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ATTÂR, Ferîdüddin Skip to content Ebû Hâmid Ferîdüddîn Muhammed b. Ebî Bekr İbrâhîm-i Nîsâbûrî (ö. 618/1221)
İranlı meşhur şair ve mutasavvıf.
Horasan Selçukluları’nın son zamanlarında, büyük bir ihtimalle 537-540 (1142-1145) yılları arasında Nîşâbur’da dünyaya geldi. Eczacılık ve tıp ile meşgul olduğu için “Attâr” lakabını aldı ve bu lakapla meşhur oldu. Çocukluk ve gençlik devresi hakkında kaynakların verdiği bilgiler çok farklı ve yetersizdir. Ancak eserlerinden, gençliğinde bir taraftan attarlıkla uğraştığı, diğer taraftan da ilim tahsil ettiği, tasavvufî bilgiler edindiği ve çeşitli şeyhlere hizmet ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Kendisi, peygamberler ve velîler hakkında birçok kitap okuduğunu ve otuz dokuz yıl müddetle tasavvufla ilgili şiir ve hikâyeleri toplamaya devam ettiğini söyler. Anne ve babasını gençliğinde kaybetmesi dışında ailesi ve yakın çevresi hakkında bir bilgi yoktur. Muḫtârnâme ’sinde yer alan iki rubâîsinden, otuz iki yaşındaki bir oğlunu kaybettiği -dolayısıyla evlenmiş olduğu- anlaşılmaktadır.
Kaynakların verdiği bilgilerden ve bazı şiirlerinden anlaşıldığına göre Attâr küçük yaştan itibaren ve özellikle kendisini tasavvufa verdikten sonra birçok seyahatlerde bulundu. Irak, Şam, Mısır, Mekke, Medine, Hindistan ve Türkistan’a yaptığı bu seyahatlerden sonra Nîşâbur’a döndü ve orada inzivaya çekildi. Uzun yıllar devam eden bu inzivâ hayatı sonunda oldukça ileri bir yaşta iken Moğollar tarafından Nîşâbur’da şehid edildi.
Attâr’ın tasavvuf terbiyesini kimden aldığı, irade hırkasını giyip giymediği kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Babasının da şeyhi olduğu rivayet edilen Kutbüddin Haydar ile Rükneddîn-i Ekâf (Ekkâf) ve Mecdüddin el-Bağdâdî’nin müridi olduğu şüphelidir. Esrârnâme ’sinin önsözünde aşırı derecede övdüğü Ebû Saîd-i Ebü’l-Hayr’a (ö. 440/1049) mânen intisap ettiğini, sahip olduğu her devleti onun ruhaniyetinden aldığını, kendisini terbiye eden kişinin bu zat olduğunu söyler ve dolayısıyla “Üveysî” olduğuna işaret eder. Eserlerinden, devrindeki birçok mutasavvıf ve şeyhle tanıştığı, onlarla dostluk kurup eserlerini okuyarak kendisini tasavvuf merhalelerini aşmaya hazırladığı, bu gayretler sonunda irşad makamına ulaştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bir tarikata girmediği kabul edilse bile iddia edildiği gibi o sadece tasavvufa meraklı veya sûfîmeşrep biri değildir. Tasavvuf erbabının sırlarını öğrenip makam ve hallerini incelemekle yetinmemiş, tasavvufu benimseyip içine girmiş, az da olsa seyrüsülûk ile meşgul olmuş ve kendisinden sonra yaşayan pek çok İranlı mutasavvıf-şair ve edibe önderlik etmiştir. Bunlar arasında Mevlânâ, Mahmûd-ı Şebüsterî, Sa‘dî, Hâfız ve Molla Câmî sayılabilir. Özellikle Mevlânâ’nın Attâr’ı âşıkların önderi sayması, tasavvuf yolunda kendisini küçük, onu büyük görmesi, eserlerinden büyük ölçüde faydalanması, hatta onu “ruh”, Senâî’yi de ruhun “iki gözü” olarak kabul etmesi, Hallâc’daki nurun Attâr’ın ruhunda tecelli ettiğini ve Hallâc’ın ona mürebbi olduğunu söylemesi şüphesiz bir sebebe dayanmalıdır. Kendisine ait olduğu kesin olarak bilinen eserlerinde Attâr Ehl-i beyt’e hürmet ve sevgide kusuru bulunmayan, müsamahalı ve taassuba karşı bir Sünnî’dir. Hayatının sonlarına doğru Şiî olduğu iddiası, yanlış olarak ona isnat edilen eserlerden kaynaklanmaktadır.
Edebî Kişiliği. Klasik nazım şekillerinin pek çoğunu kullanan Attâr, daha çok mesnevi ve gazelde başarı sağlamıştır. Orijinal ve yer yer aşkla dolu rubâîler yazmışsa da bu türde Hayyâm derecesine ulaşamamıştır. Kasideleri na‘t, öğüt ve tasavvufun ana meseleleri hakkındadır ve bunlar Gazneliler devrinin büyük kaside üstatları Unsurî, Ferruhî-yi Sistânî ve Menûçihrî’ninkiler kadar güzel, âhenkli, akıcı ve olgun değildir. Buna rağmen dinî ve ahlâkî kasidelerde sadece Senâî ve Nâsır-ı Hüsrev’i geçememiştir. Attâr’ın ustalığı tasavvufî gazellerinde aranmalıdır. O, bu nazım şeklinde yalnız yaratıcı olmakla kalmamış, kendisinden sonra gelen mutasavvıf olan ve olmayan şairlerin örnek aldığı kişi olmuştur. Gazel ve mesnevilerinde Senâî dahil bütün seleflerini geride bırakmış, bu konuda onu bazı istisnalarla yalnız Mevlânâ aşabilmiştir. Gazelleri tasavvuf zevkini, özellikle vahdet-i vücûd telakkisini, ilâhî yolculuk için gerekli kabul ettiği aşkı ve âşıklığı dile getirir. Attâr, gazelleri için uygun ve gönüle hoş gelen vezinler bulmuştur. Dîvân ’ında yer alan şiirlerinin büyük bir kısmı rediflidir. Şiirlerinin çoğunluğunu oluşturan mesnevilerin hepsi tasavvufla ilgilidir. Bu nazım şeklindeki eserlerine bakarak onun doğuştan mesnevici olduğu kabul edilebilir. Mesnevilerinde şiire ve edebî sanatlara hâkim üstün bir hikâyeci olarak görünür. Tasavvufî bir meseleyi ele alırken temsillere başvurması, çerçeve hikâyeler içinde açık ve anlaşılır bir plana göre iç içe daha küçük hikâyeler anlatarak konuyu sıradan biri için bile daha net bir hale getirmesi ve böylece mânaları ana hikâye ile birleştirmede büyük bir ustalık göstermesi ona has bir özelliktir. Mevlânâ Attâr’dan aldığı bu anlatım tarzını bazı yönlerde geliştirmiştir.
Selefleri gibi Horasan üslûbunda şiir söyleyen Attâr’ın sözü akıcı ve süssüz, dili sıcak ve tatlıdır. Şiirleri aşk ve iştiyakı dile getirir. Güç ve anlaşılmaz tarafı azdır. Kelimeler genellikle bilinen anlamlarıyla kullanılmıştır. Eserlerinin hemen hepsini tasavvufî konuları açıklamak için yazmış, bu yolda zaman zaman lafız fesahatini mâna uğruna feda etmiş, sırf bu yüzden uygun ve güzel düşmeyen bazı şiirler de söylemiştir. Bu tasavvufî şevk içinde şairliğin bazı kural ve geleneklerini terketmiş, meselâ ömrünün sonuna kadar hiçbir makam ve rütbe sahibini övmemiştir. Aşk ateşi, vahdet şuur ve heyecanı bütün şiirlerinde ve özellikle divanında, onu okuyan her gönül sahibinin derhal alevleneceği ölçüde hissedilir. Ancak bunlar Mevlânâ’nınkiler kadar eşsiz ve eksiksiz değildir. Kasidelerinde özellikle dünyanın geçiciliği üzerinde durarak insanoğlunun uyarılması gerektiğini dile getirir. Şiirlerinin hepsinde insana ömrünü nasıl geçireceği konusunda etkili hatırlatmalarda bulunarak onu fırsatı ganimet bilmeye, iyi iş yapmaya ve hak yoluna hizmete çağırır.
Görüşleri ve Tasavvufu. Attâr’a göre görünen bu “çokluk” (kesret), ezelî âlemde Hakk’ın zâtı ile “bir”di, ayrılık ve çokluk yoktu. Çokluk bu âlemdedir ve tamamen zâhirîdir. Varlıktan bir zerreye sahip olan herkes, bütün zerrelerin bir varlıktan geldiğini anlar. Başka bir deyişle, görünen âlem, varlığı ateşten kaynaklanan bir duman gibidir. Gerçekte her şey birdir ve bir her şeydir. “Sen ve ben nazar sahiplerinin nazarında bir ve aynı şeyiz; iki gömlekteki bir vücut gibiyiz.” Kâinatta “bir”den başkasını görmeyenler, vahdet deryasına dalanlar ve aşk ateşinde yananlardır. İlâhî cevheri içinde taşıyan insan, ancak üzerindeki varlık perdelerini kaldırdıktan sonra Allah’ı bulabilir ve O’nu görebilir. Çünkü Attâr’a göre Allah, muhtelif şeylerde muhtelif kisvelerle tecelli eder. Bu fikir daha geniş bir şekilde Mevlânâ’da ve oğlu Sultan Veled’in İbtidânâme ’sinde de görülmektedir. Nitekim buradaki “Neye baktımsa onda Allah’ı gördüm” veya “Kendisinde Allah’ı müşahede etmediğim hiçbir şey görmedim” fikri, Attâr’da da mevcuttur. Ona göre peygamberler dahil biz insanlar aklımızla Allah’ı bulamaz, anlayıp kavrayamayız. Bizim akıl ve düşüncemiz O’nu anlama konusunda bir zerrenin bütün kâinatın özünü anlamak istemesi veya bir şebnemin uçsuz bucaksız bir denizde yüzmeye kalkışması gibidir. Allah’ı bulmak için tek yol vardır; o da kendini bilme, nefsini ıslah etme, şehveti yenip unutma ve Hakk’ın varlığında yok olma yoludur. Diğer bir ifade ile hakikat âlemine vâkıf, vahdet ve ahadiyyete vâsıl olmak için akıl, ilim ve dedikoduyu bırakmak, “nasıl ve niçin”e, hatta bütün sorulara son vermek, kendini yok farzedip cismanî âlemden, bilgi gururundan, çocuksu heveslerden, her türlü aşırı isteklerden uzaklaşmak ve aşk ateşinde yanıp mutlak varlıkta yok olmak gerekir. Çünkü duyular âleminin dışında akıl ötesi gerçek, akıl üstü aşk ancak hal ve zevk ile anlaşılır.
Attâr, tasavvufun esası kabul edilen tarikat, mârifet ve hakikat merhalelerini talep, aşk, mârifet, istiğna, tevhid, hayret ve fenâdan ibaret yedi merhaleye çıkarır. Hakk’a vâsıl olmak ve O’nun varlığında yok olup bekāya ermek için bu merhalelerin bir mürşid-i kâmilin terbiyesinde aşılmasını şart koşar. Attâr, sonuncu makam olan ve ona göre gerçek tevhidden ibaret bulunan fenâya çok önem verir. Ona göre insanın vücudu, Hakk’ın aynası ve cilvegâhıdır. Yolda tamamen yok olmaksızın kendi ruhanî sülûkünün sonunda Hakk’a vâsıl olur ve O’nun kendinde bulunduğunun idrakine erer. Kâmil insan olmak için gerekli olan bu yolculuğun sayısız zahmetleri ve sıkıntıları vardır. Bu yolculuğun ilk şartı talep ve araştırmadır. Yükselme azminde olan kimse derhal visâl yoluna koyulmalı ve bu yol için gerekli olan aşk ateşinde yanıp yok olmaktan korkmamalıdır. Ona göre âşık canını pervane gibi ateşte feda eden kimsedir. Aşkı ve ateşi olmayan kimse ölse daha iyidir. Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr ve Muṣîbetnâme adlı mesnevilerinde belirttiği gibi sâlik, ilâhî cevheri kendinde bütünüyle hissetmek için, her türlü zahmet ve ıstıraba tahammülü olan bir aşk ile uzun bir yol takip eder. Bütün kâinatı yani felâket ve engellerle dolu yedi vadiyi (bk. AKABE ) dolaştıktan sonra nihayet aradığını kendinde bulur ve kendisi de tamamen aradığı şey (Hak) olur. Diğer bir deyişle, mâşukun âşıktan başka bir şey olmadığını görür ve Allah’ta yok olup (fenâfillâh) O’nu kendinde bulur ve böylece, “Nefsini bilen rabbini bilir” sözünün sırrı zâhir olur. Görüldüğü üzere Attâr vahdet-i vücûd telakkisine daha etraflı bir metotla yaklaşır ve ona seleflerine nisbetle daha derin bir anlam verir. Onun düşüncesinde Hak’ta yok olanlar için gerçekte ölüm mevcut değildir. Çünkü Hak’ta yok olmak onları bekā makamına ulaştırır.
Attâr, Ahmed el-Gazzâlî’den gelen aşk anlayışına ve Hallâc’da görülen fenâ telakkisine bağlı kalmakla yetinmemiş, vahdet-i vücûdun en üst seviyesine ulaşmış ve belki de farkına varmadan bazan ittihâd, bazan da hulûl akîdelerine yaklaşmıştır. Bununla birlikte o, ateşli gazelleri, âşıkane şiirleri, mesnevilerine ustaca yerleştirdiği manzum hikâyeleri ve bunlarda billûrlaşan orijinal fikirleriyle Mevlânâ’yı hazırlamış ve az da olsa Türk ve Arap edebiyatlarını etkilemiştir.
Eserleri. Tabiatı, ruhu ve fikri sürekli cevelân halinde olan Attâr, nazım ve nesirde önemli eserler meydana getirmiştir. Manzum eserlerinin 100.000 beyit civarında olduğu söylenmektedir. Eserlerinin sayısını Devletşah’ın kırk, Nûrullah et-Tüsterî’nin 114, Hidâyet’in bir eserinde 114, diğerinde 190 olarak göstermeleri tam bir mübalağa örneğidir. Gerçek olan, çok söz söylemekle itham edilecek kadar şiire sahip bulunduğu hususudur. O, eserlerinde en çok hikâye anlatımına yer veren şair olarak bilinir. Söz konusu hikâyelerin büyük bir kısmı, sûfî vâizlerin anlattıkları dokunaklı hikâyelerin nazmedilmiş şeklinden ibarettir. Nitekim eserlerinde Ahmed el-Gazzâlî’nin vaazlarında anlattığı hikâyelerin hepsine rastlandığı gibi İbn Sînâ, Ebû Saîd-i Ebü’l-Hayr, Sühreverdî el-Maktûl, Muhammed el-Gazzâlî ve başkalarının bu tür hikâyelerinden faydalanmıştır. Onun faydalandığı bu hikâyelerden bazısının kaynağının eski Yunan’a kadar vardığı da bilinmektedir. H. Ritter, Attâr’ın eserlerinde en az üç farklı üslûbun müşahede edilmesini, hayatı boyunca İran şairlerinde çok ender görülen ruhî değişimler geçirmesine bağlarken Saîd-i Nefîsî, Zerrînkûb ve Bedîüzzaman Fürûzanfer bu üslûp farkının gerçekte onun olmayan eserlerin ona isnat edilmesinden kaynaklandığını, kendisinin olduğu kesin olarak bilinen eserlerinde üslûbun tek ve mükemmel olduğunu ispata çalışırlar. Bu araştırmacılara göre Attâr’ın günümüze kadar gelen ve onun olduğunda şüphe bulunmayan yedisi manzum, biri mensur sekiz eseri vardır.
1. İlâhînâme . 6500 beyitlik bir mesnevidir. Çerçeve hikâye, bir hükümdarın altı oğluna dünyada en çok arzu edip elde etmek istedikleri şeyleri sorması, onların da sırasıyla cevap vermeleridir. Her biri insanın ihtiraslarından birini temsil eden arzular etrafında gelişen hikâyede baba bunların mânasızlığını gösterir. İlâhînâme ilk olarak Şemseddin Sivâsî (ö. 1597) tarafından manzum olarak Anadolu Türkçesi’ne, A. Gölpınarlı tarafından da düz yazı halinde günümüz Türkçe’sine çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1947). Eser H. Ritter (Leipzig-İstanbul 1940) ve F. Rûhânî (Tahran 1339/1960) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
2. Esrârnâme . Attâr’ın ilk tasavvufî mesnevisidir. Yirmi altı bölüme ayrılan eser küçük hikâyelerden meydana gelmiştir. Çerçeve hikâye yoktur. Sâdık Gevherîn tarafından neşredilen (Tahran 1338/1959) eser XV. yüzyılda Ahmedî Akkoyunlu tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir.
3. Muṣîbetnâme . 5740 beyitlik bir mesnevi olup Cevâbnâme adıyla da bilinir. Attâr’ın tasavvufî görüşlerini ve fikrî dünyasını en düzenli şekilde aksettiren mesnevisidir. Kırk bölüme ayrılan eserde sâlikin önce melekler arasında ve öteki dünyada, sonra da bu âlemde dolaşması, peygamberlere başvurması, daha sonra duygu, hayal ve akıl ile ruha giderek bunlara Allah’ı sorması, neticede Allah’ı kendi içinde bulması hikâye edilmiştir. Bu mesnevi N. Visal tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Tahran 1338/1959).
4. Ḫüsrevnâme . Gül ü Ḫüsrev veya Gül ü Hürmüz de denen bu eser, Attâr’ın tasavvufî olmayan tek mesnevisidir. Bu mesnevide Rum kayserinin gayri meşrû oğlu Hüsrev ile Hûzistan şahının kızı Gül’ün aşk maceraları anlatılır. Bu aşk hikâyesi, hakkında hiçbir bilgi bulunmayan Bedr-i Ahvâzî adlı bir kimse tarafından mensur olarak yazılmış, daha sonra Attâr aynı konuyu bu eserden nazma çekmiştir. Aşk macerasının Ahvaz’da geçmesi sebebiyle mesnevideki çerçeve hikâye o yöredeki mahallî menkıbeler üzerine kurulmuştur. Bu mesnevinin eski ve yeni olmak üzere iki versiyonu vardır. Eski olanı, Attâr’ın meşhur tasavvufî mesnevisi Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr ’ın nazmedilişinden yani 1187’den önce kaleme alınmıştır ve yenisine göre çok daha uzundur. Özet şeklindeki yeni versiyon ise çok daha sonra nazmedilmiştir.
5. Muḫtârnâme . Attâr’ın 5000’i aşkın rubâîsinden seçerek konularına göre elli bölümde tertip ettiği bir rubâîler mecmuasıdır. Mecmuanın ilk üç bölümü tevhid, na‘t ve ashabın menâkıbına dairdir; 4-9. bölümlerde önemli tasavvufî mazmunlar üzerinde durulur; 10-29. bölümlerde mânevî ve ahlâkî konular işlenir; 30-49. bölümlerde aşk ve aşkın tecellîleriyle sevgilinin vasıfları incelenir; bu arada 44. bölümde “kalenderiyyât”a bir parça yer verilir; son bölümde ise şairin şahsî temennisi dile getirilir.
6. Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr . Maḳāmât-ı Ṭuyûr , Maḳālâtü’ṭ-ṭuyûr veya Ṭuyûrnâme adlarıyla da anılan ve 1187’de kaleme alınan bu eser, temsilî bir şekilde vahdet-i vücûd inancını anlatan bir mesnevidir. Bu mesnevideki kuşlar sâlikleri temsil eder. Hüdhüd kılavuz yani mürşiddir. Sîmurg (otuz kuş = anka), Allah’ın zuhûr ve taayyün üdür. Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr ’ın XIV. yüzyıl Anadolu şairlerinden Gülşehrî tarafından yapılan tercümesinin tıpkıbasımını Agâh Sırrı Levend neşretmiştir (Ankara 1957). Eser Şemseddin Sivâsî ve ayrıca Fedâî (ö. 1636) adlı Mevlevî bir şair tarafından tercüme edilmiş, manzum olan ikinci tercüme basılmıştır (İstanbul 1274). Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr A. Gölpınarlı tarafından günümüz Türkçe’sine de çevrilmiştir (I-II, İstanbul 1962-1963).
7. Dîvân . Mesnevilerindeki tasavvufî fikirleri lirik bir tarzda ifade ettiği eseridir. 10.000 beyitlik divanın henüz ilmî bir neşri yapılmamıştır.
8. Teẕkiretü’l-evliyâʾ . Büyük sûfîlerin hal tercümelerinden bahseden ve bazı sözlerini nakleden mensur bir eserdir. Attâr’ın çok tanınmış ve birçok dile çevrilmiş olan bu eserinin sonradan istinsah edilen bazı nüshalarına yirmi beş sûfînin hal tercümesi daha eklenmiştir. Teẕkiretü’l-evliyâʾ , ilk olarak Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey zamanında adı bilinmeyen bir kişi tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir. Eserin en tanınmış tercümesi ise Sinan Paşa’ya aittir. Teẕkiretü’l-evliyâʾ nın son tercümesi Süleyman Uludağ tarafından yapılmıştır (İstanbul 1984). Bu sekiz eserle kendisi tarafından imha edilen Cevâhirnâme ve Şerḥu’l-ḳalb mesnevilerinin adları Ḫüsrevnâme ve Muḫtârnâme ’nin önsözlerinde zikredilmiştir.
Kaynaklarda ve çeşitli araştırmalarda Pendnâme , Ḥaydarnâme , Uşturnâme , Cevherü’ẕ-ẕât , Nüzhetü’l-aḥbâb , Maẓharü’l-ʿacâʾib , Lisânü’l-ġayb , Rumûzü’l-ʿâşıḳīn , Şâhbâznâme , Mihr ü Müşterî , Heftâbâd , Heft Vâdî , Tercemetü’l-eḥâdîs̱ , Sî Faṣl , Miftâḥu’l-fütûḥ , Bî-sernâme , Bülbülnâme , Miʿrâcnâme , Cümcümenâme , Vuṣlatnâme , Heylâcnâme , Ḫayyâtnâme , Vaṣiyyetnâme , Kenzü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ , Kenzü’l-esrâr (Kenzü’l-baḥr) , Velednâme , Siyâhnâme , İḫvânü’ṣ-ṣafâʾ ve Esrârü’ş-şühûd gibi eserler Attâr’a isnat edilip çoğu onun adıyla basılmış, hatta bazıları Türkçe dahil birçok dile bile tercüme edilmiştir. Ancak son araştırmalar, ilk beş eserin ona isnadının çok şüpheli, diğerlerinin ise tamamen sahte olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Fürûzanfer ve Zerrînkûb’a göre ona ait olduğu şüpheli olan Pendnâme hariç bunların tamamı uydurmadır. Yine bu araştırıcılara göre adı geçen eserlerin pek çoğu XV. yüzyılda yaşayan Attâr-ı Tûnî tarafından yazılmış, bir kısmı da yine Attâr adlı veya mahlaslı diğer kişilerce kaleme alınmıştır (eserlerin baskıları ve tercümeleri için bk. İA , II, 7-12; Ritter, Oriens , s. 195-228; Rypka, s. 775-776).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Attâr, Teẕkiretü’l-evliyâʾ (nşr. Muhammed İsti‘lâmî), Mukaddime: a.e. (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1984, Giriş, s. 10-44.
Saîd-i Nefîsî, Dîvân-ı ʿAṭṭâr , Tahran 1319 hş., Mukaddime.
a.mlf., Custcûy der Aḥvâl u Âs̱âr-ı Şeyḫ Ferîdüddîn ʿAṭṭâr-ı Nîşâbûrî , Tahran 1320 hş.
Avfî, Lübâb , II, 337-339.
İbnü’l-Fuvatî, Telḫîṣu muʿcemi’l-âdâb fî muʿcemi’l-elḳāb (nşr. Mustafa Cevâd), Bağdad 1962-65, IV/3, s. 461 vd.
Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde (Nevâî) , s. 740.
Câmî, Nefeḥât , s. 599-600.
Devletşah, Teẕkire , s. 207.
Rızâ Kulı Han Hidâyet, Mecmaʿu’l-fuṣaḥâʾ (nşr. Müzâhir Musaffâ), Tahran 1336 hş., II, 920.
a.mlf., Riyâżü’l-ʿârifîn .
Rypka, HIL , s. 337 vd., 775-776.
H. Ritter, Das Meer der Seele: Mensch, Welt und Gott in den geschichten des Farīduddīn Attār , Leiden 1955.
a.mlf., “Farīduddīn ʿAṭṭār IV”, Oriens , XIII-XIV, Leiden 1960-61, s. 195-228.
a.mlf., “Attâr”, İA , II, 7-12.
a.mlf., “ʿAṭṭār”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 775-777.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 112.
Bedîüzzaman Fürûzanfer, Şerḥ-i Aḥvâl ü Naḳd ve Taḥlîl-i Âs̱âr-ı Şeyḫ Ferîdüddîn Muḥammed ʿAṭṭâr-ı Nîşâbûrî , Tahran 1339-40 hş.
Rızâzâde Şafak, Târîḫ-i Edebiyyât-ı Îrân , Tahran 1341 hş.
Abdülhüseyn-i Zerrînkûb, Bâ Kârvân-ı Ḥulle , Tahran 1347 hş., s. 159-179.
Safâ, Edebiyyât , II, 862.
FME , I, 76-102.
Browne, Târîḫ-i Edebiyyât-ı Îrân (trc. Gulâm Hüseyn-i Sadrî-yi Afşâr), Tahran 1351 hş., II, 192-200.
Süleyman Uludağ, “Attar”, İBA , I, 267.
B. Reinert, “ʿAṭṭār, Shaikh Farīd al-Dīn”, EIr. , III, 20-25.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 95-98 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.