 1980’de Kıbrıs’ta bulunduğu bir sırada kısmî felç geçirdi, bu halde iken de yazmaya devam etti, eşi kendisine kâtiplik yapıyordu. Günde on dört saat okuduğunu belirten Attâr, 1990’da Cidde Hastahanesi’ne yatırıldığı sırada da kitabı ve kalemi elinden bırakmadı. 1990 yılında Küveyt’i işgal eden Saddâm Hüseyin hakkında “Ṭâġūtü’l-ʿaṣr” başlıklı son makalesini kaleme aldı. 17 Receb 1411 (2 Şubat 1991) tarihinde Cidde’de vefat etti, cenazesi Mekke’ye getirilerek defnedildi.
Bir süre kraliyet divanında müsteşar olarak da görev yapan Attâr’a, İçişleri Bakanı Nâyif b. Abdülazîz tarafından emniyet teşkilâtındaki başarılarından dolayı birinci derece takdir belgesi, Cidde Kral Abdülazîz Üniversitesi’nce edebiyat öncüsü belgesi altın ve gümüş madalya, 1980’de edebiyat dalında devlet takdir ödülü verilmiştir. Attâr, Irak ve Suriye ilim akademileriyle Kahire’deki Râbıtatü’l-edebi’l-hadîs’in şeref üyesiydi. Ufku geniş, düşünceleri kabul görmüş bir yazar olarak edebî eser ve yazılarında İslâmî çizgilere, Peygamber sevgisine son derece dikkat eden İslâm edebiyatının önemli temsilcilerinden biridir ve Kur’an dili olan fasih Arapça’nın hararetli savunucuları arasında yer almıştır. 25.000 ciltten oluşan kitaplığını Harem-i Şerif Kütüphanesi’ne bağışlamıştır. el-Fayṣal dergisi Mayıs 1991 sayısında (XII/2) Attâr’ı tanıtan, ediplerin onun hakkındaki görüşlerini ve basılmış eserlerinin listesini veren ilâve bir cilt yayımlamıştır. Züheyr Muhammed Cemîl Kütübî, ʿAṭṭâr ʿamîdü’l-edeb adıyla bir monografi kaleme almış (Cidde 1411), Şifâ Abdullah Zeynî Ukayl de Aḥmed ʿAbdülġafûr ʿAṭṭâr ve cühûdühü’l-edebiyye ibdâʿan ve dirâseten başlıklı doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (Külliyyetü’t-terbiye li’l-benât, Cidde 1411).
Eserleri. Arap Dili: 1. el-Fuṣḥâ ve’l-ʿâmmiyye (Kahire 1377/1957). 2. eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ ve medârisü’l-muʿcemâti’l-ʿArabiyye. Arap sözlük bilimi tarihi, sözlük ekolleri, temel sözlükler, Cevherî ve Ṣıḥâḥ ’ı üzerine bir inceleme, karşılaştırma ve eleştiridir. İlk baskısı Kahire’de yapılan eser (1372/1952), ikinci baskısından itibaren (1377/1957) Attâr’ın Muḳaddimetü’ṣ-ṣıḥâḥ adıyla tahkikini yaptığı Ṣıḥâḥu Cevherî ’nin (I-VII cilt) ilk cildi şeklinde basılmıştır (Beyrut 1979, 1984; Kahire 1982; Mekke 1410/1990). 3. Ḥarbü’l-ekâẕîb (Kahire 1377/1956; Tâif 1380/1960; Beyrut 1391/1972). 4. Ârâʾ fi’l-luġa (Cidde 1384/1964). 5. ez-Zaḥf ʿalâ luġati’l-Ḳurʾân (Beyrut 1385/1965). 6. Muḥârebetü’l-fuṣḥâ (Beyrut 1397/1977). Eserde fasih/edebî Arapça’ya karşı duruşlar irdelenmiştir. 7. Difâʿ ʿani’l-fuṣḥâ (Beyrut 1399/1979). Müellif burada halk Arapça’sını savunanlara karşı Kur’an dili fasih Arapça’yı savunmuştur. 8. Vefâʾü’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye bi-ḥâcâti hâẕe’l-ʿaṣr ve külli ʿaṣr (Mekke 1399/1979). 9. el-Cevherî mübtekiru menheci’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ (Beyrut 1400). 10. Każâyâ ve müşkilât luġaviyye (Mekke-Cidde 1402/1982, 1410/1990). Halk dili-fasih dil, Kur’an dili ve i‘rab meselelerine dairdir.
Arap Edebiyatı: 1. Kitâbî (Mekke 1354/1934; Kahire 1356/1936). Dil, edebiyat, felsefe ve toplum meseleleriyle ilgili makalelerini kapsar. 2. el-Hevâ ve’ş-şebâb (Kahire 1365/1945; Mekke 1400/1980; Beyrut 1400). Gençliğinde yazdığı, ince romantik duygularını yansıtan gazellerini içerir. Attâr bu şiirleriyle Suudi şiirinde romantizmin öncülerinden sayılmış, Tâhâ Hüseyin, şiirlerin dünyevî aşkı dile getiren eski Hicaz gazel akımını anımsattığını belirtmiştir. Attâr bundan başka şiir yazmamıştır. 3. el-Maḳālât (Kahire 1366/1947). 4. el-Hicre (Kahire 1366/1946; Beyrut 1399). Hicret-i nebeviyyeye dair tiyatro eseridir. 5. Ürîdü en erâ Allāh (Kahire 1366/1946; Tâif 1398; Riyad 1411). Kısmen telif, kısmen çeviri kısa hikâyelerden meydana gelmiştir. 6. el-Beyân (Kahire 1369/1949). Edebî tenkitle ilgilidir. 7. Ḳaṭre min yerâʿ (Kahire 1375/1955; Mekke 1400/1980). Din, dil, edebiyat ve toplum meselelerine dair makaleleri ve radyo konuşmalarıdır. 8. Maḳṣûretü İbn Düreyd (Kahire 1376/1956). Maksûr şiir, maksûr kafiye düzeni ve bunda Kur’an’ın etkisi, İbn Düreyd’in el-Maḳṣûre ’si ve nazîreleri gibi konularla ilgili edebî, tarihî bir araştırma ve incelemedir. 9. Beyne’s-sicn ve’l-menfâ (Beyrut 1401/1981, 1430/2010). 1936 yılında Mekke ve Riyad’da geçirdiği dokuz aylık hapis hayatını hikâye eden eserdir. 10. ʿİşrûne yevmen fi’ṣ-ṣîni’l-vaṭaniyye (Taybiyeh-Çin 1383/1963). 11. Kelâm fi’l-edeb (Cidde 1384/1964). Edebiyat döneminin bir daha geri gelmemek üzere geçtiğini ve bugünün ilim devri olduğunu ileri sürenlere reddiyedir. 12. ʿUrûbetü Fileṣtîn ve’l-Ḳuds aṣîletün münẕü ʿaşereti’l-âlâf mine’s-sinîn (Beyrut 1394/1974, 1400/1980). 13. Cuḥâ yestaḳbilü nefsehû ve ḳıṣaṣ uḫrâ (1399/1979). Hikâye koleksiyonudur. 14. el-Edebü’l-ʿArabî (Riyad 1415/1995).
İslâmiyet ve Diğer Dinler: el-Ḫarâc ve’ş-şerâʾiʿ senete 1365/1946 (Kahire 1365/1946); Ḥaccetü’n-nebî ṣallallāhü ʿaleyhi ve sellem (Dımaşk 1396/1976; Riyad 1396/1976); Min Nefeḥâti Ramażân (Riyad 1401/1981); eş-Şerîʿa le’l-ḳānûn (Cidde 1384/1964); el-İslâm ṭarîḳunâ ile’l-ḥayât (Cidde 1384/1964); el-İslâm ḫâtemü’l-edyân (Beyrut 1386/1966); İnsâniyyetü’l-İslâm (Beyrut 1386/1966, 1399; İng. trc. Beyrut 1397/1977); el-İslâm fâtiḥu’l-edyân (Beyrut 1386/1966); Muḥammed Resûlullāh tüḥâribuhû ḳuve’ş-şerri ve’t-taḫrîb (Amman 1400/1988); el-Kâʿbe ve’l-kisve münẕü erbaʿati âlâfi sene ḥatte’l-yevm (Mekke 1397/1977; Riyad 1398/1978); Aḥkâmü’l-ḥac ve’l-ʿumre min ḥacceti’n-nebiyyi ve ʿumretih (Beyrut 1397/1977; Mekke 1397/1977, 1412, 1414); el-Hicâb ve’s-süfûr (Beyrut 1397/1977; Tâif 1399, baş örtüsü ve peçe meselesine dairdir); Vefâʾü’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî bi-ḥâcâti hâẕe’l-ʿaṣr ve külli ʿaṣr (Beyrut 1397/1977; Mekke 1399/1979); Veyleke âmin (Tâif 1922, 1398, Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî’nin bazı görüşlerinin eleştirisidir); Binâʾü’l-Kâʿbe ʿalâ ḳavâʿidi İbrâhîm farîżatün İslâmiyye ve vâcibün dînî (Dımaşk 1398; Mekke 1399/1979); Aṣlaḥu’l-edyân li’l-insâniyyeti ʿaḳīdeten ve şerîʿaten (Mekke 1399/1979, 1407); Ḳāmûsü’l-ḥac ve’l-ʿumre (Mekke 1399/1979); İnḥisâru taṭbîḳı’ş-şerîʿa fî aḳṭâri’l-urûbe ve’l-İslâm (Beyrut 1401; Mekke 1410/1990); ed-Diyânât ve’l-ʿaḳāʾid fî muḫtelifi’l-ʿuṣûr (I-IV, Mekke 1401/1981); İnnenâ ʿArabun ve müslimûn: lâ-lesnâ ʿAraben ve lâ müslimîn (Mekke 1412); el-İslâm dînun ḫâṣ em ʿâm? (Beyrut 1400); et-Terbiye (Cidde 1412). Öte yandan Attâr siyasî akımlarla ilgili olarak el-İslâm ve’ş-şüyûʿiyye (Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād’la birlikte) (Kahire 1376/1956; Beyrut 1392/1972); el-Yehûdiyye ve’ṣ-ṣahyûniyye (Beyrut 1391/1972, 1400); İbn Suʿûd ve Ḳażıyyetü Filesṭîn (Beyrut 1393/1973); eş-Şüyûʿiyye velîdetü’ṣ-ṣahyûniyye (Beyrut 1394/1974); el-Masûniyye (Beyrut 1394/1974); Müʾâmeretü’ṣ-ṣahyûniyye ʿale’l-ʿâlem maʿa tercemeti Brûtûḳūlâti Ṣahyûn (Mekke 1396/1976); eş-Şüyûʿiyye ḫulâṣatü külli ḍurûbi’l-küfri ve’l-mûbiḳāt ve’ş-şürûr ve’l-ʿâhât (Beyrut 1400/1980) adlı eserleri kaleme almıştır.
Biyografi: 1. Muḥammed b. ʿAbdilvehhâb (Kahire 1362/1943, 1376). İbn Abdülvehhâb’ın hayatı ve Selefî daveti hakkındadır. Eserin Beyrut 1391 (1971) baskısı daha farklı bir çalışma olarak ortaya konulmuş, bunun birçok baskısı yapılmış, M. Sâdık Halîl eseri Urduca’ya (Lahor 1395/1975), Râşid Berâvî İngilizce’ye (Dımaşk 1396/1976) çevirmiştir. 2. Ṣaḳrü’l-Cezîre (Kahire 1366/1946; Cidde 1384, 1385/1965; Beyrut 1962, 1392/1972; Mekke 1399/1979). Kral Abdülazîz’in hayatı, Vehhâbî hareketi, XX. yüzyılda Suudi Arabistan Krallığı’nda değişim ve gelişmelerle ilgilidir. 3. İbn Suʿûd (Kahire 1366/1946). 4. el-ʿAḳḳād (Cidde 1405/1985). 5. ʿÂʾişetü ümmü’l-müʾminîn (Mekke, ts.). 6. el-Manṣûr. İlk Suudi Savunma bakanı Emîr Mansûr b. Abdülazîz’e dairdir. Müellifin ayrıca Brûtûḳūlâtü ḥükemâʾi Ṣahyûn (Beyrut 1377, ortak); Brûtûḳūlâtü Ṣahyûn (Beyrut 1396/1976, 1399); ez-Zenâbıḳu’l-ḥamrâʾ (Kahire 1372/1952, Bengal asıllı Hint şairi Rabindranath Tagore’un tiyatro eserinin Bengalce’den Arapça’ya çevirisidir); el-Müfettiş (Dımaşk 1965; Tâif 1398, Rus yazarı Nikolay Vasilyevic Gogol’un Revizor adlı tiyatro eserinin Arapça’ya çevirisidir) adlı tercümeleri de vardır.
Neşir: Cevherî, eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ. Tâcü’l-luġa ve Ṣıḥâḥu’l-ʿArabiyye (I-VII, “el-Muḳaddime” adlı inceleme cildi dahil, Kahire 1372/1952, 1377/1957; Beyrut 1399/1979, 1404/1984); Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, Tehẕîbü’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ (I-III, Kahire 1372/1952, Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn’la birlikte); Ezherî, Muḳaddimetü Tehẕîbi’l-luġa (inceleme ve tahkik, Kahire 1376/1956); İbn Hâleveyh, Leyse fî kelâmi’l-ʿArab (Kahire 1376/1956, 1979; Beyrut 1400); Âdâbü’l-müteʿallimîn ve resâʾil uḫrâ fi’t-terbiyeti’l-İslâmiyye (Kahire 1376/1956; Beyrut 1386; İbn Haldûn, Gazzâlî, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, İhvân-ı Safâ, Bedreddin İbn Cemâa, İbn Hacer el-Heytemî’den seçme parçalardan oluşmaktadır); Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, Muḫtârü’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ (Kahire 1377/1957); İbn Hişâm el-Lahmî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-maḥṣûre fî şerḥi’l-Maḳṣûre (Beyrut 1400/1980, İbn Düreyd’in eserinin şerhidir); İbn Sa‘d, Ġazevâtü’r-Resûl ve serâyâhu (Beyrut 1401/1981); Ebü’l-Umeysil, Me’ttefeḳa lafẓuhû va’ḫtelefe maʿnâh, Mecmûʿatü’l-meʿânî (seçme şiirlerin neşri, İstanbul 1301) (Attâr’ın eserleri için ayrıca bk. Attâr, el-Kâʿbe ve’l-kisve , s. 201-207; el-Mevsûʿatü’s̱-s̱ekāfiyye , I, 239-241; Ahmed Saîd b. Silm, Mevsûʿatü’l-üdebâʾ , s. 328-334; M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Tetimmetü’l-Aʿlâm , I, 42-44).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Edhem Ali el-Cündî, Aʿlâmü’l-edeb ve’l-fen , Dımaşk 1954, II, 510-511; Yûsuf Es‘ad Dâgır, Muʿcemü’l-esmâʾi’l-müsteʿâre ve aṣḥâbihâ , Beyrut 1955, s. 204-205; Ahmed Kabbiş, Târîḫu’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1971, s. 643-644; M. Ali el-Mağribî, Aʿlâmü’l-Ḥicâz fi’l-ḳarni’r-râbiʿ ʿaşer li’l-hicre , Cidde 1401/1981, IV, 42-55; Bekrî Şeyh Emîn, el-Ḥareketü’l-edebiyye fi’l-Memleketi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye , Beyrut 1986, tür.yer.; M. Meczûb, ʿUlemâʾ ve müfekkirûn ʿaraftühüm , Kahire 1986, II, 69-94; Ahmed Saîd b. Silm, Mevsûʿatü’l-üdebâʾ ve’l-küttâbi’s-Suʿûdiyyîn ḫilâle sittîne ʿâm: 1350-1410 , Medine 1413/1992, II, 328-334; Râzî Sadûk, Dîvânü’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabî fi’l-ḳarni’l-ʿişrîn , Mekke 1994, I, 212-214; Abdülazîz b. Nâsır el-Harîf, Aḥmed ʿAbdülġafûr ʿAṭṭâr nâḳıden , Riyad 1415/1995, tür.yer.; Ömer Tayyib es-Sâsî, el-Mûcez fî târîḫi’l-edebi’s-Suʿûdî , Cidde 1995, s. 185-186; Ali Cevâd et-Tâhir – Hamed el-Câsir, Muʿcemü’l-maṭbûʿâti’l-ʿArabiyye fi’l-Memleketi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye , Riyad 1997, I, 274-280; M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Tetimmetü’l-Aʿlâm , Beyrut 1418/1998, I, 41-44; Ahmed el-Alâvine, Ẕeylü’l-Aʿlâm , Cidde 1418/1998, s. 29-30; a.mlf., et-Teẕyîl ve’l-istidrâk ʿalâ Muʿcemi’l-müʾellifîn , Cidde 1423/2002, s. 30-31; Abbas b. Sâlih Taşkendî, eṭ-Ṭıbâʿa fi’l-Memleketi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye 1300-1419 , Riyad 1319/1999, s. 233, 236, 237, 239, 240, 246; İbrâhim b. Abdullah el-Hâzimî, Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-ḳarni’r-râbiʿ ʿaşer ve’l-ḫâmis ʿaşer el-hicrî fi’l-ʿâlemi’l-ʿArabî ve’l-İslâmî , Riyad 1419, II, 465-470; Nizâr Abâza – M. Riyâz el-Mâlih, İtmâmü’l-Aʿlâm , Beyrut 1999, s. 29-30; Ali et-Türkî, “Edîbüne’l-ʿallâme el-luġavî el-kebîr Aḥmed ʿAbdülġafûr ʿAṭṭâr”, el-Menhel , XXXIV/11, Medine 1393/1973, s. 846-848; M. Hasan M. Bâkilâ, “Aʿlâmü’l-luġa fi’l-Memleketi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye: Aḥmed ʿAbdülġafûr ʿAṭṭâr faḳīhen luġaviyyen Suʿûdiyyen”, Mecelletü Câmiʿati’l-Melik Suʿûd: el-Âdâb , IX/2, Riyad 1417/1997, s. 291-330; el-Mevsûʿatü’s̱-S̱eḳāfiyyetü’ş-şâmile li’l-Memleketi’l-ʿArabiyyeti’s-Suʿûdiyye: el-Üdebâʾ ve’l-küttâb , Riyad 1410/1990, I, 239-241.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 138-139 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.