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AVLU Skip to content Mimaride bir yapının önünde veya ortasında yer alan çevresi sınırlanmış üzeri açık alan.
Avlu, özelliklerine göre revaklı avlu, şadırvan avlusu, dış avlu gibi çeşitli şekillerde adlandırılan bir mimari unsurdur. Bu mekânı ifade etmek için, aslı Grekçe aule olan avlu kelimesinden önce, erken İslâm ve Mısır Memlük mimarisinde sahn , Osmanlı mimarisinde de harim kelimeleri kullanılmıştır. Avlular gölgeli revakları, birer serinlik kaynağı olarak ortalarında yer alan havuz ve şadırvanları ile İslâm ve Türk mimarisinin vazgeçilmez unsurları olmuşlardır. Türk mimarisinde üzeri açıklıklı kubbeli avlular, özellikle Anadolu Selçuklu medreselerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.
İslâm Mimarisinde Avlu. Kare ve enine dikdörtgen planlı avlular, iki ana kuruluş olarak Emevî ve Abbâsî camilerini değerlendiren unsurlardır. Kare avlu, Hz. Peygamber’in evinin de yer aldığı alana, VIII. yüzyıl başında yeniden inşa edilen Mescid-i Nebevî ile ortaya çıktıktan sonra, Rakka Ulucamii (772) ve Kahire İbn Tolun Camii’nde (879) gerçek değerleriyle mimari ifadeyi sağlamıştır. Enine dikdörtgen planlı avlu, Kûfe Camii (VII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı), Şam Emeviyye Camii (715), Harran Ulucamii (744-750), Bağdat Mescid-i Kebîr’i (809) ve Kahire Hakîm Camii’nde (XI. yüzyıl başı) uygulanan bir tasarım tercihi olmuştur. Derinliğine dikdörtgen planlı avlular ise Sâmerrâ Ulucamii (848-852) ile Kayrevan Ulucamii’nde (836) değişik bir uygulama ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu dönemde avlular birçok camide, yanlarda ve yapı ekseni üzerinde giriş kanadında, değişik derinlikte ibadet alanları ile çevrilmişlerdir. Yan alanların caminin ana mekânı ile doğrudan birleşmeleri, bu alanların avlu revakı olmadığını, caminin kapladığı alanın ortasında bir avlunun yer aldığını göstermektedir. VIII. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğine ait Hirbetü’l-mefcer ve Kasrü’l-hayri’l-garbî, revaklı kare avluları ile Emevî döneminin önemli saray yapılarıdır. Sütunlu revaklar, köşelerde L kesitli ayaklarla inşa edilmiştir. Kare planlı Kasrü’l-Müşettâ’nın (744) ortasında yer alan kare avlu, sarayın bölümleri arasında bağlantıyı sağlayan bir unsurdur. Kasrü’t-tûbâ (744), çift kare avlulu kuruluşu ile büyük bir yapı olarak dikkati çeker. Şam Emeviyye Camii’nde devşirme sütun ve başlıkların üzerinde yükselen sekizgen hazine binası (beytülmâl) ile daha sonra yapıldıkları kabul edilen şadırvan ve ikinci hazine binası avluyu değerlendirmişlerdir. Avlu revakları ve sütunlar üzerine inşa edilen hazine binası, altın varak zeminli mozaik süsleme ile kaplanmış, böylece avlu İslâm devletinin gücünü ortaya koyan bir ihtişamı sergilemiştir. XII. yüzyılda İbn Cübeyr, Şam Emeviyye Camii avlusunun hareketli, canlı görünüşü ile halkın buluşma ve görüşme yeri olduğunu, geceleri de çok sayıda kandille aydınlatılan bu mekânda insanların bir uçtan bir uca gezindiğini anlatmaktadır.
Anadolu Öncesi Türk Mimarisinde Avlu. Merv, Tirmiz, Bâmiyân’da ortaya çıkarılan ve IX-XIII. yüzyıllara tarihlenen “dört eyvanlı avlu” kuruluşlu evler, sürekli varlığını duyuracak bir mimari geleneğinin ilk örneklerini teşkil etmektedirler. Karahanlılar’ın Tirmiz Sarayı (XI-XII. yüzyıllar), dört eyvanlı avlu kuruluşunun yanı sıra büyük taht eyvanının, önündeki kemerli revakla avluya açılmasından dolayı da dikkati çeker.
Büst yakınındaki Leşker-i Bâzâr Sarayı (XI. yüzyıl başı) ve Gazne III. Mesud Sarayı (XII. yüzyıl başı), dört eyvanlı avlu kuruluşuna göre inşa edilen Gazneli saraylarıdır.
Büyük Selçuklular’ın Merv Sarayı da (XI-XII. yüzyıllar) aynı esasa göre kurulmuştur. Karahanlılar’ın XI-XII. yüzyıllara tarihlenen Başane Camii, enine dikdörtgen planlı avlusu ve kıble yönünde yer alan büyük eyvanı ile, Dehistan Ulucamii ise “avlu-eyvan-kubbe” düzeni ile önem taşırlar. Büyük Selçuklu camilerinden İsfahan Ulucamii (XI. yüzyıl) ile Zevvâre Ulucamii de (1135) dört eyvanlı avlu esasına göre inşa edilmiş olup kıble yönlerinde avlu-eyvan-kubbe kuruluşu görülmektedir. Bu yapılardan İsfahan Ulucamii, geniş avlusu ve onunla belirlenen büyük ölçekli planı ile en önemli Büyük Selçuklu eseri olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. XI. yüzyılın sonuna tarihlenen Büyük Selçuklular’ın Hargird ve Rey medreselerinin de dört eyvanlı avluları bulunmaktadır. Karahanlı, Gazneli ve Büyük Selçuklu ribât ları, genelde dört eyvanlı avlu kuruluşunda yapılan kervansaray binalarıdır (Tûs-Serahs yolunda Ribât-ı Mâhî, 1019). Merv-Âmül yolunda Akçakale (XI. yüzyıl sonu), yapı ekseni üzerinde yer alan iki kare avlulu bir kervansaraydır ve her iki avluda da revaklı dört eyvanlı avlu düzeni başarıyla uygulanmıştır. Nîşâbur-Merv yolunda Ribât-ı Şerif (1115 yılı dolayları), birinci avlusu enine dikdörtgen planlı olarak bu sistemi tekrarlamaktadır.
Zengîler’in XII. yüzyılda Halep ve Şam’da inşa ettikleri medreseler, avluya açılan değişik sayıda eyvana sahip yapılardır. Avlu ortasında yer alan büyük bir havuz ve caminin üç kemerle avluya açılması, bu medrese yapılarının ana özelliği olarak ifade edilebilir. Şam Nûriyye Medresesi’nde selsebil li eyvandan bir su yolu ile avludaki büyük havuza ulaşan sular, avlu mimarisini değerlendiren bir tasarım tercihinin ilk örneklerinden biri olarak görülür. Basra Gümüştegin Medresesi, kubbeli-avlulu kuruluşu ile Anadolu Selçuklu kubbeli medreselerine öncü bir yapıdır.
Kahire Baybars Camii (1269), kare iç avlusuyla İbn Tolun Camii’nin hâtırasını Memlükler döneminde yaşatan bir eser olmuştur. Kahire’de Kalavun Medresesi ve Mâristanı (1285), Nâsıriyye Medresesi (1303) ve Sultan Hasan Medresesi (1362), dört eyvanlı avlu tertibini büyük boyutlarla biçimlenen âbidevî bir mimari ile devam ettirmişlerdir.
Anadolu Selçuklu ve Anadolu Beylikleri Mimarisinde Avlu. Anadolu Selçuklu mimarisi, ortaya koyduğu yenilikler yanında Anadolu öncesi Türk mimarisine bağlanan bazı yapıları ile eski geleneklerin de yaşatılmış olduğu bir değerler bütününü ifade eder. Avlu mimarisi ile ilgili dört eyvanlı avlu ve avlu-eyvan-kubbe kuruluşları, Anadolu Selçuklu mimarisinde uygulama alanı bulmuş, Türk sanatının sürekliliğini ve bütünlüğünü ortaya koyan unsurlardır. Kayseri Sâhibiye Medresesi (1267-1268) gibi birçok Selçuklu medresesinde, revakların gerisinde yer alan değişik boyutlu eyvanlarla, dört eyvanlı avlu düzeninin uygulanmış olduğu görülür. Antalya-Isparta yolu üzerindeki Evdir Han (1214-1219), revakları ile dört eyvanlı avlu tertibinde inşa edilen bir yapı görünümündedir. Malatya Ulucamii (1224), avlu-eyvan-kubbe kuruluşu ile Anadolu Selçuklu mimarisini Anadolu öncesi döneme bağlar. Konya Alâeddin Camii, Sivas Ulucamii ve Sinop Ulucamii avlulu cami yapılarıdır. Kayseri’de Kölük Camii ve Medresesi ile Hacı Kılıç Camii ve Medresesi de cami ve medrese birimlerinin aynı avluyu paylaştığı birleşik yapılar olarak görülür.
Anadolu Selçuklu avlulu medreseleri, taş süslemeli kapılardan geçilerek ulaşılan revaklı avluları ve girişin karşısında, yapı ekseni üzerinde yükselen ana eyvanları ile avlu mimarisinin değerlendirildiği yapılardır (Konya Sırçalı Medrese, 1242). Bazı avlulu medreselerde derinliğine dikdörtgen planlı avlunun sadece iki yanında uzanan revaklar, yapı ekseni üzerinde yer alan ana eyvana yönelişi sağlamış ve avluda ana eyvanı mimari etkinin odağı olarak özellikle değerlendirmiştir. İki katlı avlu revakları ile, avluların değişik bir mimari ifade kazandığı yapılar inşa edilmiştir. Tokat Gökmedrese’nin (1275 yılı dolayları) iki katlı avlu revaklarında, mozaik çini süslemeye yeterli yüzey sağlamak gayesiyle altta sütunlar, üstte de dikdörtgen kesitli geniş yüzeyli ayaklar kullanılmıştır. Taşıyan ve taşınan arasındaki bu farklı seçim, çini süslemeye verilen önemi açıklamaktadır. Kayseri Çifte Medrese (1206) ve Tokat Gökmedrese, paralel eksenler üzerinde yan yana yer alan iki avlu ile, belirli bir hizmet ölçeği gözetilerek inşa edilen yapılardır. Mardin Sultan Îsâ Medresesi (1385), selsebilli eyvandan gelen suların doldurduğu avludaki iki büyük havuzu ile avlu mimarisini değerlendirir. Akkoyunlular’ın Mardin Sultan Kasım Medresesi’nin (XV. yüzyıl sonu) avlusu, bir havuzu ile bu düzeni tekrarlamıştır.
Alâeddin Eretna’nın Kayseri’de yaptırdığı Köşkmedrese (1339), köşeleri pahlı, revaklı kare avlusu ve avlunun ortasında bir kaide üzerinde yükselen sekizgen kümbet yapısı ile bir türbeyi çevreleyen hankah olarak inşa edilmiştir.
XII. yüzyıla tarihlenen Tokat Yağıbasan Medresesi ile Niksar Yağıbasan Medresesi, kubbeli medrese yapılarının Dânişmendli döneminde inşa edilen ilk örnekleri olarak önem taşırlar. Anadolu Selçuklu kubbeli medreseleri, avlu geleneğinin üzeri açıklıklı bir kubbe, havuz ve bu alana açılan mekânlarla yaşatıldığı yapılardır. Bunların ana eyvanları, yapı ekseni üzerinde girişin karşısında yer almaya devam etmişlerdir (Konya Karatay Medresesi, 1251); bazı yapılarda ise revakların da bu bütünlüğe katıldığı görülmektedir (Atabey Mübârizüddin Ertokuş Medresesi, 1224).
Anadolu Selçuklu kervansarayları avluyu mimari kuruluşun en önemli unsuru olarak değerlendirmişlerdir. Aksaray Sultan Hanı, Ağzıkara Han, Kayseri Sultan Hanı ve İshaklı Hanı’ndaki köşk mescidler, bu ihtişamlı yapıların yalnız kendileri için yapıldıklarını düşündürecek derecede bir mükemmellikle avlu ortalarında yer almışlardır.
Anadolu Selçuklu mimarisinin, yeni değerlere bağlı olarak gelişen ve bu arada Anadolu öncesi Türk mimarisinin geleneklerini yaşatan eserleri yanında, güneydoğu Anadolu’da inşa edilen Diyarbakır Ulucamii, Silvan Ulucamii ve Kızıltepe Ulucamii’inde, bölge etkilerinin İslâm mimarisinin erken dönemlerine uzanan değerleri uygulamaya koyduğu görülür. Avlu mimarisi bu yapılarda, enine dikdörtgen avlu kuruluşu, maksûre ve yapı cephelerinde yer alan süslemelerle güney etkisini göstermektedir.
Aydınoğulları’nın Selçuk Îsâ Bey Camii (1375), çift sıra pencereli yüksek avlu duvarları, üç yönden avluyu çevreleyen sütunlu revakı, sekizgen şadırvanı ve üç kemerle avluya açılan sütunlu girişi ile avlu mimarisinin değerlendirildiği bir yapı olup üç avlu kapısından avluya basamaklarla inilmektedir. Menteşeoğulları’nın Balat İlyas Bey Camii (1404), cami, medrese ve türbenin açıldığı küçük avlusu ile XV. yüzyılın başında, belirli tercihlere dayanan avlu düşüncesini ortaya koyar. Saruhanoğulları’nın Manisa Ulucamii’nde (1376), yapı ekseni üzerindeki kare avluya doğrudan kemerlerle açılan kanatları yazlık olarak değerlendirmek gerekir. Ramazanoğulları’nın Adana Ulucamii (1541), revaklı avlusu, atlamalı siyah beyaz mermer ayak ve kemerleri, üç kemerli girişi ve süslemeli avlu döşemesiyle güney etkilerini gösterir. Avlu geride çift sıra revaklı ve revak kubbeleri ise kiremit örtülüdür.
Anadolu Selçuklu mimari geleneğini sürdüren Karamanoğulları, Niğde Akmedrese (1409) ve Karamanoğlu İbrâhim Bey Medresesi (1433) ile bu geleneğin açık avlulu medrese ve kubbeli medrese kuruluşlarını önemli tasarım tercihleri olarak değerlendirmişlerdir.
Osmanlı Mimarisinde Avlu. Avlu unsurunu en sağlam görüşlerle değerlendiren, önemini yapıyla eş değerlere yaklaşan bir bütünlükte ortaya koyan mimari Osmanlı mimarisi olmuştur. Revaklı avlu, Edirne Üç Şerefeli Cami (1448) ile XV. yüzyılın ortasında geleceğin ana tercihlerini açıklayan bir ifade kazanmış, cami alanından geniş bir yüzeyi kaplayan enine dikdörtgen planlı avlusu yapı ile bütünleşerek mimari kuruluşta yerini almıştır. Osmanlı mimarisinin U planlı medrese yapılarında revaklı avlu, açık Ramazanoğulları kenarı bir duvarla sınırlanarak belirlenmiştir (İznik Süleyman Paşa Medresesi). İznik Süleyman Paşa Medresesi’nin (XIV. yüzyıl ortası) avlu revak kubbeleri, medrese odalarını örten kubbelerin büyüklüğünü ve yüksekliğini aşan ölçüleri ve geniş kemerleriyle erken bir dönemde, mimari kuruluşta avlu unsuruna verilen değeri ortaya koymuştur. Osmanlı mimarisinin kuruluş döneminde dinî ve sosyal yapılar olarak inşa edilen tabhâneli camilerde girişin açıldığı kubbeli bölüm, aydınlık fenerli kubbesi, şadırvanı, buraya açılan tabhâne mekânları, mihrap bölümünden düşük döşeme seviyesi ve asıl ibadet yeri mihrap bölümüne geçişi sağlayan konumu ile avlu geleneğini yaşatan bir unsurdur. Kuruluş döneminde Bursa Lala Şahin Paşa Medresesi ile Gümüş Hacı Halil Paşa Medresesi, kubbeli avlulu Anadolu Selçuklu medreselerini Osmanlı dönemine ulaştıran iki örnektir. Edirne II. Beyazıt Dârüşşifâsı’nın (1488) altıgen planlı ana kütlesi, kubbeli altıgen avlusunda atlamalı olarak avluyu çevreleyen köşelerdeki odalar ve kenarlarda sıralanan eyvanlarıyla, mimari ifadeyi başarılı biçimde ortaya koyan bir yapıdır. Amasya Kapı Ağası Medresesi (1489) sekizgen planda ve bu plan kuruluşunu tekrarlayan bir revaklı avlu ile inşa edilmiştir. İstanbul Rüstem Paşa Medresesi (1550) ise kare bir alana kurulan sekizgen planlı bir yapı olup medrese odaları, dershane ve revaklı avlusu bu tasarım tercihine göre inşa edilmiştir.
Osmanlı cami avluları, yapı eksenini ve kıble yönünü kuvvetle belirten giriş kapısı, son cemaat yeri ve cami kapısı unsurlarıyla mihraba yönelik mimari hareketin belirleyici dinamiği olmuşlardır. Avluyu çevreleyen revakların sütun, sütun başlığı ve kemerleri, bir plan elemanı olan avlu unsuruna mimari ifade ve değer kazandırırlar. Avlularda genellikle hafif sivri kemerler ana biçim olarak kullanılmış, bazı yapılarda kaş kemerlerle avluya daha değişik bir görünüm verilmiştir (Kadırga Sokullu Camii, 1572). Cami avluları genellikle mermer kaplamalıdır. Mesih Paşa Camii’nin (1586) avlusu, ortasında bânisinin açık türbesi yer alan bir bahçe olarak düzenlenmiştir. Cami avlusunun revaklarına açılan medrese odaları ve yapı ekseni üzerinde yer alan dershane kuruluşu, cami ve medresenin aynı avluyu paylaştığı bir tasarımı ortaya koyar (Kadırga Sokullu Camii ve Medresesi).
Osmanlı mimarisinde ilk defa Edirne Üç Şerefeli Cami’de ortaya çıkan enine dikdörtgen planlı avlu kuruluşu, İstanbul Fâtih, Edirne II. Beyazıt ve İstanbul Sultan Selim, Mimar Sinan döneminin Süleymaniye ve Selimiye, daha sonraki dönemin ise Sultan Ahmed camilerinde değişen kenar oranları ile varlığını sürdürmüştür.
XVI. yüzyıl başında İstanbul Beyazıt Camii ile ortaya çıkan kare planlı avlu, özellikle Şehzade Camii ve Yenicami’de mimari ifadeyi değerlendirmiştir.
Süleymaniye Camii’nde (1557) Evliya Çelebi’nin bir “ak yayla” olarak adlandırdığı revaklı avlu, ortada yer alan müezzin mahfili görünümlü beyaz mermer şadırvanı ile, mimari değerini bütün açıklığıyla ortaya koymaktadır. Süleymaniye Camii, Sultan Ahmed Camii, Yenicami ve Üsküdar Yeni Vâlide Camii’nin revaklı avlularında yer alan şadırvanlar, bu avluları estetik bakımdan zenginleştirmek ve su içilmesini sağlamak amacıyla inşa edilmiş, birer serinlik ve ses kaynağı olarak düşünülmüş, sadece abdest şadırvanı olarak yapılmamıştır. Mimar Mehmed Ağa’nın eserlerinden bahseden Risâle-i Mi‘mariyye ’de Sultan Ahmed Camii şadırvanı, lülelerinden kafes içindeki bülbülün nağmeleri duyulan bir yapı benzetmesiyle tanımlanmaktadır.
Avluların kuruluşunu, mimari özelliklerini ve boyutlarını belirleyen değerler, mimari istek ve tercihler kadar yapıların kullanım gayesi ve hizmet ölçeği ile de ilgilidir. Osmanlı mimarisinde, camilerde ibadet mekânına ulaşmada bir hazırlık ve geçiş yeri olan avlular kervansaray, han ve saray yapılarında da bütünü meydana getiren kanat ve bölümleri birbirine bağlayan merkezî alan olarak kullanılmışlardır. Topkapı Sarayı’nın avluları, Osmanlı tarihinin önemli olaylarının ve sarayda günlük hayatın yaşandığı yerlerdir. Haremin “taşlık” adıyla anılan avluları, çevrelerindeki dairelere bağlı olarak Vâlide Sultan taşlığı, Câriyeler taşlığı gibi isimler almışlardır.
Cami avlularına zamanla küçük dükkân ve sergilerle bazı esnaf yerleşmiş ve seferberlik, savaş, zelzele ve yangın gibi olağan üstü günlerde revakların altında asker ve halk barınmıştır. İstanbul’un ilk fotoğraflarında Beyazıt Camii avlusunda bazı kâğıtçı dükkânları görülmektedir. Avlu revak sütunlarının tunç kaide bilezikleri, üzerlerine kazınan önemli olayların tarihleri ile değer taşırlar.
Üsküdar Yeni Vâlide Camii ile Lâleli Camii derinliğine dikdörtgen planlı revaklı avluları ile XVIII. yüzyılda mimari değerlerde ortaya çıkan değişiklikleri göstermektedir. Nuruosmaniye Camii’nin yarım oval planlı, şadırvansız revaklı avlusu ise artık Türk mimarisi ile ilgisi olmayan yeni tercihleri ortaya koyar.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 120-123 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.